Kooperativer Bibliotheksverbund

UID:

Umfang: 1 online resource (416 pages)

ISBN: 0821357298

Serie: World Development Indicators

Inhalt: World Development Indicators, the World Bank's respected statistical publication presents the most current and accurate information on global development on both a national level and aggregated globally. This information allows readers to monitor the progress made toward meeting the goals endorsed by the United Nations and its member countries, the World Bank, and a host of partner organizations in September 2001 in their Millennium Development Goals. The 400-page print edition of World Development Indicators 2004 allows you to consult over 80 tables and over 800 indicators for 152 economies and 14 country groups, as well as basic indicators for a further 55 economies. There are key indicators for the latest year available, important regional data, and income group analysis. The report contains six thematic presentations of analytical commentary covering: World View, People, Environment, Economy, States and Markets, and Global Links. The CD-ROM editions contain 40 years of time series data for more than 200 countries from 1960-2002, single-year observations, and spreadsheets on many topics. It contains more than 1,000 country tables and the text from the World Development Indicators 2004 print edition and the World Bank Atlas 2003. The Windows based format permits users to search for and retrieve data in spreadsheet form, create maps and charts, and fully download them into other popular software programs for study or presentation purposes.

Weitere Ausg.: Print Version: ISBN 9780821357293

Sprache: Englisch

URL: http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/book/10.1596/0-8213-5729-8

URL: Volltext

URL: Volltext

UID:

Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource

Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive

Inhalt: Afghanistan has made strong gains in health outcomes, health service coverage andhealth systems performance since 2003, with a particular impact on women and children's health. All told, Afghanistan has made notable progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) targets for improving maternal (MDG5) and child health (MDG4). According to United Nations estimates, maternal mortality rates (MMR) declined from 1,100 to 396 deaths per 100,000 live births from 2000 to 2015 (Alkema and others 2016), and under-5 child mortality rates (U5MR) fell 34 percent (from 137 to 91 deaths per 1,000 live births). Newborn mortality rates (NMR) dropped 32 percent (from 53 to 36 deaths per 1,000 live births) (You and others 2016). Nevertheless, it is important to emphasize that in absolute terms there is considerable room for progress

Sprache: Englisch

DOI: 10.1596/29420

URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)

URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich

UID:

Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (48 p)

Inhalt: Substantial declines in infant and under-5 mortality have taken place in recent years in many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. Kenya's infant mortality rate has fallen by 7.6 percent per year, the fastest rate of decline among the 20 countries in the region for which recent Demographic and Health Survey data is available. Kenya's rate of postneonatal deaths per 1,000 live births fell by more than half over a five-year period, dropping from 47 to 22, as measured using data from the 2003 and 2008-09 Demographic and Health Surveys. Among the possible causes of the decline are various targeted new public health initiatives and improved access to water and sanitation. A Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition using Demographic and Health Survey data shows that the increased ownership of insecticide-treated bednets in endemic malaria zones explains 39 percent of the decline in postneonatal mortality and 58 percent of the decline in infant mortality. Changes in other observable candidate factors do not explain substantial portions of the decline. The portion of the decline not explained may be associated with generalized trends such as the overall improvement in living standards that has taken place with economic growth. The widespread ownership of insecticide-treated bednets in areas of Kenya where malaria is rare suggests that better targeting of insecticide-treated bednet provision programs could improve the cost-effectiveness of such programs

Weitere Ausg.: Gabriel Demombynes What has Driven the Decline of Infant Mortality in Kenya?

Sprache: Englisch

DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6057

URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)

URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)

UID:

Umfang: 1 online resource (440 pages)

Ausgabe: 1st ed.

ISBN: 1-280-14138-7 , 9786610141388

Serie: World Development Indicators

Inhalt: World Development Indicators, the World Bank's respected statistical publication presents the most current and accurate information on global development on both a national level and aggregated globally. This information allows readers to monitor the progress made toward meeting the goals endorsed by the United Nations and its member countries, the World Bank, and a host of partner organizations in September 2001 in their Millennium Development Goals. The print edition of World Development Indicators 2005 allows you to consult over 80 tables and over 800 indicators for 152 economies and 14 country groups, as well as basic indicators for a further 55 economies. There are key indicators for the latest year available, important regional data, and income group analysis. The report contains six thematic presentations of analytical commentary covering: World View, People, Environment, Economy, States and Markets, and Global Links.

Anmerkung: Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph , Intro -- TABLE OF CONTENTS -- FRONT -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Preface -- Partners -- Users guide -- 1. WORLD VIEW -- Introduction -- Millennium Development Goals, targets, and indicators -- Tables -- 1.1 Size of the economy -- 1.2 Millennium Development Goals: eradicating poverty and improving lives -- 1.3 Millennium Development Goals: protecting our common environment -- 1.4 Millennium Development Goals: overcoming obstacles -- 1.5 Women in development -- 1.6 Key indicators for other economies -- Text figures and boxes -- Goal 1 Poverty rates are falling, but progress has been uneven -- China leads the way -- Rising poverty In Africa-and between the poverty lines -- Fewer people in extreme poverty -- Africa's poor get poorer -- Which countries are on track to reach the MDG target? -- Starbng life at a disadvantage -- Hunger rising in Africa -- Poor and malnourished -- Goal 2 More children everywhere are completing primary school -- Education for all means girls and boys -- lnefficient schools slow progress -- Rich and poor: an attendance gap -- Goal 3 More girls in school, but the 2005 target will be missed -- More women working for wages -- Few women in decisionmaking positions -- Income and tradition determine girls' opportunities for schooling -- Goal 4 lmproving the odds for children -- To reduce child deaths, infants must survive -- Many children's deaths are preventable -- Unequal risks -- Goal 5 Mothers at risk in Africa and South Asia -- Mothers die because of inadequate health care -- Needed: well trained health workers -- Poor and rural women are least well served -- Goal 6 While Sub-Saharan Africa struggles, HIV/AIDS spreads in other regions -- The risk to women is growing -- The risk of tuberculosis grows for the most vulnerable -- In Africa AIDS is leaving millions of children orphaned. , Young children bear the burden of malaria -- Goal 7 People need safe, reliable supplies of water -- Many still lack adequate sanitation -- Urban areas are expanding -- More environmental challenges ahead -- Goal 8 Many sources and many patterns of financing -- Official development assistance is rising, but still too little -- Tariffs remain high on poor countries' exports -- Debt service is falling, but more relief is needed -- New technologies are spreading quickly -- 1.1a Developing countries produce slightly less than half the world's output -- 1.2a Location of indicators for Millennium Development Goals 1-5 -- 1.3a Location of indlcators for Millennium Development Goals 6-7 -- 1.4a Location of indicators for Millennium Development Goal 8 -- 2. PEOPLE -- Introduction -- Tables -- 2.1 Population dynamics -- 2.2 Labor force structure -- 2.3 Employment by economic activity -- 2.4 Unemployment -- 2.5 Poverty -- 2.6 Social indicators of poverty -- 2.7 Distribution of income or consumption -- 2.8 Assessing vulnerability -- 2.9 Enhancing security -- 2.10 Education inputs -- 2.11 Participation in education -- 2.12 Education efficiency and completion -- 2.13 Education outcomes -- 2.14 Health: expenditure, services, and use -- 2.15 Disease prevention: coverage and quality -- 2.16 Reproductive health -- 2.17 Nutrition -- 2.18 Health: risk factors and future challenges -- 2.19 Mortality -- Text figures and boxes -- 2a Progress toward gender parity in primary, secondary, and tertiary education is uneven across regions -- 2b Achieving equal access to education for boys and girls leads to progress toward the goal -- 2c Population estimates and enrollment rates -- 2d Sustainable statistical capacity is possible in low-income countries -- 2e Key gender performance indicators -- 2.5a Regional poverty estimates. , 2.5b Coverage of survey data by developing country region, 1978-81 to 2000-01 -- 2.9a Poor people often benefit less than wealthy people from pubic health spending -- 2.11a Access to education remains elusive, especially for poor children -- 2.13a In rural areas more children drop out of primary school, and girls are more vulnerable -- 2.14a A severe maldistribution of health workers -- 2.15a Children with acute respiratory infection have bettter access to health care in urban areas -- 2.19a Inequalities in health and use of health services in Burkina Faso, 1998 -- 3. ENVIRONMENT -- lntroduction -- Tables -- 3.a Urban housing conditions -- 3.1 Rural environment and land use -- 3.2 Agricultural inputs -- 3.3 Agricultural output and productivity -- 3.4 Deforestation and biodiversity -- 3.5 Freshwater -- 3.6 Water pollution -- 3.7 Energy production and use -- 3.8 Energy efficiency, dependency, and emissions -- 3.9 Sources of electricity -- 3.10 Urbanization -- 3.11 Urban environment -- 3.12 Traffic and congestion -- 3.13 Air pollution -- 3.14 Government commitment -- 3.15 Toward a broader measure of savings -- Text figurers and boxes -- 3a High-income countries account for half the world's carbon dioxide emissions -- 3b Most future urban growth will be absorbed by developing economies -- 3c Global monitoring of housing conditions and data requirements -- 3.1a All income groups and all regions are becoming less rural -- 3.2a Arable land per person is shrinking in all regions and in all income groups -- 3.3a The 10 countries with the highest cereal yield in 2002-0- and the 10 with the lowest -- 3.5a Agriculture uses more than 71 percent of freshwater globally -- 3.6a High- and middle-income countries account for most water pollution from organic waste -- 3.7a Ten of the top 15 energy producers are low-income countries. . .. , 3.7b . . . but only 7 of the top 15 energy users are -- 3.7c High-income countries have the highest energy use per capita -- 3.8a All income groups are using energy more efficiently now -- 3.9a Sources of electricity generation have shifted differently in different income groups -- 3.10a Developing economies are becoming more urban -- 3.10b . . . and urbanization is growing fastest in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia -- 3.11a The use of public transportation for work trips varied widely across cities in 1998 -- 3.12a High-income countries have many more passenger cars per 1,000 people than developing countries do -- 3.14a The Kyoto Protocol on climate change -- 3.14b Global atmospheric concentrations of chlorofluorocarbons have leveled off -- 3.14c Global focus on biodiversity and climate change -- 4. ECONOMY -- Introduction -- Tables -- 4.a Recent economic performance -- 4.b Key macroeconomic indicators -- 4.1 Growth of output -- 4.2 Structure of output -- 4.3 Structure of manufacturing -- 4.4 Growth of merchandise trade -- 4.5 Structure of merchandise exports -- 4.6 Structure of merchandise imports -- 4.7 Structure of service exports -- 4.8 Structure of servrce imports -- 4.9 Structure of demand -- 4.10 Growth of consumption and investment -- 4.11 Central government finances -- 4.12 Central government expenses -- 4.13 Central government revenues -- 4.14 Monetary indicators and prices -- 4.15 Balance of payments current account -- 4.16 External debt -- 4.17 External debt management -- Text figures and boxes -- 4a Economic growth varies greatly across regions -- 4b With more than two decades of rapid growth East Asia and Pacific has caught up with Latin America and the Caribbean -- 4c The 10 largest holders of foreign exchange reserves in 2003 -- 4d Fewer countries had double digit inflation rates in 2003. , 4e The System of National Accounts-keeping up with the 21st century -- 4.3a Manufacturing continues to show strong growth in East Asia -- 4.5a Some developing country regions are increasing their share of merchandise exports -- 4.6a Top 10 exporters in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2003 -- 4.7a Top 10 developing country exporters of commercial services in 2003 -- 4.8a The mix of commercial service imports is changing -- 4.10a Investment has risen in Asia, but remains stagnant in Latin America and Africa -- 4.11a Selected developing countries with large cash deficits -- 4.12a Interest payments are a large part of government expenditure for some developing economies -- 4.13a Rich countries rely more on direct taxes -- 4.15a The 15 economies with the largest current account surplus and the 15 with the largest deficit-in 2002 -- 4.16a The debt burden of Sub-Saharan African countries has been falling since 1995 -- 4.17a When the present value of a country's external debt exceeds 220 percent of exports or 80 percent of GNI, the World Ban -- 5. STATES AND MARKETS -- Introduction -- Tables -- 5.1 Private sector development -- 5.2 Investment climate -- 5.3 Business environment -- 5.4 Stock markets -- 5.5 Financial depth and efficiency -- 5.6 Tax policies -- 5.7 Relative prices and exchange rates -- 5.8 Defense expenditures and arms transfers -- 5.9 Transport services -- 5.10 Power and communications -- 5.11 The information age -- 5.12 Science and technology -- Text figures and boxes -- 5a Policy uncertainty dominates the investment climate concerns of firms -- 5b Challenges in measuring the investment climate -- 5.1a Latin America and the Caribbean still has the highest investment levels, but activity has declined for the fifth consecu -- 5.9a World airline passenger traffic is expected to rebound in 2004 after two years of stagnation. , 5.10a Mobile phone access outpaced fixed-line access in some developing country regions in 2003. , English

Weitere Ausg.: ISBN 0-8213-6071-X

Sprache: Englisch

DOI: 10.1596/0-8213-6071-X

UID:

Umfang: 1 online resource (37 p.)

ISBN: 1-4623-1850-9 , 1-282-39167-4 , 9786613820105 , 1-4519-1057-6

Serie: IMF working paper ;

Inhalt: South-South trade agreements are proliferating: Developing countries signed 70 new agreements between 1990 and 2003. Yet the impact of these agreements is largely unknown. This paper focuses on the static effects of South-South preferential trade agreements stemming from changes in trade patterns. Specifically, it estimates the impact of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) on Uganda's imports between 1994 and 2003. Detailed import and tariff data at the 6-digit harmonized system level are used for more than 1,000 commodities. Based on a difference-in-difference estimation strategy, the paper finds that-in contrast to evidence from aggregate statistics-COMESA's preferential tariff liberalization has not considerably increased Uganda's trade with member countries, on average across sectors. The effect, however, is heterogeneous across sectors. Finally, the paper finds no evidence of trade-diversion effects.

Anmerkung: Description based upon print version of record. , Contents; I. Introduction; II. Literature; III. Trade Creation and Trade Diversion; IV. Data; V. Empirical Strategy and Results; A. Benchmark Estimators; B. Difference-in-Difference Estimator; C. Robustness Checks; D. Trade Diversion; VI. Conclusions; Figures; 1. Uganda: Imports and Tariff Revenue (percent of GDP),1986-2003; 2. Uganda: Imports from Developing Countries (percent of GDP),1986-2003; Tables; 1. Summary Statistics for Uganda vis-à-vis COMESA Countries (1994-2003); 2. Summary Statistics for Uganda vis-à-vis non-COMESA Countries (1994-2003) , 3. Pattern of Protection in Uganda in 1994 and 2003 Under the Preferential Trade Agreements (PTA in 1994 and COMESA in 2003)4. Pattern of Protection in Uganda in 1994 and 2003 vis-à-vis the Rest of the World (MFN Tariff Rates); 5. Estimates Based on Uganda Imports in 1994, 2000, 2001, 2002, and 2003; 6. Estimates Based on Uganda Imports in 1994, 2000, 2001, 2002, and 2003; 7. Robustness Checks; 8. Estimates of Trade Diversion Based on Uganda Imports from Non-COMESA Countries in 1994, 2000, 2001, 2002, and 2003; Appendix Tables , I. Uganda's Preferential Tariff Rates by 2-digit 1996 HS Codes, 1994 and 2003II. Uganda's MFN Tariff Rates by 2-digit 1996 HS Codes, 1994 and 2003; III. Uganda's Imports by Country of Origin, 1994 and 2003; References , English

Weitere Ausg.: ISBN 1-4527-2994-8

Weitere Ausg.: ISBN 1-4518-6604-6

Sprache: Englisch

UID:

Umfang: 1 online resource (416 pages)

Ausgabe: 1st ed.

ISBN: 1-280-08498-7 , 9786610084982 , 1-4175-1513-9

Serie: World development indicators

Inhalt: World Development Indicators, the World Bank's respected statistical publication presents the most current and accurate information on global development on both a national level and aggregated globally. This information allows readers to monitor the progress made toward meeting the goals endorsed by the United Nations and its member countries, the World Bank, and a host of partner organizations in September 2001 in their Millennium Development Goals. The 400-page print edition of World Development Indicators 2004 allows you to consult over 80 tables and over 800 indicators for 152 economies and 14 country groups, as well as basic indicators for a further 55 economies. There are key indicators for the latest year available, important regional data, and income group analysis. The report contains six thematic presentations of analytical commentary covering: World View, People, Environment, Economy, States and Markets, and Global Links. The CD-ROM editions contain 40 years of time series data for more than 200 countries from 1960-2002, single-year observations, and spreadsheets on many topics. It contains more than 1,000 country tables and the text from the World Development Indicators 2004 print edition and the World Bank Atlas 2003. The Windows based format permits users to search for and retrieve data in spreadsheet form, create maps and charts, and fully download them into other popular software programs for study or presentation purposes.

Anmerkung: Description based on: 1997. , Intro -- FOREWORD -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- PREFACE -- TABLE OF CONTENTS -- PARTNERS -- USERS GUIDE -- 1 WORLD VIEW -- 2 PEOPLE -- 3 ENVIRONMENT -- 4 ECONOMY -- 5 STATES AND MARKETS -- 6 GLOBAL LINKS -- PRIMARY DATA DOCUMENTATION -- ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS -- STATISTICAL METHODS -- CREDITS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- INDEX OF INDICATORS. , English , Prepared by the Development Data Group of the World Bank's International Economics Department, 〈1997-〉.

Weitere Ausg.: ISBN 0-8213-5729-8

Sprache: Englisch

DOI: 10.1596/0-8213-5729-8

UID:

Umfang: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (416 p.))

Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive

ISBN: 0821357298 , 9780821357293

Serie: World Development Indicators

Inhalt: World Development Indicators, the World Bank's respected statistical publication presents the most current and accurate information on global development on both a national level and aggregated globally. This information allows readers to monitor the progress made toward meeting the goals endorsed by the United Nations and its member countries, the World Bank, and a host of partner organizations in September 2001 in their Millennium Development Goals. The 400-page print edition of World Development Indicators 2004 allows you to consult over 80 tables and over 800 indicators for 152 economies and 14 country groups, as well as basic indicators for a further 55 economies. There are key indicators for the latest year available, important regional data, and income group analysis. The report contains six thematic presentations of analytical commentary covering: World View, People, Environment, Economy, States and Markets, and Global Links. The CD-ROM editions contain 40 years of time series data for more than 200 countries from 1960-2002, single-year observations, and spreadsheets on many topics. It contains more than 1,000 country tables and the text from the World Development Indicators 2004 print edition and the World Bank Atlas 2003. The Windows® based format permits users to search for and retrieve data in spreadsheet form, create maps and charts, and fully download them into other popular software programs for study or presentation purposes

Sprache: Englisch

URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)

UID:

Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (416 Seiten))

Ausgabe: Online-Ausg

ISBN: 0821357298 , 9780821357293

Serie: World Development Indicators

Inhalt: World Development Indicators, the World Bank's respected statistical publication presents the most current and accurate information on global development on both a national level and aggregated globally. This information allows readers to monitor the progress made toward meeting the goals endorsed by the United Nations and its member countries, the World Bank, and a host of partner organizations in September 2001 in their Millennium Development Goals. The 400-page print edition of World Development Indicators 2004 allows you to consult over 80 tables and over 800 indicators for 152 economies and 14 country groups, as well as basic indicators for a further 55 economies. There are key indicators for the latest year available, important regional data, and income group analysis. The report contains six thematic presentations of analytical commentary covering: World View, People, Environment, Economy, States and Markets, and Global Links. The CD-ROM editions contain 40 years of time series data for more than 200 countries from 1960-2002, single-year observations, and spreadsheets on many topics. It contains more than 1,000 country tables and the text from the World Development Indicators 2004 print edition and the World Bank Atlas 2003. The Windows based format permits users to search for and retrieve data in spreadsheet form, create maps and charts, and fully download them into other popular software programs for study or presentation purposes

Sprache: Englisch

URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)

UID:

Umfang: Online-Ressource (231 p)

Ausgabe: Online-Ausg.

ISBN: 9780821396674

Serie: Directions in Development--Human Development

Inhalt: Despite some recent successes in Ghana, further improvements in health outcomes are inpart hampered by the lack of skilled service providers, or human resources for health (HRH),particularly in rural areas, where critical health services are needed most. To address thelack of information and guide the development of policies and programs on HRH, TowardInterventions in Human Resources for Health in Ghana: Evidence for Health Workforce Planningand Results aims to paint a comprehensive picture of HRH, consolidating new and existingevidence on the stock, distribution, and performance of h ealth wo

Anmerkung: Description based upon print version of record , Cover; Contents; Foreword, The Government of Ghana; Foreword, The World Bank; Acknowledgments; Editors and Contributors; Abbreviations; PART I: Introduction and Overview; Chapter 1 Toward Evidence-Based Interventions for HRH; Health Outcomes and HRH; Objective and Organization of This Book; Conceptual Framework; Boxes; 1.1 Data Featured in This Book; Figures; 1.1 Flow of Individuals into the Health Labor Market: Effect on Stock and Distribution of HRH; Key Findings on Stock, Distribution, and Performance; 1.2 Overview of Key Findings from Appendix B: Preservice Education Capacity , 1.3 Overview of Key Findings from Appendix C: Compensation of Health Workers before and after 2006Toward Evidence-Based Intervention; 1.4 Overview of Key Findings from Appendix A: Decision-Making Authority in HRH by Agency and Level; Conclusion; References; PART II: The HRH Situation; Chapter 2 The Stock of Health Workers; Summary of Findings; Public Sector Health Worker Numbers; Tables; 2.1 Health Employment Agencies and Organizations by Sector; 2.2 Number and Density of Public Personnel at Health Facilities, Selected African Countries with Similar GDP , 2.1 Clinical and Nonclinical Health Workers, Selected African Countries, 20092.3 Numbers and Densities of Clinical Health Cadres, 2009; What Explains the Stock of Health Workers?; 2.2 Number of Doctors, Nurses, and Midwives, 2003-09; 2.3 Doctors, Nurses, and Midwives per 1,000 Population; 2.4 Production of Selected Health Worker Cadres in Ghana, All Schools; 2.4 Student Enrollment by School Type, 2003-07; 2.5 Student Enrollment at the University of Ghana School of Medicine, 1994-2008; 2.6 Applicants and Enrollment at Selected Health-Training Institutions, 2008 , 2.5 Training Costs by Health Worker Type2.7 Capacity Weaknesses in Ghana's Training System; 2.8 Attrition Rates among Health Workers, 2004-08; 2.9 Trend and Reasons for Attrition in GHS Facilities, 2002-08; 2.10 Age Distribution of Selected Cadres of Health Workers, 2009; 2.11 Attrition of Doctors and Dentists, 1985-94; 2.12 Intention to Migrate among Health Workers, Selected African Countries, 2003; 2.13 Doctors from Selected African Countries Living Abroad, 1991-2004; 2.14 Destinations of Emigrating Ghanaian Nurses, 2002-05; 2.15 Migration and Attrition of Nurses, 2002-09 , 2.16 Migration and Attrition of Physicians, 2002-092.1 Impact of Wage Increases on Outmigration; 2.2 Poaching from U.K. Recruitment Agencies; Conclusion; Notes; References; Chapter 3 The Distribution of Health Workers; Summary of Findings; Where Ghana's Health Workers Are Employed; 3.1 Public Sector Health Workers by Region and Cadre, 2009; 3.2 Public Sector Health Workers per 1,000 Population by Region and Cadre, 2009; 3.1 CHAG Health Workers by Region, 2009; 3.2 Doctors, Nurses, and Midwives per 1,000 Population by Region, 2009; Reasons for the Uneven Distribution of Health Workers , 3.3 Health Worker Density and Proportion of Assisted Births by Region , English , en_US

Weitere Ausg.: ISBN 9780821396681

Weitere Ausg.: Print version Toward Interventions in Human Resources for Health in Ghana Evidence for Health Workforce Planning and Results

Sprache: Englisch

Schlagwort(e): Electronic books

URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)

URL: kostenfrei

UID:

Umfang: 1 online resource (286 pages)

Ausgabe: 1st ed.

ISBN: 1-4648-0932-1

Serie: Directions in Development;Directions in Development - Human Development

Inhalt: This book, produced jointly by the World Bank, the University of California, Berkeley, and the WHO, aims to provide decision-makers at sub-national, national, regional and global levels with additional insights into how to address their workforce challenges rather than describe them. In order to optimize and align HRH investments and develop targeted policy responses, a thorough understanding of unique, country-specific labor market dynamics and determinants of these dynamics is critical. Policies need to take into account the fact that workers are economic actors, responsive to different levels of compensation and opportunities to generate revenue found in different sub-labor markets. Policies need to take into account the behavioral characteristics of the individuals who provide health care, but also the individuals who consume health care services and the institutions that employ health personnel. In other words, it is necessary to understand the determinants of both the supply (numbers of health workers willing to work in the health sector) and the demand for health workers (resources available to hire health workers), how these interact, and how this interaction varies in different contexts. This interaction will determine the availability of health personnel, their distribution as well as their performance levels, thus ensuring stronger health systems capable to deliver universal health coverage. The book is structured to be of use to researchers, planners, and economists who are tasked with analyzing key areas of health labor markets, including overall labor market assessments as well as and more narrow and targeted analyses of demand and supply (including production and migration), performance, and remuneration of health workers. The chapters, written by a number of internationally renowned experts on Human Resources for Health, discuss data sources and empirical tools that can be used to assess health labor markets across high-, middle- or low-income countries, but draws primarily from examples and case-studies in LMICs.

Anmerkung: Front Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- About the Contributors -- Abbreviations -- Overview Tools and Data Needs to Guide Evidence-Based Policy Making on Human Resources for Health -- Introduction -- Chapter Summaries -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 1 A Labor Market Framework for Human Resources for Health in Low- and Middle-Income Countries -- Introduction -- Forces Affecting HLM -- Health Workers Labor Market and Health and Medical Services Market -- Integrated Framework for the HLM -- Technical Structure and Dynamics of the Impact of the HLM -- Task Shifting in the HLM -- Health Worker Productivity -- Health Worker Performance -- HLM Indicators -- Development of a Future Health Workforce -- Annex 1A: Preliminary List of Data Needed to Analyze the HLM -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2 Data Requirements for the Economic Analysis of Health Labor Markets -- Introduction -- Data Requirements for HLM Analysis -- Identifying Data Sets for Review -- Results of the Review of Data Sets -- Recommendations for Collecting Health Workforce Data for HLM Analysis -- Conclusions -- Annex 2A: Data Sets Included in This Review -- Annex 2B: International Standard Classification of Occupations: ISCO-08 22 Health Professionals -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3 Demand-Based and Needs-Based Forecasts for Health Workers -- Introduction -- Needs-Based Forecasts of Health Workers -- Demand-Based Forecasts of Health Workers -- Supply of Health Workers -- Needs-Based and Demand-Based Forecast Comparisons and Shortage Calculations -- Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 4 Measuring and Analyzing Production Supply -- Introduction -- Institutional Dynamics -- Medical Education Transformation -- Data Needs -- Indicators That Measure Progress -- Financing -- Effective Regulation -- Stakeholders -- Health Professional Schools. , Health Facilities -- Employers -- Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 5 Health Worker Labor Supply, Absenteeism, and Job Choice -- Introduction -- 1. Framework for Analysis -- 2. Evidence -- 3. Ways Forward -- Annex 5A: Cross-Country Data Set -- Annex 5B: Equations and Variable Definitions for the Models -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 6 Migration of Health Care Professionals from Sub-Saharan Africa: Issues, Data, and Evidence -- Introduction -- Reasons for Migration -- Data Needed to Analyze Health Care Professional Migrations -- Ways to Measure the Relative Importance of Migration Determinants -- Ways to Measure the Impact of Migration -- Data Availability for Africa -- Determinants of Migration: Ghana as a Case Study -- Impact of Migration -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7 Measuring the Performance of Health Workers -- Introduction -- Performance Is Presence, Quality, and Productivity -- Difficulties Inherent in the Measurement of Performance -- Tools for Measuring Performance -- Indicators -- Annex 7A: Examples of Tools for Measuring Performance -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 8 Analyzing the Determinants of Health Worker Performance -- Indicators for Analyzing the Determinants of Performance -- Ways of Understanding Process Quality Shortfalls -- Ways of Understanding Productivity Shortfalls -- Ways of Analyzing Motivation Shortfalls -- Recommendations -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 9 Measuring and Analyzing Salaries and Incentives -- Health Workers' Actual Income -- Official Income Sources -- Unofficial Incomes of Health Workers and Their Side Effects -- Methods for Measuring Official Income -- Ways of Using Administrative Data from Government Agencies -- Methods for Measuring Unofficial Income -- Direct Health Worker Surveys -- Sensitive Survey Techniques -- Patient Surveys -- Administrative Records. , Direct Observation -- Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 10 Survey Techniques to Capture Sensitive Information from Health Workers: An Example of Their Application in Liberia -- Introduction -- Sensitive Survey Techniques -- Item Count Technique -- Aggregated Response (Sum Randomization) -- Application of Sensitive Survey Techniques in Liberia -- Testing Validity of Item Count and Aggregate Response Methods -- Results -- Regular Salary and Benefits -- Sensitive Behaviors: Direct Responses -- Sensitive Behaviors: Item Count and Aggregated Response -- Conclusions and Considerations -- References -- Boxes -- Box 1.1 Vignette 1: Workforce Shortage in Thailand -- Box 1.2 Vignette 2: Unfilled Posts in Kenya -- Box 1.3 Vignette 3: Maternal Health in Malawi -- Box 1.4 Vignette 4: Ghost Workers in Rwanda -- Box 1.5 Vignette 1: Response to Workforce Shortage in Thailand -- Box 1.6 Vignette 2: Response to Unfilled Posts in Kenya -- Box 1.7 Vignette 3: Response to Maternal Health in Malawi -- Box 1.8 Vignette 4: Response to Ghost Workers in Rwanda -- Box 3.1 Calculation of Workforce Supply in Pakistan, 2020 -- Box 4.1 Framework for Changing Regulatory Requirements -- Box 7.1 Two Professionals Evaluating the Same Patient -- Box 7.2 Quality of Care and Patient Outcomes -- Box 9.1 Randomized Response Technique Calculations -- Figures -- Figure 1.1 HLM: An Integrated Framework -- Figure 1.2 Demand and Supply of Nurses -- Figure 1.3 Public and Private Market for Health Workers: One Worker's Hours and Wages -- Figure 1.4 Rural and Urban HLMs -- Figure 1.5 Task Shifting of Surgery Technicians -- Figure 1.6 Function of a Health Worker -- Figure 1.7 Health Worker Performance -- Figure 2.1 Conceptual Framework Used to Define the Key Information Collected in the MABEL Survey -- Figure 3.1 World Health Organization Skilled Birth Attendant Benchmark, 2006. , Figure 3.2 Hypothetical Fitted Health System Values as a Function of Health Workers -- Figure 3.3 Hypothetical Health Worker Shortage per 1,000 Population, 2020: The 20 Countries with the Greatest Per Capita Shortage -- Figure 3.4 Illustration of SDG Composite Index Method -- Figure 3.5 Demand and Supply of Nurses -- Figure 3.6 Assessing Shortages and Surpluses of Workers: Conceptual Forecasting Framework -- Figure 6.1 Stock of Immigrant Physicians in OECD Countries as a Percentage of Locally Trained Physicians in Source Region -- Figure 6.2 African Countries with the Highest Rates of Physician Emigration, 1991 and 2004 -- Figure 6.3 Number of Trained African Physicians in Africa and OECD Countries, 1991-2004 -- Figure 6.4 Number of African Physicians Working in Selected OECD Countries, 1991 and 2004 -- Figure 6.5 Estimated Years of Service in Country of Origin before Emigration, by Graduation Cohort -- Figure 6.6 Number of Ghanaian Physicians at Home and Abroad, 1991-2004 -- Figure 6.7 Education Level of Ghanaian Migrant Physicians' Parents -- Figure 6.8 Ghanaian Migrant Doctors' Top Reasons for Migration -- Figure 6.9 Main Links with Ghana for Ghanaian Migrant Doctors -- Figure B7.2.1 Outcomes Categorized by the Average Quality of Care at Location of First Visit, Rural Tanzania, 2003 -- Figure 8.1 Three-Gap Framework -- Figure 8.2 Empirical Evidence of the Know-Do Gap -- Figure 9.1 Common Forms of Individual Incentives and Compensation for Public Sector Health Workers in Low-Income Countries -- Tables -- Table O.1 Sustainable Development Goal 3 -- Table 2A.1 Characteristics of Data Sets -- Table 3.1 Hypothetical Forecasts of Demand-Based and Needs-Based Health Worker Shortages per 1,000 Population: Pakistan -- Table 4.1 Essential Domains of Health Professional Education -- Table 4.2 Cost of Medical Education in Different Countries. , Table 4.3 Proposed Indicators of Health Professional Education Financing and Their Purpose -- Table 4.4 Proposed Indicators of Health Professional Education Regulation and Their Purpose -- Table 4.5 Proposed Indicators of Stakeholder Engagement in Health Professional Education and Their Purpose -- Table 4.6 Proposed Indicators for Clinical Practicums as Part of Health Professional Education and Their Purpose -- Table 4.7 Proposed Indicators of Employers' Engagement in the Health Professional Education System and Their Purpose -- Table 5A.1 Cross-Country Data set -- Table 6.1 Regions of Training of African Physicians Identified in the 2011 AMA Physician Masterfile -- Table 6.2 Top 12 Countries of Emigration Physicians Appearing in the 2011 AMA Physician Masterfile, by Emigration Rate -- Table 6.3 Main Differences between Ghana and Abroad for Ghanaian Migrant Doctors -- Table 7.1 Indicators and Possible Tools to Describe Performance of Health Workers -- Table 7A.1 General Health Management Information Systems -- Table 7A.2 Attendance Check Data Sheet (Example) -- Table 7A.3 Patient Exit Interview (Satisfaction, Example) -- Table 7A.4 Patient Exit Interview (Travel and Expenditure, Example) -- Table 7A.5 Household Survey Questionnaire on Decision Making (Example) -- Table 7A.6 Household Survey Questionnaire, Health-Seeking Experience (Example) -- Table 7A.7 Direct Observation Checklist -- Table 8.1 Vignette to Measure Competence and Capacity -- Table 8.2 Job Satisfaction and Motivation -- Table 9.1 Sample Survey Question to Determine Benefits and Incentives -- Table 10.1 Demographic Characteristics of Liberian Health Worker Respondents, 2012 -- Table 10.2 Regular Monthly Compensation and Benefits of Liberian Health Worker Respondents, 2010-12 -- Table 10.3 Results from Direct Responses of Liberian Health Workers. , Table 10.4 Results from Sensitive Survey Responses of Liberian Health Workers.

Weitere Ausg.: ISBN 1-4648-0931-3

Sprache: Englisch