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Format: 1 Online-Ressource (170 Seiten)

Edition: 1st ed

ISBN: 9781803273235

Content: The island of Crete was an important place for cultural and economic exchanges between Greeks and Near Easterners in the Aegean during the 1st millennium BC. This book aims to understand the Phoenician presence and trade in Aegean temples, as well as how Crete shaped its role within the context of Mediterranean trade routes from East to West

Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources , Cover -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Figures and Tables -- Figure 1.1. Map of the main Aegean sites mentioned throughout the book. -- Figure 1.2. Map of Eastern Mediterranean winds in the summer (Safadi 2016). -- Figure 1.3. Map of Crete detailing the main sites subject to study (by the author). -- Figure 1.4. Kommos, bay showing Papadóplaka (right) and the archaeological settlement (left). -- Figure 1.5. Kommos, general view of the site (by the author). -- Figure 1.6. Kommos, general site plan (Shaw 2000: Fig. 1.6). -- Figure 1.7. Kommos, Southern Area Period Plan (Shaw 2006). -- Figure 1.8. The temples of Kommos (by the author). -- Figure 2.1. Isometric drawing of Temple B with Tripillar Shrine (Shaw 1997: Fig. 4). -- Figure 2.2. Finds associated with the period of Temple A (by the author). -- Figure 2.3. Finds associated with the period of Temple B (by the author). -- Figure 2.4. Finds associated with the period of Temple C (by the author). -- Figure 2.5. Stele from Nora (Shaw 1989: Fig. 15). -- Figure 2.6. Plan of the Shrine at Sarepta (Pritchard 1978: Fig. 125). -- Figure 2.7. Figurine of Sekhmet (Inv. No. ΑΜΗ Υ 593 -- Archaeological Museum of Heraklion, Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports/HOCRED). -- Figure 2.8. Figurine of Nefertum (Inv. No. ΑΜΗ Υ 594 -- Archaeological Museum of Heraklion, Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports/HOCRED). -- Figure 2.9. Local ceramics found at Temple B (by the author). -- Figure 2.10. East Greek ceramics from Temple B (by the author). -- Figure 2.11. Oenocoae from Temple B (photographs by J. Shaw, drawings by Callaghan and Johnson 2000: Figs. 247-248). -- Figure 2.12. Phoenician ceramics from the period of Temple A (by the author). -- Figure 2.13. Phoenician storage and transport jars from Temple B (by the author). -- Figure 2.14. Phoenician pottery from Temple B (by the author) , Figure 2.15. Local pottery from Building Q (by the author). -- Figure 2.16. Phoenician pottery from Building Q (by the author). -- Figure 2.17. Phoenician pottery from Building P (by the author). -- Figure 2.18. East Greek pottery from Building P (by the author). -- Figure 2.19. Phoenician pottery from Building F (by the author). -- Figure 2.20. Commercial inscriptions from Building Q and Temple B (by the author). -- Figure 3.1. Map of Crete showing the sites analysed in this chapter. -- Figure 3.2. View of Heraklion from the East with the Bronze Age Palace of Knossos on the left, Iron Age Fortetsa in the centre, and Agios Yoannis, the Tekke area and Atsalenio to the right. -- Figure 3.3. Knossos, general site plan (Antoniadis 2020: Map 1). -- Figure 3.4. Roman tombs at the Venizeleion Hospital (by the author). -- Figure 3.5. Cippus from Venizeleion Hospital (Kourou and Grammatikaki 1998: Fig. 18.1). -- Figure 3.6. Cippus TT91 S6 from Tyre (Kourou and Grammatikaki 1998: Fig. 19.3). -- Figure 3.7. Cippus from Atsalenio (Kourou 2012: Fig. 6a -- after Stampolidis, Karetsou and Kanta 1998: Figure 378). -- Figure 3.8. Stela from Nora (Aubet 2009: Fig. 58. Photograph by Giovanni Tore). -- Figure 3.9. Cippus TT91 S12 from Tyre (Kourou and Karetsou 1998: Fig. 14 -- after Helen Sader). -- Figure 3.10. Bronze bowl with omphalos and leaves (by the author). -- Figure 3.11. Cypro-Phoenician bronze bowl (by the author) -- Figure 3.12. The area of Knossos-Fortetsa, showing Villa Dionysos in the centre. -- Figure 3.13. Faience figurine of Ptah-Seker (Inv. No. ΑΜΗ Υ 597 -- Archaeological Museum of Heraklion, Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports/HOCRED). -- Figure 3.14. Faience figurine of Nefertum (Inv. Mo. ΑΜΗ Υ 598 -- Archaeological Museum of Heraklion, Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports/HOCRED). -- Figure 3.15. Scarabs from Fortetsa (Brock 1975: Pl. 173) , Figure 3.16. Lekythia from Fortetsa (by the author). -- Figure 3.18. Glass bowl from Fortetsa (by the author). -- Figure 3.19. Faience bowl from the North Cemetery (by the author). -- Figure 3.20. Ape-shaped vase from Fortetsa (by the author). -- Figure 3.22. Bird vase from the North Cemetery (by the author). -- Figure 3.23. Bird vase from Fortetsa (by the author -- after Brock 1957: Plate 110). -- Figure 3.25. The site to the north of Andrea Nathena Street. -- Figure 3.26. The site to the south of Andrea Nathena Street. -- Figure 3.27. Tekke Tomb J inscribed bowl (by the author). -- Figure 3.28. Part of the Tekke Jewellery (by the author). -- Figure 3.29. Gold rings from Fortetsa (by the author). -- Figure 3.30. Black-on-Red pottery from Knossos (Hoffman 2000: Pls. 69-70). -- Figure 3.31. Egyptian perfume jar from Fortetsa (by the author). -- Figure 3.32. Phoenician jugs from Fortetsa (Hoffman 2000: Pls. 104-105) -- Figure 3.33. Eleutherna, general site plan. -- Figure 3.34. Orthi Petra, general view of the site. -- Figure 3.35. View of Orthi Petra showing Building A. -- Figure 3.36. Cippus from Eleutherna discovered in 1985 (by the author). -- Figure 3.37. Cippus from Huelva (by the author). -- Figure 3.38. Cippus from Tharros (by the author). -- Figure 3.40. Stele from Tharros (by the author). -- Figure 3.41. Stele from Motya (by the author). -- Figure 3.42. Cippus A1 2001 from Eleutherna (by the author). -- Figure 3.43. Cypriot lekythos (by the author). -- Figure 3.44. Vessel A118 (Kotsonas 2008a: Fig. 70). -- Figure 3.45. Bronze shield from Eleutherna (by the author). -- Figure 3.46. Bronze bowl from Eleutherna (by the author). -- Figure 3.47. Faience Sekhmet from Eleutherna (by the author) -- Figure 3.48. Gold pendant with the Master of Lions (by the author). -- Figure 3.49. Gold pendant with lion head (by the author) , Figure 3.50. Gold sheet of the sphinxes (by the author). -- Figure 3.51. Gold sheet of the Mistress of Animals (by the author). -- Figure 3.52. Idaean Cave, view of the entrance (by the author). -- Figure 3.53. Shield of Horus (by the author). -- Figure 3.54. Shield of Melkart (by the author). -- Figure 3.55. Shield of the Goats (Inv. No. ΑΜΗ X 01 -- Archaeological Museum of Heraklion, Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports/HOCRED). -- Figure 3.56. Bronze Bowl from the Idaean Cave (Inv. No. ΑΜΗ X 29 -- Archaeological Museum of Heraklion, Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports/HOCRED). -- Figure 3.57. Bronze bowl from Nimrud (by the author). -- Figure 3.58. Bronze handle in the shape of a hydria (by the author) -- Figure 3.59. Bronze tripod stand (by the author, after Matthäus 1998). -- Figure 3.60. Gold pendant from the Idaean Cave (by the author). -- Figure 3.61. Faience figurine of Bes (by the author). -- Figure 3.62. Ivory figurine of a lion (by the author). -- Figure 3.63. Ivory sphinxes from the Idaean Cave (by the author). -- Figure 3.65. Double ivory head (by the author). -- Figure 3.66. Interior of the Dictaean Cave. -- Figure 3.67. The Lasithi Plateau. -- Figure 3.68. Figure of Amon-Ra (by the author). -- Figure 3.69. The site of Amnisos. -- Figure 3.70. The location of Amnisos in relation to the sea and the islet. -- Figure 3.71. Sekhmet from Amnisos (by the author). -- Figure 3.72. Astarte from Amnisos (by the author). -- Figure 3.73. Roman theatre, Gortyna. -- Figure 3.74. The Minoan palace of Phaistos and its view of the Mesara Plain. -- Figure 3.75. The area of Kouinavoi and the archaeological site of ancient Eltyna. -- Figure 3.76. Phoenician jug from ancient Eltyna (by the author). -- Figure 3.77. Part of a sistrum with relief of Egyptian Hathor. -- Figure 3.78. Bronze hunters from Syme (by the author) , Figure 3.79. Bronze Reshef figurine (by the author). -- Figure 3.80. Land routes from Kommos to Gortyna (map developed by the author). -- Figure 3.81. Land routes from north to south (map developed by the author). -- Figure 3.82. Views of the Mesara Plain and its path from the Idaean Cave. -- Figure 3.83. Land routes to the Idaean Cave (map developed by the author). -- Figure 3.84. Land routes from the Idaean Cave to Eleutherna (map developed by the author). -- Figure 3.85. Land routes from Eleutherna to Patso (map developed by the author). -- Figure 3.86. Land routes from the Inatos Cave to the Dictaean Cave (map developed by the author). -- Figure 3.87. Land routes of Crete (map developed by the author). -- Figure 4.1. Select sites for the research (by the author). -- Figure 4.2. Main Cypriot sites mentioned (by the author). -- Figure 4.3. Recreation of the ivory throne from Salamis (by the author). -- Figure 4.4. Cippus from Palaikastro (by the author). -- Figure 4.5. Silver-gilt bowl from Cyprus (The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Cesnola Collection). -- Figure 4.6. Red-slipped bowls from Kition (Bikai 2003: Pls. 2, 7). -- Figure 4.7. Jugs with concentric decoration (Bikai 2003: Pls. 5, 7). -- Figure 4.8. Storage jars (Bikai 2003: Pls. 6, 8). -- Figure 4.9. Main Rhodian sites mentioned (by the author). -- Figure 4.10. Map of the cemeteries of Ialyssos (by the author). -- Figure 4.11. Cypriot Black-on-Red bottle and Euboean skyphos from Tsambico Tomb LI (393) (Archaeological Museum of Rhodes). -- Figure 4.12. Faience spoon from Ialyssos (Archaeological Museum of Rhodes). -- Figure 4.13. Sphinx from Ialyssos (Archaeological Museum of Rhodes). -- Figure 4.14. Map of the cemeteries of Kameiros (by the author). -- Figure 4.15. Jewellery from the 'Tomb of Jewels', Kameiros (by the author) , Figure 4.16. Silver plaque (Archaeological Museum of Rhodes)

Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Muñoz Sogas, Judith Thirsty Seafarers at Temple B of Kommos Oxford : Archaeopress,c2022

Language: English

URL: lizenzpflichtig

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (361 pages)

Edition: 1st ed.

ISBN: 9781464817571

Note: Front Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- About the Contributors -- Abbreviations -- Overview: Market Access Strategy in a New Trade Environment -- Introduction -- Ingredients for Sub-Saharan Africa's Market Access Strategy -- How Can Sub-Saharan African Countries Boost Exports through Preferential Access to the EU and US Markets? -- How Can Sub-Saharan African Countries Diversify Their Market Access? -- How Could Regional Integration Initiatives Help This Dual Strategy to Succeed? -- Contributions of This Volume -- Notes -- References -- PART I Access to Traditional Markets: Taking Stock of Nonreciprocal Trade Agreements and the Way Forward -- Chapter 1 Trade Impact of the AGOA: An Aggregate Perspective -- Introduction -- The African Growth and Opportunity Act -- Trade Flows from Sub-Saharan Africa to the United States -- Impact of the AGOA: Results from the Synthetic Control Method -- Main Drivers of Exports under the AGOA -- Conclusion -- Annex 1A The Synthetic Control Method -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2 Preferential Access to the United States and Manufacturing Export Performance: A Product-Level Analysis -- Introduction -- A Product-Level Perspective from Disaggregated Export Data -- US Trade Preferences: The GSP and AGOA -- African Export Performance and the Role of the AGOA -- Estimated Impacts of the AGOA and GSP LDC -- Conclusion -- Annex 2A WITS Sectoral Definition, Sub-Saharan Africa Data, and Commodity Prices -- Annex 2B Impacts of the AGOA on Exports and Export Patterns -- Annex 2C AGOA Impacts, by Country -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3 Comparative Analysis of AGOA and EBA Impacts: Evidence from West Africa -- Introduction -- Estimations of the Trade Impacts of the AGOA and EBA -- ECOWAS Exports to the European Union and the United States since 2000 -- Empirical Specifications and Data. , Estimation Results -- Differentiated Impacts of the AGOA and EBA on ECOWAS Countries -- Policy Implications -- Notes -- References -- PART II New Market Frontiers: Focus on East Asia -- Chapter 4 Unlocking East Asian Markets to Sub-Saharan Africa -- Introduction -- Trends in Sub-Saharan Africa's Trade Relationships since the Late 1990s -- Strengthening Sub-Saharan Africa's Market Position: A Demand-Side Analysis -- Potential "Niche" Markets for Sub-Saharan Africa's Export Diversification -- Fostering Trade Relations through Agreements -- Does the Export Market Matter? A Literature Review -- Empirical Strategy, Data, and Preliminary Analysis -- Conclusion -- Annex 4A Sample Firms -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 5 Assessing the Global Value Chain Links between Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa -- Introduction -- Key Trade Patterns and GVC Links between Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia -- Econometric Assessment of Sub-Saharan African Participation in Asian GVCs -- Conclusion and Policy Implications -- Annex 5A Supplementary Tables -- Notes -- References -- PART III Looking Inward: Deepening Regional Integration and Value Chains -- Chapter 6 The Promise and Challenge of the African Continental Free Trade Area -- Introduction -- Revisiting the Theory of Regional Integration in Light of the AfCFTA -- Key Trends in Regional Trade and Integration in Africa -- Intra-Africa Trade within Regional Economic Communities -- Composition of Trade in Africa -- The Promise of the AfCFTA: Evaluation of Its Impact on Economic Outcomes -- The Challenges Facing the AfCFTA -- Policy Implications -- Annex 6A Logistics Performance and Gravity Model Results -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 7 Nontariff Measures and Services Trade Restrictions in Global Value Chains -- Introduction -- What Is Africa's Experience in Global Value Chains?. , Are Nontariff Measures Limiting the GVC Participation of Firms in Sub-Saharan Africa? -- Are Restrictive Services Sectors Limiting Sub-Saharan African Firms' GVC Participation? -- What Will It Take for Africa to Create Regional Value Chains? -- Some Regional Policy Options to Complement the AfCFTA -- Notes -- References -- Boxes -- Box 4.1 Exporting Fish to the European Union -- Box 4.2 Growing Food Import Trends in Asia -- Box 4.3 The China-Africa Cotton Industry -- Box 7.1 Diversifying Production through Regional Cooperation -- Figures -- Figure O.1 Changes in Regional and Global Trade Trends, Relative to 2005, in Sub-Saharan Africa -- Figure O.2 Trends in Sub-Saharan Africa's Exports of Goods to Regional Markets, 2005-17 -- Figure O.3 Trends in Sub-Saharan Africa's Trade in Goods, by Type and by Trade Partner Region, 2005-18 -- Figure O.4 Spaghetti Bowl of African Regional and Subregional Economic Communities, 2010 -- Figure O.5 GVC Participation of Sub-Saharan African Countries, as Measured by Their Shares of Total Exports from Foreign and Domestic Value Added, 2015 -- Figure 1.1 Sub-Saharan Africa's Exports to the United States, by Type, 2000-17 -- Figure 1.2 Average Annual Exports from AGOA-Eligible Countries to the United States, before and after the AGOA -- Figure 1.3 Export Trends and Synthetic Controls Applied to AGOA-Eligible Sub-Saharan African Countries, 1993-2015 -- Figure 1.4 Trajectories of Nonfuel Exports from Leading East African Countries to the United States, by Product Category, 2000-15 -- Figure 1.5 Share of Foreign Value Added in Total Textile Exports from Selected Sub-Saharan African Countries to the United States, 1998-2015 -- Figure 2.1 US Average Tariffs on Products from Sub-Saharan Africa, before and after the AGOA -- Figure 2.2 Relative Preference Margins in Apparel Exports to the US from Selected Countries, 1997-2017. , Figure 2.3 Sub-Saharan Africa's Share of World Exports, Total and Selected Sectors, 1997-2017 -- Figure 2.4 Share of Manufacturing in Total Exports, in Sub-Saharan Africa and by Country, circa 2000s-2010s -- Figure 2.5 Destinations of Sub-Saharan Africa's Exports -- Figure 2.6 Destinations of Sub-Saharan Africa's Manufacturing Exports -- Figure 2.7 Destinations of Sub-Saharan Africa's Apparel Exports -- Figure 2.8 Growth of Sub-Saharan Africa's Exports to the United States, circa 2000s-2010s -- Figure 2.9 Four Stories of Apparel Exports from Selected Sub-Saharan African Countries, before and after the AGOA, 1997-2017 -- Figure 2.10 Average Impacts of the AGOA and GSP LDC on Sub-Saharan African Exports to the United States -- Figure 2.11 Impacts of the AGOA and GSP on Exports of Eligible Products from Sub-Saharan African Countries, circa 2001-17 -- Figure 2.12 Impacts of the AGOA on Apparel Exports from Sub-Saharan Africa, by Subregion, 2001-17 -- Figure 2A.1 Total Exports of Sub-Saharan African Countries and Commodity Price Indexes, 1996-2016 -- Figure 2B.1 US Average Agricultural and Mining Tariffs on Sub-Saharan African Exports, by Preference Type, before and after the AGOA -- Figure 2B.2 AGOA Preference Utilization by Sub-Saharan African Countries, 2001-17 -- Figure 2B.3 Sub-Saharan African Countries Exhibiting a "Missed Opportunities" Pattern, 1997-2017 -- Figure 2B.4 Sub-Saharan African Countries Exhibiting a "Boom-Bust" Pattern, 1997-2017 -- Figure 2B.5 Sub-Saharan African Countries Exhibiting a "Growth and Stagnation" Pattern, 1995-2016 -- Figure 2B.6 Sub-Saharan African Countries Exhibiting a "Late and Sustained Growth" Pattern, 1995-2016 -- Figure 2C.1 Baseline Impacts of the AGOA on Apparel Exports from Sub-Saharan Africa, by Country. , Figure 3.1 Change in Sub-Saharan African Exports to the European Union and the United States, by "Growth Performer" Group, 2009-13 -- Figure 3.2 ECOWAS Exports to the European Union and the United States, 2000-15 -- Figure 3.3 EU and US Imports from ECOWAS Countries, by Sector, 2000-15 -- Figure 3.4 Differentiated Impacts of the AGOA and EBA on ECOWAS Countries, 2001-15 -- Figure 4.1 Trends in Sub-Saharan Africa's Exports, by Destination, 1997-2017 -- Figure 4.2 Decomposition of Sub-Saharan Africa's Export and Import Shares, by Primary Partner Region, 1997-2016 -- Figure 4.3 Sub-Saharan Africa's Products Traded with All Countries, by Stage of Processing, 1997 and 2016 -- Figure 4.4 Five Asian Countries' Major Imports from Sub-Saharan Africa, 2017 -- Figure 4.5 Size of the Global Middle Class, by Region, 2015-30 -- Figure 4.6 Share of Global Middle-Class Consumption, by Region, 2015-30 -- Figure 4.7 Trends in Consumer Spending Habits, by Income Level -- Figure 4.8 Share of Household Income Spent on Food, by Type and Household Income Level, 2010 -- Figure B4.2.1 Sources of China's Fruit Imports, 2017 -- Figure 4.9 Per Capita Consumption of Selected Foods in China, 2013-17 -- Figure B4.3.1 Sub-Saharan African Countries' Exports of Raw Cotton, 2017 -- Figure 4.10 China's Hardwood Imports, by Risk Level and Source Country, 2006-16 -- Figure 4.11 Tourism toward 2030: Actual Trend and Forecast, 1950-2030 -- Figure 4.12 Distribution of Foreign-Owned Manufacturing Firms in Sub-Saharan Africa, by Origin, 2010 -- Figure 4.13 Shares of Imports from and Exports to Investors' Regions or Countries of Origin, among Foreign-Owned Sub-Saharan African Firms, 2010 -- Figure 5.1 Sectoral Composition of Sub-Saharan Africa's Exports to Asia, 2005 and 2015 -- Figure 5.2 Sectoral Composition of Ethiopia's Exports to Asia, 2005 and 2015. , Figure 5.3 Sectoral Composition of Ghana's Exports to Asia, 2005 and 2015.

Additional Edition: Print version: Coulibaly, Souleymane Africa in the New Trade Environment Oxford : World Bank Publications,c2022

Language: English

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UID:

Format: 1 online resource (206 pages)

Edition: 1st ed.

ISBN: 9783658249960

Series Statement: Event- und Impaktforschung Series

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- List of Abbreviations -- List of Tables -- List of Figures -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 2.1 Cost Overruns in General -- 2.1.1 What are Cost Overruns? -- 2.2.2 Cost Overruns in Mega Projects and at Olympic Games -- 2.2 Comparative Issues -- 2.3 Olympic Games and Mega Sports Events -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Availability of Financial Data from the Olympic Games -- 3.2 Preparation of Data -- 3.3 Quality of Data and Building of Categories -- 3.4 Problems in the Preparation of Data -- 3.5 Building of OCOG and Non-OCOG Budget Categories -- 4 Results I -- 4.1 Sydney 2000 -- 4.1.1 SOCOG Revenue -- 4.1.2 SOCOG Expenditure -- 4.1.3 Sydney 2000 Non-OCOG Costs -- 4.2 Salt Lake City 2002 -- 4.2.1 SLOC Revenue -- 4.2.2 SLOC Expenditure -- 4.2.3 Salt Lake City 2002 Non-OCOG Costs -- 4.3 Athens 2004 -- 4.3.1 ATHOC Revenue -- 4.3.2 ATHOC Expenditure -- 4.3.3 Athens 2004 Non-OCOG Costs -- 4.4 Turin 2006 -- 4.4.1 TOROC Revenue -- 4.4.2 TOROC Expenditure -- 4.4.3 Turin 2006 Non-OCOG Costs -- 4.5 Beijing 2008 -- 4.5.1 BOCOG Revenue -- 4.5.2 BOCOG Expenditure -- 4.5.3 Beijing 2008 Non-OCOG Costs -- 4.6 Vancouver 2010 -- 4.6.1 VANOC Revenue -- 4.6.2 VANOC Expenditure -- 4.6.3 Vancouver 2010 Non-OCOG Costs -- 4.7 London 2012 -- 4.7.1 LOCOG Revenue -- 4.7.2 LOCOG Expenditure -- 4.7.3 London 2012 Non-OCOG Costs -- 4.8 Sochi 2014 -- 4.8.1 SOOC Revenue -- 4.8.2 SOOC Expenditure -- 4.8.3 Sochi 2014 Non-OCOG Costs -- 4.9 Rio de Janeiro 2016 -- 4.9.1 COJOPR Revenue -- 4.9.2 COJOPR Expenditure -- 4.9.3 Rio 2016 Non-OCOG Costs -- 4.10 PyeongChang 2018 -- 4.10.1 POCOG Revenue -- 4.10.2 POCOG Expenditure -- 4.10.3 PyeongChang 2018 Non-OCOG Costs -- 4.11 Summary of Costs and Revenues of the Olympic Games -- 5 Results II -- 5.1 Revenue Corridors by OCOG Category -- 5.2 Expenditure Corridors by OCOG Category. , 5.3 Non-OCOG Cost Corridors at Olympic Games -- 5.4 Non-OCOG Cost Corridors at Olympic Winter Games -- 5.5 Summary of Costs and Revenues of Olympic Games Seperated by Categories -- 6 Reflections -- 6.1 Theoretical Explanations for Olympic Cost Overruns -- 6.1.1 The Neo-Institutionalism Theory and Cost/Revenue Overruns -- 6.1.2 Auction Theory: The Winner's Curse -- 6.1.3 Public Interest Theory vs Chicago Theory: Market Regulation to Favour Public Interest? -- 6.1.4 Evolution Theory and Planning Fallacy Theory -- 6.2 The Evolution of Olympic Budgets and Their Economic Consequences -- 6.2.1 Evolution of Olympic Budgets -- 6.2.2 Economic Consequences: Cost Overruns, Revenue Overruns and Deficit -- 6.3 Practical Recommendations to Reduce Cost Overruns -- 6.4 Summary and Outlook -- References.

Additional Edition: Print version: Preuß, Holger Cost and Revenue Overruns of the Olympic Games 2000-2018 Wiesbaden : Springer Vieweg. in Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH,c2019 ISBN 9783658249953

Language: English

Keywords: Electronic books.

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UID:

Format: 1 online resource (158 pages)

Edition: 1st ed.

ISBN: 9781784918347

Content: This book combines the two great passions of the author's life: reconstructing the Neolithic mind and constructively challenging consensus in his professional domain. Semi-autobiographical, it charts his investigation of Alexander Thom's theories regarding the alignment of prehistoric monuments in the landscape across several key Neolithic sites.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Information -- Contents -- Chapter 1 -- The origins of the controversy -- 1.1 Thom's hypotheses -- 1.2 Methods of approach -- Possible tests for the Thom theories -- 1.3 Archaeological reaction to Thom's major publications in the 1960s and 1970s -- Chapter 2 -- Early hypothesis-testing in western Scotland -- 2.1 The Kintraw standing stone -- Introduction -- The Kintraw cairns -- The Kintraw hill platform -- The second boulder -- Petrofabric analysis -- The 'watch stone' -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- 2.2 The Cultoon stone circle on Islay -- Introduction -- A long alignment discovered -- Discussion -- 2.4 Brainport Bay, Argyll -- Midsummer sunrise -- Discussion -- The present state of Brainport Bay -- Chapter 3 -- Decisive tests in Orkney and Ireland -- 3.1. Introduction -- Acknowledgements -- 3.2. Decisive tests in Orkney -- Archaeological background -- Archaeoastronomy -- Orientations and alignments -- Solstitial sunrises and sunsets -- 3.3. Newgrange, Ireland -- 3.4. Maeshowe chambered cairn, Orkney -- Late survival of the solar calendar? -- Further conclusions -- A multiple calendar site? -- Discussion -- Modern reconstruction of the outer part of the passage -- Fresh work at Maeshowe -- The midwinter sunset at Maeshowe -- Architectural details -- 3.5. Ness of Brodgar (ceremonial centre) -- Structure 12 -- Structure 8 -- Structure 14 -- Structure 1 -- 3.6. A 'Beltane line'? -- 3.7. Julius Caesar's evidence -- 3.8. The Survey of the Ring of Brodgar (Figure 3.18) -- A second major solar alignment? -- Chapter 4 -- Research into Alexander Thom's fieldwork -- 4.1. Background and the work of Alexander Thom -- 4.2. Early reaction from British archaeology -- 4.3. Testing the Thom hypotheses -- 4.4. Reaction against Thom -- 4.5. Clive Ruggles test of the long alignment hypothesis. , 4.6. Further points about orientations and alignments -- 4.7. Evidence for anti-Thom prejudice -- 4.8. What kind of astronomical alignments would Neolithic wise men invent? -- 4.9. Ruggles' and Barclay's criticism of the author's views -- The argument from analogy -- 4.10. Archaeological evidence for chiefdoms -- The scale of the building projects -- Inhabited ceremonial centres? -- Grooved Ware and regional Neolithic cultures -- Orkney Neolithic houses types -- 4.11. The skills of the priesthood -- Introduction -- Neolithic metrology -- Cup-and-ring rock carvings -- The large gold lozenge from Bush Barrow -- Ruggles' criticism of Thom -- Have long alignments been disproved by Ruggles' research? -- Maeshowe and Howe in Orkney -- Conclusions -- 4.12. Modern and ancient alignments and orientations -- Chapter 5 -- The probable astronomy and geometry of Stonehenge -- 5.1. The astronomy of Stonehenge: modern studies -- The Stonehenge sequence -- 5.2. A new look at the astronomy and geometry of Stonehenge -- Possible prehistoric astronomical alignments -- Precisely drawn circles -- Pythagorean triangles -- The geometry of the Aubrey holes -- The geometry of the Station Stone rectangle -- Stonehenge astronomy -- 5.3. Conclusions -- 5.4. Other modern opinions -- 5.5. Appendix -- Chapter 6 -- The Neolithic solar calendar, as seen on a kerb stone at Knowth, Ireland -- 6.1. Introduction. -- 6.2. Independent evidence discovered at Knowth chambered cairn in Ireland. -- Abstract -- Interpreting passage grave art -- Astronomical interpretations -- The use of analogy -- 6.3. Is the Knowth fan-shaped pattern a calendar? -- The prehistoric solar calendar hypothesis -- Criticisms of the solar calendar -- Doubts about the concept of the equinox in prehistory -- 6.4. The fan-shaped design at Knowth -- Thomas' interpretation -- 6.5. A fresh look at the Knowth 'fan'. , Details of the carving (Figures 6.1 and 6.2) -- The prehistoric equinox and its implications -- A symbol for the prehistoric calendar? -- 6.6. Conclusions concerning K15 -- Notes -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 7 -- Current aspects of the research situation -- 7.1. A PhD thesis in 2016 -- 7.2. 'Inside the Neolithic mind: consciousness, Cosmos and the Realm of the Gods' (Lewis-Williams and Pearce - 2005) -- 7.3. 'The Materiality of the Sky (2014)'. Proceedings of the 22nd annual SEAC conference in Malta in 2014. Edited by Fabio Silva, Kim Malville, Tore Lomsdalen and Frank Ventura -- 7.4. Archaeoastronomy: the Journal of the Center for Archaeoastronomy -- 7.5. Astronomy before the telescope: edited by Christopher Walker (1996) -- 7.6. The author's academic training -- 7.7. Conclusion -- Appendix -- Is there plausible evidence that the Ness of Brodgar priesthood had any esoteric knowledge? -- A. Introduction -- B. Methodology -- C. Five standing stone sites that already look promising from visual inspection, plus one which turned out to be a dud -- The Bernie Stone (or 'Barnhouse 2') (HY/ 30787 12713) -- D. Orientations of Buildings -- Barnhouse village. (HY/307127) Figure A.21 top and battom -- The largest building (photographs above). -- The smallest house at Barnhouse -- Bibliography -- Figure 2.1. Alexander Thom's map of the Kintraw site. -- Figure 2.2. Photogrammetric contour plan of the Kintraw site showing the field with the cairns and the standing stone ('menhir'), the stream gorge and the platform with boulders discovered beyond on the hillside. The small standing stone slightly above th -- Figure 2.3. Photograph from the hill platform at Kintraw, with the cairns, the standing stone and the two distant horizons all showing. Above it: drawing of the same view. , Figure 2.4. Plan and sections of the trenches cut on the boulder platform at Kintraw. The top section (ab) runs uphill, the lower one (cd) runs along the platform. -- Figure 2.5. An early stage in the excavations of the high pebble platform held in place by two large boulders on the steep slope beyond the stream north of the field with the Kintraw standing stone and cairns. The photograph and drawing of the distant sol -- Figure 2.6. Another boulder lying on the edge of the terrace on the steep slope beyond the stream, a few yards right of the notch (as seen from the standing stone). It was excavated to see if the rubble platform extended that far but it did not. -- Figure 2.7. The small standing stone a few yards above the observation platform. Douglas Scott said that this had accidentally crashed down the slope. It may have done that but then the Neolithic priests and wise men must have put it upright. -- Figure 2.8. Analysis by Bibby of the orientation of fragments of stone in different layers. Nos. b and c are for the raised observation platform at Kintraw, d is of a definitely artificial stone floor at Sheep Hill hillfort and e and f are of layers natur -- Figure 2.9a. This photograph was taken in 2017 and shows how difficult it is now to see the hill observation platform from the field of the standing stone because of the vast increase in trees and bushes on the steep slope beyond the stream. Attempts have -- Figure 2.9b. Plan of Cultoon stone circle before excavation started. The three upright stones (I, IV and VIII are marked in black, what appeared at first to be fallen stones are marked with parallel line shading and those found under the turf are marked w -- Figure 2.10. Elliptical plan of Cultoon after the stone sockets were discovered. , Figure 2.11. Dimensions of the planned circle at Cultoon, using the few standing stones and the many empty stone sockets. -- Figure 2.12. Top: drawing of the south-western horizon in Ireland indicated by the long axis of the Cultoon ellipse. Bottom: layers in the stone circle showing how a peat layer, formed about 1000 BC, sealed in the abandoned circle. -- Figure 2.13. (a) Scale sketch of Leacach at Tigh Cloiche -- the site is at 260 ft above sea level, on a ridge running down towards the south-west. (b) The Moon rising over Wiay island in the furthest south positionas seen from the site (c) the midsummer Su -- Figure 2.14. Photograph of the south-west view from the Sornach Coir Finn stone circle -- the distant foresight peaks on the island of Skye and just visible to the left of the massive local peak. -- Figure 2.15. A measured drawing of the same view in Figure 2.14 with the estimated sunrise on the distant peak on Skye. -- Figure 2.16. Plan of the main alignment at Brainport Bay (taken from MacKie, Gladwin and Roy 1985, fig. 3). -- Figure. 2.17. Midsummer sunrise in 1977, seen from the double observation boulder. It shows that the original one of about 1800 BC would have risen slightly to the left (Figure 2.19 below) so that it would have allowed the exact date of midsummer to be di -- Figure 2.18. These two photographs were taken in April 2017 and show how untidy the site has become. The first one is taken from between the observation boulders and shows how the alignment to the distant horizon of the sunrise is almost obliterated. The -- Figure 2.19. Diagram showing the horizon, and relevant sunrises, indicated by the natural rock outcrops of the long alignment. , Figure 2.20. The stone disc discovered at Brainport Bay by Col. Gladwin. It cannot be a rotary quern as it lacks a central perforation and also lacks the slightly concave cross section which is essential for these prehistoric querns. The alternative expla.

Additional Edition: Print version: MacKie, Euan W. Professor Challenger and His Lost Neolithic World: the Compelling Story of Alexander Thom and British Archaeoastronomy Oxford : Archaeopress,c2021 ISBN 9781784918330

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Format: 1 online resource (107 pages)

ISBN: 92-2-032375-3

Content: This book examines the impact of automation on developed countries and developing countries, with a particular focus on the prospect of "reshoring" or "nearshoring"- the opposite of offshoring - in which production shifts from developing back towards developed countries.

Note: Cover -- Title page -- Copyright -- Preface -- Table of contents -- List of tables -- Table 2.1. Exports and formal employees in top ten apparel exporters, 2000 and 2015 or latest year -- Table 2.2. Country unit sales of industrial robots in textiles, apparel and footwear, 1993-2016 -- Table 3.1. Exports and formal employees in top ten electronics exporters, 2000 and 2015 or latest year -- Table 3.2. Global robot sales and stock in electronics (units) and share of total (per cent), 2000-2016 -- List of figures -- Figure 1.1. Trends in manufacturing value-added and GDP in industrialized countries and the rest of the world, 1990-2016 -- Figure 1.2. Employment growth by sector, emerging and developing countries, 2005-17 (per cent) -- Figure 1.3. Global unit stock of industrial robots, 1993-2016 -- Figure 2.1. Formal employees in the US apparel and footwear industry,1963-2015 -- Figure 3.1. Stock of robots by subsector and income group of the world, and the top ten electronics exporters in 2015 -- Figure 4.1. Amazon warehouse coordination between human workers (H)and Kiva robots (K) -- Figure 4.2. Robot density, by country -- Figure 4.3. Consumption of global industrial robot supply -- Figure 4.4. Labour productivity in the Chinese auxiliary transportation sector -- Figure 4.5. Labour inputs in the auxiliary transportation sector,by country -- Figure 4.6. Gross output of the auxiliary transportation sector,by country -- Figure 4.7. Skill composition of the Chinese auxiliary transportation sector -- Figure 4.8. Labour productivity of auxiliary transportation sectors, by country -- Figure 4.9. Chinese retail market growth -- Figure 4.10. Chinese minimum wage, by province, 2016 -- Figure 5.1. Average call handling time, by country -- Figure 5.2. Labour cost as a percentage of total cost. , Figure 5.3. Range of annual call centre salaries vs. GNI per capita -- Acronyms and abbreviations -- Chapter 1 Introduction - Sukti Dasgupta -- 1.1. Job displacement due to technological feasibility: A literature review -- 1.2. Strategic industries, automation, and the global division of labour -- 1.3. The case studies and main findings -- 1.4. Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Chapter 2 The apparel and footwear industry - David Kucera -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Automated sewing -- 2.3. 3D printing -- 2.4. Summing up: Jobs created, jobs lost, and the global division of labour -- Bibliography -- Chapter 3 The electronics industry - Fernanda Bárcia de Mattos* -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Automation in electronics manufacturing -- 3.3. Electronics manufacturing, automation and reshoring: Telling cases -- 3.4. Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Chapter 4 Automation in Chinese retail warehouses - Xiao Jiang and Ansel F. Schiavone -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Understanding the technology -- 4.3. General trends of Chinese automation -- 4.4. Automation in Chinese retail warehouses -- 4.5. Nearshoring -- 4.6. Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Chapter 5 Call centres in India and the Philippines - Xiao Jiang and Ansel F. Schiavone -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Understanding the technology -- 5.3. IVR development: Major players -- 5.4. Call centres: Major players -- 5.5. Indian and Filipino call centre industries -- 5.6. Total automation? -- 5.7. Reshoring -- 5.8. Conclusion -- Bibliography.

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Format: 1 online resource (649 pages)

Edition: 11

ISBN: 9783410267065

Series Statement: DIN-Taschenbuch ; v.80

Note: DIN-Taschenbuch 80 -- Impressum / Copyright -- Verzeichnis der für das Fachgebiet Bauleistungen bestehenden DIN-Taschenbücher -- Verzeichnis der für das Fachgebiet Bauwesen bestehenden DIN-Taschenbücher -- Vorwort -- Hinweise zur Nutzung von DIN-Taschenbüchern -- Übersicht über die Leistungsbereiche (LB) des STLB-Bau - Dynamische BauDaten -- Hinweise für die Vergabe- und Vertragsordnung für Bauleistungen, Ausgabe 2016 -- VOB Teil A Allgemeine Bestimmungen für die Vergabe von Bauleistungen (VOB/A) -- VOB Teil B Allgemeine Vertragsbedingungen für die Ausführung von Bauleistungen (VOB/B) -- VOB Teil C Allgemeine Technische Vertragsbedingungen für Bauleistungen (VOB/C) -- Übersicht der Änderungen -- VOB 2016 - Übersicht zu den Fassungen der Teile A und B -- Hinweise auf die Veröffentlichung „VOBaktuell" -- DIN-Nummernverzeichnis -- Sachgebietsverzeichnis -- Verzeichnis nicht enthaltener Normen und Norm-Entwürfe -- Service-Angebote des Beuth Verlags -- Stichwortverzeichnis -- DIN 1052-10:2012-05 Herstellung und Ausführung von Holzbauwerken - Teil 10: Ergänzende Bestimmungen -- Inhalt -- Vorwort -- Änderungen -- Frühere Ausgaben -- 1 Anwendungsbereich -- 2 Normative Verweisungen -- 3 Begriffe -- 4 Anforderungen an Verbindungsmittel -- 4.1 Verbindungsmittel für Gipsplatten-Holz-Verbindungen -- 4.2 Betonrippenstähle für den Holzbau -- 4.3 Gewindestangen für den Holzbau -- 4.4 Stahlstäbe mit Holzschraubengewinde -- 4.5 Beharzte Klammern -- 4.6 Profilierte Nägel -- 5 Nachweis der Eignung zum Kleben von tragenden Holzbauteilen -- 6 Anforderungen an geklebte Produkte, Verbindungen und Verstärkungen -- 6.1 Allgemeines -- 6.2 Schraubenpressklebung -- 6.3 Aufgeklebte Verstärkungen -- 6.4 Verbindungen und Verstärkungen mit eingeklebten Stahlstäben -- 6.5 Schäftungen -- 6.6 Geklebte Verbundbauteile aus Brettschichtholz und Brettsperrholz , 6.7 Geklebte Tafelelemente -- 6.8 Geklebte Biegestäbe mit schmalen Stegen und mehrteilige gespreizte Stäbe mit geklebten Zwischen- oder Bindehölzern -- Anhang A (normativ) Eignungsprüfung und Prüfung von beharzten Klammern -- A.1 Allgemeines -- A.2 Unterlagen -- A.3 Eignungsprüfung -- A.4 Bewertung der Prüfergebnisse -- DIN 18203-3:2008-08 Toleranzen im Hochbau - Teil 3: Bauteile aus Holz und Holzwerkstoffen -- Vorwort -- Änderungen -- Frühere Ausgaben -- 1 Anwendungsbereich -- 2 Normative Verweisungen -- 3 Begriffe -- 3.1 Messbezugsfeuchte -- 4 Maßtoleranzen -- 4.1 Allgemeines -- 4.2 Grenzabweichungen für Träger, Binder und Stützen -- 4.3 Grenzabweichungen für Wand-, Boden-, Decken- und Dachtafeln -- 4.4 Winkelabweichung -- 4.5 Ebenheit -- 5 Prüfung -- Anhang A (informativ) Anwendungsbeispiele -- A.1 Beispiele von Grenzabweichungen bei einer Wandtafel -- Literaturhinweise -- DIN 18299:2016-09 VOB Vergabe- und Vertragsordnung für Bauleistungen - Teil C: Allgemeine Technische Vertragsbedingungen für Bauleistungen (ATV) - Allgemeine Regelungen für Bauarbeiten jeder Art -- Vorwort -- Änderungen -- Frühere Ausgaben -- Normative Verweisungen -- Inhalt -- 0 Hinweise für das Aufstellen der Leistungsbeschreibung -- 0.1 Angaben zur Baustelle -- 0.2 Angaben zur Ausführung -- 0.3 Einzelangaben bei Abweichungen von den ATV -- 0.4 Einzelangaben zu Nebenleistungen und Besonderen Leistungen -- 0.5 Abrechnungseinheiten -- 1 Geltungsbereich -- 2 Stoffe, Bauteile -- 2.1 Allgemeines -- 2.2 Vorhalten -- 2.3 Liefern -- 3 Ausführung -- 4 Nebenleistungen, Besondere Leistungen -- 4.1 Nebenleistungen -- 4.2 Besondere Leistungen -- 5 Abrechnung -- Anhang A Begriffsbestimmungen zu den Allgemeinen Technischen Vertragsbedingungen für Bauleistungen , DIN 18334:2016-09 VOB Vergabe- und Vertragsordnung für Bauleistungen - Teil C: Allgemeine Technische Vertragsbedingungen für Bauleistungen (ATV) - Zimmer- und Holzbauarbeiten -- Vorwort -- Änderungen -- Frühere Ausgaben -- Normative Verweisungen -- Inhalt -- 0 Hinweise für das Aufstellen der Leistungsbeschreibung -- 0.1 Angaben zur Baustelle -- 0.2 Angaben zur Ausführung -- 0.3 Einzelangaben bei Abweichungen von den ATV -- 0.4 Einzelangaben zu Nebenleistungen und Besonderen Leistungen -- 0.5 Abrechnungseinheiten -- 1 Geltungsbereich -- 2 Stoffe, Bauteile -- 2.1 Holz -- 2.2 Holzhaltige Stoffe -- 2.3 Nicht holzhaltige Stoffe -- 2.4 Dämmstoffe -- 2.5 Verbindungs- und Befestigungsmittel, Klebstoffe -- 2.6 Holzschutz -- 2.7 Stahlteile -- 3 Ausführung -- 3.1 Allgemeines -- 3.2 Verzimmerungen -- 3.3 Holzhausbau, Holzrahmenbau, Holztafelbau -- 3.4 Dachschalungen und Unterdachschalungen -- 3.5 Dachlattung -- 3.6 Fußböden, Unterböden und Fehlböden -- 3.7 Balkone und Terrassen -- 3.8 Außenwandbekleidungen -- 3.9 Gezimmerte Türen und Tore -- 3.10 Verschläge -- 3.11 Treppen -- 3.12 Holzschutz -- 4 Nebenleistungen, Besondere Leistungen -- 5 Abrechnung -- 5.1 Allgemeines -- 5.2 Ermittlung der Maße/Mengen -- 5.3 Übermessungsregeln -- 5.4 Einzelregelungen -- DIN 68365:2008-12 Schnittholz für Zimmererarbeiten - Sortierung nach dem Aussehen - Nadelholz -- Inhalt -- Vorwort -- Änderungen -- Frühere Ausgaben -- 1 Anwendungsbereich -- 2 Normative Verweisungen -- 3 Begriffe -- 3.1 Schnittholz -- 3.2 Holzfeuchte -- 3.3 sägerau -- 3.4 feingesägtes Holz -- 3.5 egalisiert -- 3.6 gehobelt -- 3.7 Risse -- 3.8 Brennstelle -- 3.9 Rauspund -- 4 Sortiermerkmale -- 4.1 Äste -- 4.2 Risse -- 4.3 Baumkante -- 4.4 Verfärbungen -- 4.5 Insektenfraß durch Frischholzinsekten -- 4.6 Harzgallen -- 4.7 Hobelschläge -- 4.8 Krümmung , 4.9 Oberfläche -- 4.10 Markröhre -- 4.11 Sonstige Sortiermerkmale -- 5 Sortierung -- 5.1 Allgemeines -- 5.2 Kantholz -- 5.3 Bretter und Bohlen -- 5.4 Rauspund -- 6 Bezeichnung -- DIN 68740-2:2016-07 Paneele - Teil 2: Furnier-Decklagen auf Holzwerkstoffen -- Inhalt -- Vorwort -- Änderungen -- Frühere Ausgaben -- 1 Anwendungsbereich -- 2 Normative Verweisungen -- 3 Begriffe -- 3.1 Furnier -- 4 Maße -- 5 Anforderungen -- 6 Bezeichnung -- 7 Kennzeichnung der Pakete -- Literaturhinweise -- DIN EN 300:2006-09 Platten aus langen, flachen, ausgerichteten Spänen (OSB) - Definitionen, Klassifizierung und Anforderungen -- Nationales Vorwort -- Änderungen -- Frühere Ausgaben -- Inhalt -- Vorwort -- 1 Anwendungsbereich -- 2 Normative Verweisungen -- 3 Begriffe -- 3.1 Platte aus langen, flachen, ausgerichteten Spänen (OSB) -- 3.2 Strand -- 3.3 Hauptachse -- 3.4 Nebenachse -- 3.5 Trockenbereich -- 3.6 Feuchtbereich -- 4 Klassifizierung der Platten -- 5 Allgemeine Anforderungen an alle OSB-Typen -- 6 Geforderte Werte -- 7 Anforderungen an nicht tragende Platten für allgemeine Zwecke und an Platten für Inneneinrichtungen zur Verwendung im Trockenbereich (Typ OSB/1) -- 8 Anforderungen an Platten für tragende Zwecke zur Verwendung im Trockenbereich (Typ OSB/2) -- 9 Anforderungen an Platten für tragende Zwecke zur Verwendung im Feuchtbereich (Typ OSB/3) -- 9.1 Allgemeines -- 9.2 Mechanische Eigenschaften und Quellung -- 9.3 Feuchtebeständigkeit -- 10 Anforderungen an hochbelastbare Platten für tragende Zwecke zur Verwendung im Feuchtbereich (Typ OSB/4) -- 10.1 Allgemeines -- 10.2 Mechanische Eigenschaften und Quellung -- 10.3 Feuchtebeständigkeit -- 11 Nachweis der Übereinstimmung -- 11.1 Allgemeines -- 11.2 Fremdüberwachung und Abnahmeprüfung eines einzelnen Loses -- 11.3 Werkseigene Produktionskontrolle -- 12 Kennzeichnung , 12.1 Platten, die im Europäischen Wirtschaftsraum zur Verwendung im Bauwesen in den Verkehr gebracht werden -- 12.2 Andere Platten -- Anhang A (normativ) EN 1087-1 (Abgewandelter Arbeitsablauf) -- Anhang B (normativ) Freiwilliges Farb-Kennzeichnungs-System für OSB -- Anhang C (normativ) Weitere Eigenschaften -- Literaturhinweise -- DIN EN 312:2010-12 Spanplatten - Anforderungen -- Nationales Vorwort -- Änderungen -- Frühere Ausgaben -- Inhalt -- Vorwort -- 1 Anwendungsbereich -- 2 Normative Verweisungen -- 3 Begriffe -- 3.1 Trockenbereich -- 3.2 Feuchtbereich -- 3.3 allgemeiner Zweck -- 3.4 tragend -- 4 Klassifizierung -- 5 Allgemeine Anforderungen an alle Plattentypen -- 6 Anforderungen -- 7 Anforderungen an Platten für allgemeine Zwecke zur Verwendung im Trockenbereich (Typ P1) -- 8 Anforderungen an Platten für Inneneinrichtungen (einschließlich Möbel) zur Verwendung im Trockenbereich (Typ P2) -- 9 Anforderungen an Platten für nicht tragende Zwecke zur Verwendung im Feuchtbereich (Typ P3) -- 9.1 Allgemeines -- 9.2 Mechanische Eigenschaften und Quellung -- 9.3 Feuchtebeständigkeit -- 10 Anforderungen an Platten für tragende Zwecke zur Verwendung im Trockenbereich (Typ P4) -- 11 Anforderungen an Platten für tragende Zwecke zur Verwendung im Feuchtbereich (Typ P5) -- 11.1 Allgemeines -- 11.2 Mechanische Eigenschaften und Quellung -- 11.3 Feuchtebeständigkeit -- 12 Anforderungen an hoch belastbare Platten für tragende Zwecke zur Verwendung im Trockenbereich (Typ P6) -- 13 Anforderungen an hoch belastbare Platten für tragende Zwecke zur Verwendung im Feuchtbereich (Typ P7) -- 13.1 Allgemeines -- 13.2 Mechanische Eigenschaften und Quellung -- 13.3 Feuchtebeständigkeit -- 14 Weitere Eigenschaften -- 15 Nachweis der Übereinstimmung -- 15.1 Allgemeines -- 15.2 Fremdüberwachung -- 15.3 Werkseigene Produktionskontrolle , 16 Kennzeichnung

Additional Edition: Print version: e.V., DIN Zimmer- und Holzbauarbeiten VOB/STLB-Bau Berlin : Beuth Verlag,c2017 ISBN 9783410267058

Keywords: Electronic books.

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Format: 1 online resource (405 pages)

Edition: 1st ed.

ISBN: 9781464818134

Series Statement: MENA Development Report

Note: Front Cover -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Executive Summary -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- Overview -- "Blue" Capital and Three Core Issues -- Road Map to the Report -- Notes -- Chapter 2 Human Advancement and Sustainable Natural Capital Use in the Middle East and North Africa -- Overview -- Improvement in Incomes, Produced Capital, and Human Capital -- Natural Capital Deteriorates as Environmental Degradation Accelerates -- A Lag in Decoupling Growth from Air Pollution and GHGs -- Switching to a Green Growth Path -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3 Blue Skies for Healthy and Prosperous Cities -- Overview -- How Polluted Are the Cities' Skies? -- The Health and Economic Impacts of Dirty Skies -- Policy Review: How to Get Clear Blue Skies -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 4 Blue Seas: Freeing the Seas from Plastics -- Overview -- The State of Plastic Pollution in the Seas -- The Environmental, Public Health, and Economic Impacts of Plastic-Polluted Seas -- Policy Review: How to Get Clear, Blue, Plastic-Free Seas -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 5 Blue Seas: Fighting Coastal Erosion -- Overview -- How Eroded Is the Coast? -- The Economic Impacts of Eroded Coasts -- Policy Review: How to Combat Coastal Erosion -- Notes -- References -- Boxes -- Box 2.1 Green Recovery Goals Guide COVID-19 Responses by Multilateral Organizations -- Box 2.2 Job Creation from Green Growth Strategies -- Box 2.3 Carbon Wealth in the Middle East and North Africa and Its Potential Pitfalls -- Box 3.1 Different Sources and Health Effects of Different PM Diameters -- Box 3.2 Air Quality Monitoring in Abu Dhabi and the United Arab Emirates -- Box 3.3 Reforming Fuel Subsidies: Lessons from International Experience -- Box 3.4 Slashing Fuel Subsidies during Periods of Low Global Oil Prices Reduces Public Discontent. , Box 3.5 Environmental Fiscal Reform: International Experiences -- Box 3.6 Vehicle Technology and Related Regulations in the Middle East and North Africa -- Box 3.7 Fuel Quality Standards in the Middle East and North Africa -- Box 3.8 Public Transportation in Middle East and North Africa's Cities -- Box 3.9 Place-Based Policies and Their Effects on Air Pollution -- Box 3.10 Successful Pollution Abatement Projects in the Middle East and North Africa -- Box 3.11 California's Emissions Trading System -- Box 3.12 Saudi Arabia's Efforts to Increase Energy Efficiency -- Box 3.13 Regional Examples of Investment in Renewable Energy Sources -- Box 3.14 Reducing the "Black Cloud" Phenomenon in Greater Cairo -- Box 3.15 Reusing Crop Residues as Fertilizer with the Happy Seeder -- Box 3.16 Public Awareness Programs on Air Pollution in the Middle East and North Africa -- Box 3.17 Green Space in Cairo, the Arab Republic of Egypt -- Box 4.1 Marine-Plastic Pollution within the International Policy Agenda -- Box 4.2 Identifying the Hot Spots of Marine-Plastic Debris along Morocco's Coasts -- Box 4.3 Green Bond Financing for SWM Systems -- Box 4.4 A Snapshot of the Petrochemical Industry in the Middle East and North Africa -- Box 4.5 Eliminating SUPs in the United Arab Emirates -- Box 4.6 Morocco: Implementing an Ecotax on Plastic Production -- Box 4.7 Tunisia: The ECOLEF Program to Increase Recycling -- Box 4.8 Emerging Alternatives to SUPs in the Middle East and North Africa -- Box 4.9 The EU Plan to Reduce SUP -- Box 4.10 Plastics Circularity and Market Potential: Examples from Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand -- Box 4.11 Integration of Recyclers into Local Waste Management Systems: Examples from Latin America -- Box 5.1 Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa and the Impact of COVID-19 -- Box 5.2 Sediment Budgets and Numerical Modeling in West Africa. , Box 5.3 Iraq's Al-Faw Grand Port: Computational Modeling to Eliminate Coastal Erosion -- Box 5.4 Rosetta Promontory: Computational Modeling of Solutions to Fight Coastal Erosion -- Box 5.5 Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Morocco -- Box 5.6 Enhancing Climate Change Adaptation in the North Coast and Nile Delta Regions, the Arab Republic of Egypt -- Box 5.7 India's ICZM Project: A Comprehensive Approach for Combating Coastal Erosion -- Box 5.8 General Overview of Hard-Defense Options -- Box 5.9 Effects of Different Defense Structures in Soliman Beach, Tunisia -- Box 5.10 Building with Nature: Approaches for Beach Replenishment from the Netherlands -- Figure -- Figure ES.1 Urban Air Pollution, Marine-Plastic Pollution, and Net Coastal Erosion, by Region -- Figure 2.1 Capital Accounting Framework -- Figure 2.2 Gross National Income Per Capita, by Subregion, Middle East and North Africa, 1990-2018 -- Figure 2.3 Trends in Access and Use of Basic Sanitation and Drinking Water Services in the Middle East and North Africa, by Subregion, 2000-17 -- Figure 2.4 Trends in Rural Access to Electricity and Total Population's Internet Use in the Middle East and North Africa, by Subregion -- Figure 2.5 Selected Human Capital Indicators in the Middle East and North Africa, by Subregion -- Figure 2.6 Recent Trends in Selected Gas Emissions in the Middle East and North Africa, by Subregion -- Figure 2.7 Volume of Plastic Debris Entering the Seas from the Middle East and North Africa, by Economy, 2010 and 2025 -- Figure 2.8 Average Annual Net Coastal Accretion and Erosion, Global Regions and Middle East and North Africa Subregions, 1984-2016 -- Figure 2.9 Natural Habitat Index Trends in the Middle East and North Africa, by Subregion. , Figure 2.10 Sustainability of Water Withdrawals, by Source, as a Share of Total Withdrawals in Middle East and North Africa Economies, 2010s -- Figure 2.11 Mean Sea Level Rise of the Mediterranean Sea, 1993-2020 -- Figure 2.12 Trends in Growth of GNI Per Capita in Relation to CO2 Emissions Per Capita in Middle East and North Africa Subregions and Other Global Regions, 1990-2018 -- Figure 2.13 Growth of GNI Per Capita in Relation to CO2 Emissions Per Capita in Middle East and North Africa Economies, since 1990 -- Figure 2.14 Progress in Decoupling Growth of GNI Per Capita from NOX and SO2 Emissions Per Capita, by Global Region, since 1990 -- Figure 2.15 Extent of Decoupling Growth of GNI Per Capita from NOX and SO2 Emissions Per Capita, Middle East and North Africa Economies, since 1990 -- Figure 2.16 Comparison of Global Regions in Decoupling Growth of GNI Per Capita from Black Carbon Emissions Per Capita since 1990 -- Figure 2.17 Comparison of Global Regions in Decoupling Growth of GNI Per Capita from PM2.5 Exposure since 1990 -- Figure 3.1 Ambient Air Pollution in Urban Areas, by World Region, 2016 -- Figure 3.2 Ambient Air Pollution in Capital Cities of Selected Middle East and North Africa Countries, 2018 -- Figure 3.3 Ambient Air Pollution in Non-Capital Major Cities of Selected Middle East and North Africa Countries, 2018 -- Figure 3.4 Global Comparison of Ambient Air Pollution in Capital or Other Major Cities in Relation to Countries' Income Levels -- Figure B3.1.1 Size Comparisons for PM10 and PM2.5 Particles -- Figure 3.5 Share of Total Mortality Risk from Most Prevalent Causes in the Middle East and North Africa, 2019 -- Figure 3.6 Trends in Risk Exposure, by Cause, in the Middle East and North Africa, 1990-2019 -- Figure 3.7 AAP-Induced Causes of Death in the Middle East and North Africa, 2019. , Figure 3.8 Death Rates Attributable to AAP in the Middle East and North Africa, by Economy, 2019 -- Figure 3.9 Total AAP-Related Deaths in the Middle East and North Africa, by Subregion and Economy, 2019 -- Figure 3.10 Trends in Morbidity Due to AAP in the Middle East and North Africa, by Subregion, 1990-2019 -- Figure 3.12 Estimated Effect of Increased AAP Exposure during Pregnancy on Probability of Stunting or Wasting of Children Born 2002-14, Selected Middle East and North Africa Countries -- Figure 3.13 Global Morbidity and Mortality Rates Related to Air Pollution, by Region, 2019 -- Figure 3.14 Decomposition of National Sources of PM2.5 Concentrations in the Middle East and North Africa, by Subregion, 2018 -- Figure 3.15 Decomposition of PM2.5 Sources in Greater Cairo, Summer and Fall 2010 -- Figure 3.16 Decomposition of Air Pollutant Sources, by Sector, in the EEA-33 Countries, 2017 -- Figure 3.17 Average Diesel and Gasoline Pump Prices Per Liter, by Global Region, 2016 and 2018 -- Figure 3.18 Average Diesel Pump Prices Per Liter in the Middle East and North Africa, by Economy, 2016 and 2018 -- Figure 3.19 Average Gasoline Pump Prices Per Liter in the Middle East and North Africa, by Economy, 2016 and 2018 -- Figure B3.7.1 Diesel Sulfur Limits in the Middle East and North Africa, by Economy, 2020 -- Figure 3.20 Shares of Total Population Living in Urban Areas and Country's Largest City, by Global Region, 2018 -- Figure 3.21 Share of All Motorized Trips Using Personal Cars, by Global Region -- Figure B3.8.1 Trips by Public Transportation as a Share of Total Motorized Trips in Selected Cities Worldwide and in the Middle East and North Africa -- Figure 3.22 Energy Use Per Unit of Output and Growth Rate, by World Region -- Figure 3.23 Electric Power Transmission and Distribution Losses, by World Region, 2014. , Figure 3.24 Municipal Waste Burned Per Capita in the Middle East and North Africa, by Economy, 2010.

Additional Edition: Print version: Heger, Martin Blue Skies, Blue Seas Grand Rapids : World Bank Publications,c2022 ISBN 9781464818127

Language: English

Keywords: Electronic books.

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UID:

Format: 1 Online-Ressource (191 Seiten)

Edition: 1st ed

ISBN: 9781464819735

Series Statement: MENA Development Report

Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources , Front Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- About the Editors and Contributors -- Abbreviations -- Overview -- Introduction -- Message 1: Liberalized Trade Policy Boosts Trade Flows, with Big Benefits -- Message 2: Trade Benefits Have Not Improved Labor Outcomes -- Message 3: Trade Benefits Are Not Equally Shared -- Message 4: Market Segmentation by Gender Impedes Better Labor Market Outcomes -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 1. Setting the Stage -- Key Messages -- Motivation -- Understanding the Region's Labor Markets -- Major Labor Market Challenges -- From Trade Policy to Trade Flows -- From Trade Policy to Labor Market Outcomes -- A Road Map for the Report -- Annex 1A. Methodology -- Annex 1B. Firm-Level Analysis -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2. Trade Agreements and Trade Flows in the Middle East and North Africa -- Key Messages -- Introduction -- Understanding Gravity: Theory and Empirics -- Under the Hood: The Gravity Regressions -- Do Trade Agreements Boost Bilateral Trade Flows? -- Conclusion -- Annex 2A. Theoretical Derivation of the Gravity Model -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3. Morocco Case Study: Trade Expansion with Mixed Results -- Key Messages -- Introduction -- Morocco's Trade Flows and Labor Markets: A Snapshot -- How Trade Affects Local Labor Markets -- The Role of Firms -- Conclusion -- Annex 3A. Supplemental Figures -- Annex 3B. Extended Firm-Level Analysis -- Annex 3C. Supplemental Firm-Level Results -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 4. Tunisia Case Study: How Gender Segmentation Shapes Local Effects of Trade -- Key Messages -- Introduction -- A Profile of Tunisia's Trade Flows and Labor Markets -- Gender-Segmented Labor Markets and Trade -- Conclusion -- Annex 4A. Supplementary Data -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 5. Egypt Case Study: Exploring the Link between Trade and Labor -- Key Messages , Introduction -- Egypt's Trade Flows and Labor Markets: A Snapshot -- How Trade Affects Local Labor Market Outcomes -- Role of Firms in the Broken Link -- How to Fix a Broken Link -- Annex 5A. Free Trade Agreements -- Annex 5B. Mincerian Wage Regression -- Annex 5C. Subnational Labor Market Trends -- Notes -- References -- Boxes -- Box O.1 Methodological Approach -- Box O.2 Morocco: Positive Trade Shocks Reduce Both Informality and FLFP -- Box O.3 Egypt: A "Broken Link" between Trade Flows and Labor Outcomes? -- Box O.4 Tunisia: Trade Shocks and Labor Markets "Segmented" by Gender -- Box 1.1 Labor Market Concerns before and after the Arab Spring -- Box 1.2 Higher Exports in Morocco and Tunisia: Effects on the Female- and Male-Intensive Employment Sectors -- Box 1A.1 Alternative Approaches -- Box 1A.2 Modeling the Labor Market Impact of Imports -- Box 3.1 Empirical Estimation -- Box 3.2 Finding a Way to Boost Both Exports and FLFP -- Box 5.1 How a Trade Exposure Index Affects Local Labor Market Outcomes -- Box 5.2 How to Determine the Employment-Export Elasticity -- Figures -- Figure O.1 Trends in Tariff Liberalization and Trade Flows, Middle East and North Africa, 2000-19 -- Figure BO.1.1 Approach to Examining the Link between Trade Policy and Labor Market Outcomes -- Figure O.2 Cumulative Regional Trade Agreements, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 1970-2020 -- Figure O.3 Tariff Rates on All Products, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2000-19 -- Figure O.4 Treatment Effects of Trade Agreements in Morocco, Tunisia, and Egypt -- Figure O.5 Average Unemployment Rates in Relation to Trade in the Middle East and North Africa, Regionwide and Selected Countries and Economic Peers Elsewhere, 2015-19 -- Figure O.6 Employment-to-Population Ratios in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, by Region, 2000-19 , Figure O.7 Unemployment Rates, by Gender and Region, 2019 -- Figure O.8 Female and Male Labor Force Participation, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, Compared with Selected Countries in Other Regions, 2019 -- Figure 1.1 Employment-to-Population Ratios in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, by Region, 2000-19 -- Figure 1.2 Labor Market Outcomes in the Middle East and North Africa -- Figure 1.3 Export and Import Trends, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2000-19 -- Figure 1.4 Average Unemployment Rates in Relation to Trade, Middle East and North Africa, Regionwide and Selected Countries and Economic Peers Elsewhere, 2015-19 -- Figure 1.5 Approach to Examining the Link between Trade Policy and Labor Market Outcomes -- Figure 1A.1 Two-Stage Econometric Analysis of US and EU Import Demand Effects on Middle East and North Africa Local Labor Markets -- Figure 1B.1 Theoretical Outcome Model in the Style of Melitz (1993) -- Figure 2.1 Cumulative Regional Trade Agreements, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 1970-2020 -- Figure 2.2 Gravity Model of Trade: An Inverse Relationship between Distance and Trade Flows -- Figure 2.3 Treatment Effects of Recent Trade Agreements Relative to Global Average Agreement Effects, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia -- Figure 2.4 Treatment Effects of Trade Agreements, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia -- Figure 2.5 Distribution of Trade Agreements' Treatment Effects, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2010 -- Figure 3.1 Key Trade Trends, Morocco, 1993-2020 -- Figure 3.2 Shares of Exports, by Industry, Morocco, 2000-20 -- Figure 3.3 Working-Age and Employed Populations, by Gender and by Urban or Rural Location, Morocco, 2000-18 -- Figure 3.4 Unemployment Rates, by Gender, Morocco, 2000-18 -- Figure 3.5 Labor Force Participation Rates, by Gender, Morocco, 2000-18 -- Figure 3.6 Decomposition of Female Employment, by Sector, Morocco, 2000-14 , Figure 3.7 Informality Rates and Female Shares of Employment in Morocco, Nationally and by Selected Sector, 2000-18 -- Figure 3.8 Sectoral Decomposition of Employment across Morocco, by Region, 2014 -- Figure 3.9 Kernel Density Functions of Employment among Moroccan Exporting and Nonexporting Firms, 2013 and 2019 -- Figure 3.10 Relationship between Export Sales and Size of Exporting Firms, Morocco, 2019 -- Figure 3.11 Employment and Export Indicators in Female-Intensive and Male-Intensive Firms, Morocco, 2019 -- Figure 3.12 Employment Kernel Density Functions of Moroccan Firms, by Female and Male Labor Intensity, 2019 -- Figure 3.13 Employment Kernel Density Functions of Moroccan Exporters and Nonexporters, 2013 and 2019 -- Figure 3.14 Employment Kernel Density Functions of Moroccan Firms, by Exporting Status, 2019 -- Figure 3A.1 Informality Rates, by Region, Morocco, 2000-18 -- Figure 3A.2 Female Labor Force Participation Rates, by Region, Morocco, 2000-18 -- Figure 4.1 Trends in Income and Export Growth, Tunisia, 1990-2020 -- Figure 4.2 Trends in Tariffs and Trade Flows, Tunisia, 1990-2020 -- Figure 4.3 Decomposition of the Tunisian Labor Force, by Industry, 2006-16 -- Figure 4.4 Decomposition of Tunisian Exports, by Industry, 2006-16 -- Figure 4.5 Female Labor Force Participation and Comparator Country Groups, Tunisia, 2005-17 -- Figure 4.6 Unemployment Rates, Total and by Gender, Tunisia, 2006-16 -- Figure 4.7 Share of Female Employment, by Industry, Tunisia, 2016 -- Figure 4.8 Relationship between Export Growth Contribution and Initial Female Labor Intensity, by Industry, Tunisia -- Figure 4.9 Employment Kernel Density Functions of Exporters and Nonexporters, Tunisia, 2013 and 2020 -- Figure 4.10 Relationship between Rising Export Sales and Employment in Tunisian Firms , Figure 4.11 Relationship between Shares of Exports and Shares of Female Workers in Tunisian Firms, 2020 -- Figure 4A.1 Decomposition of Sectoral Workforce, by Region, 2016 -- Figure 4A.2 Decomposition of Male and Female Workforce, by Region, Tunisia, 2016 -- Figure 4A.3 Female Labor Force Participation Rates, by Region, Tunisia, 2006-16 -- Figure 4A.4 Unemployment Rates, by Region, Tunisia, 2006-16 -- Figure 5.1 Mean Applied Tariff on All Products, Egypt, 1995-2019 -- Figure 5.2 Exports and Imports of Goods and Services, Egypt, 1980-2020 -- Figure 5.3 Decomposition of Export Value, by Industry, Egypt, 2013, 2016, and 2020 -- Figure 5.4 Shares of Import Value, by Industry, Egypt, 2005-19 -- Figure 5.5 Unemployment Rate, Aggregate and by Gender, Egypt, 2004-20 -- Figure 5.6 Labor Force Participation Rate, Aggregate and by Gender, Egypt, 2004-19 -- Figure 5.7 Employment Share in Selected Industries, Egypt, 2008-17 -- Figure 5.8 Share of Female Employment, by Industry, Egypt, 2008-17 -- Figure 5.9 Informality Rates, by Gender, Egypt, 2008-17 -- Figure 5.10 Real Average Monthly Wages, by Gender, and the Gender Wage Gap, Egypt, 2008-17 -- Figure 5.11 Sectoral Decomposition of Employment by Governorate, Egypt, 2017 -- Figure 5.12 Correlation of Firm Size and Export Activity, Egypt, 2020 -- Figure 5C.1 Average Real Monthly Wages, by Governorate, Egypt, 2008-17 -- Figure 5C.2 Informality Rate, by Governorate, Egypt, 2008-17 -- Figure 5C.3 Female Labor Force Participation, by Governorate, Egypt, 2008-17 -- Maps -- Map 3.1 Informality Rates, by Region, Morocco, 2018 -- Map 4.1 Exposure to Exports, by Governorate, Tunisia, 2016 (in US, billions) -- Map 5.1 Concentrations of Jobs and Exporting Firms, by Governorate, Egypt, 2017 -- Tables , Table O.1 Estimated Short- and Long-Run Effects of Increased Export Exposure in Morocco, Tunisia, and Arab Republic of Egypt

Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Lopez-Acevedo, Gladys Exports to Improve Labor Markets in the Middle East and North Africa Washington, D. C. : World Bank Publications,c2023 ISBN 978-1-4648-1972-8

Language: English

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (191 pages)

Edition: 1st ed.

ISBN: 1-4648-1973-4

Series Statement: MENA Development Report

Content: In the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), trade liberalization measures have coincided with stable economic growth, and GDP per capita growth has surpassed that of other developing regions. However, MENA's labor-market outcomes--such as average wage levels, informality rate, and female labor force participation--continue to underperform. Why has rising trade failed to produce better labor market outcomes in low- and middle-income countries in the region? 'Exports to Improve Labor Markets in the Middle East and North Africa' focuses on the impact of trade policy on trade-flows and their relationship with local labor market outcomes in three low- and middle-income countries--the Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia. Given their idiosyncratic labor markets, export diversification, and trade policy history, these three countries other important lessons for economic development in the region. Policy makers and stakeholders can use these findings to design policies to improve the chances that higher trade flows will deliver better labor market outcomes and ensure that the benefits are more equally shared. 'This report, led by Gladys Lopez-Acevedo and Raymond Robertson, pushes forward the frontier of knowledge about the relationship between trade and the labor market in MENA. Although focusing on three countries (the Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia), it gives us broader lessons on how to solve the apparent puzzle of greater exposure to trade not being followed by greater labor market outcomes in the region. It points out, among other factors, how market segmentation by gender shapes the effects of trade shocks like higher exports. Policy makers in the region will definitely benefit from the evidence and analysis conveyed by the report on how to turn trade integration into a lever for shared prosperity.' --Otaviano Canuto, Senior Fellow at the Policy Center for the New South, and former Vice President of the World Bank 'This timely report attempts to understand why trade expansion did not produce the desired improvements in labor market outcomes in three non-oil-exporting countries in MENA. The main reason for the weak link between trade expansion and widely shared labor market improvements appears to be the segmented nature of labor markets in the three countries, by gender as well as by formality status. In Morocco and Tunisia, the highly segmented labor markets along gender lines, in combination with the concentration of trade in male-dominated capital-intensive sectors, led to few employment benefits accruing to women. In Egypt, the limited impact of trade on formal employment is attributable to the small size of the nation's export sector and its lack of integration with the rest of the economy. These findings are critical to understanding how barriers to widely shared prosperity can be tackled in the region.' --Ragui Assaad, Professor, Humphrey School of Public Affairs, University of Minnesota.

Note: Front Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- About the Editors and Contributors -- Abbreviations -- Overview -- Introduction -- Message 1: Liberalized Trade Policy Boosts Trade Flows, with Big Benefits -- Message 2: Trade Benefits Have Not Improved Labor Outcomes -- Message 3: Trade Benefits Are Not Equally Shared -- Message 4: Market Segmentation by Gender Impedes Better Labor Market Outcomes -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 1. Setting the Stage -- Key Messages -- Motivation -- Understanding the Region's Labor Markets -- Major Labor Market Challenges -- From Trade Policy to Trade Flows -- From Trade Policy to Labor Market Outcomes -- A Road Map for the Report -- Annex 1A. Methodology -- Annex 1B. Firm-Level Analysis -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2. Trade Agreements and Trade Flows in the Middle East and North Africa -- Key Messages -- Introduction -- Understanding Gravity: Theory and Empirics -- Under the Hood: The Gravity Regressions -- Do Trade Agreements Boost Bilateral Trade Flows? -- Conclusion -- Annex 2A. Theoretical Derivation of the Gravity Model -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3. Morocco Case Study: Trade Expansion with Mixed Results -- Key Messages -- Introduction -- Morocco's Trade Flows and Labor Markets: A Snapshot -- How Trade Affects Local Labor Markets -- The Role of Firms -- Conclusion -- Annex 3A. Supplemental Figures -- Annex 3B. Extended Firm-Level Analysis -- Annex 3C. Supplemental Firm-Level Results -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 4. Tunisia Case Study: How Gender Segmentation Shapes Local Effects of Trade -- Key Messages -- Introduction -- A Profile of Tunisia's Trade Flows and Labor Markets -- Gender-Segmented Labor Markets and Trade -- Conclusion -- Annex 4A. Supplementary Data -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 5. Egypt Case Study: Exploring the Link between Trade and Labor -- Key Messages. , Introduction -- Egypt's Trade Flows and Labor Markets: A Snapshot -- How Trade Affects Local Labor Market Outcomes -- Role of Firms in the Broken Link -- How to Fix a Broken Link -- Annex 5A. Free Trade Agreements -- Annex 5B. Mincerian Wage Regression -- Annex 5C. Subnational Labor Market Trends -- Notes -- References -- Boxes -- Box O.1 Methodological Approach -- Box O.2 Morocco: Positive Trade Shocks Reduce Both Informality and FLFP -- Box O.3 Egypt: A "Broken Link" between Trade Flows and Labor Outcomes? -- Box O.4 Tunisia: Trade Shocks and Labor Markets "Segmented" by Gender -- Box 1.1 Labor Market Concerns before and after the Arab Spring -- Box 1.2 Higher Exports in Morocco and Tunisia: Effects on the Female- and Male-Intensive Employment Sectors -- Box 1A.1 Alternative Approaches -- Box 1A.2 Modeling the Labor Market Impact of Imports -- Box 3.1 Empirical Estimation -- Box 3.2 Finding a Way to Boost Both Exports and FLFP -- Box 5.1 How a Trade Exposure Index Affects Local Labor Market Outcomes -- Box 5.2 How to Determine the Employment-Export Elasticity -- Figures -- Figure O.1 Trends in Tariff Liberalization and Trade Flows, Middle East and North Africa, 2000-19 -- Figure BO.1.1 Approach to Examining the Link between Trade Policy and Labor Market Outcomes -- Figure O.2 Cumulative Regional Trade Agreements, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 1970-2020 -- Figure O.3 Tariff Rates on All Products, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2000-19 -- Figure O.4 Treatment Effects of Trade Agreements in Morocco, Tunisia, and Egypt -- Figure O.5 Average Unemployment Rates in Relation to Trade in the Middle East and North Africa, Regionwide and Selected Countries and Economic Peers Elsewhere, 2015-19 -- Figure O.6 Employment-to-Population Ratios in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, by Region, 2000-19. , Figure O.7 Unemployment Rates, by Gender and Region, 2019 -- Figure O.8 Female and Male Labor Force Participation, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, Compared with Selected Countries in Other Regions, 2019 -- Figure 1.1 Employment-to-Population Ratios in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, by Region, 2000-19 -- Figure 1.2 Labor Market Outcomes in the Middle East and North Africa -- Figure 1.3 Export and Import Trends, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2000-19 -- Figure 1.4 Average Unemployment Rates in Relation to Trade, Middle East and North Africa, Regionwide and Selected Countries and Economic Peers Elsewhere, 2015-19 -- Figure 1.5 Approach to Examining the Link between Trade Policy and Labor Market Outcomes -- Figure 1A.1 Two-Stage Econometric Analysis of US and EU Import Demand Effects on Middle East and North Africa Local Labor Markets -- Figure 1B.1 Theoretical Outcome Model in the Style of Melitz (1993) -- Figure 2.1 Cumulative Regional Trade Agreements, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 1970-2020 -- Figure 2.2 Gravity Model of Trade: An Inverse Relationship between Distance and Trade Flows -- Figure 2.3 Treatment Effects of Recent Trade Agreements Relative to Global Average Agreement Effects, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia -- Figure 2.4 Treatment Effects of Trade Agreements, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia -- Figure 2.5 Distribution of Trade Agreements' Treatment Effects, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2010 -- Figure 3.1 Key Trade Trends, Morocco, 1993-2020 -- Figure 3.2 Shares of Exports, by Industry, Morocco, 2000-20 -- Figure 3.3 Working-Age and Employed Populations, by Gender and by Urban or Rural Location, Morocco, 2000-18 -- Figure 3.4 Unemployment Rates, by Gender, Morocco, 2000-18 -- Figure 3.5 Labor Force Participation Rates, by Gender, Morocco, 2000-18 -- Figure 3.6 Decomposition of Female Employment, by Sector, Morocco, 2000-14. , Figure 3.7 Informality Rates and Female Shares of Employment in Morocco, Nationally and by Selected Sector, 2000-18 -- Figure 3.8 Sectoral Decomposition of Employment across Morocco, by Region, 2014 -- Figure 3.9 Kernel Density Functions of Employment among Moroccan Exporting and Nonexporting Firms, 2013 and 2019 -- Figure 3.10 Relationship between Export Sales and Size of Exporting Firms, Morocco, 2019 -- Figure 3.11 Employment and Export Indicators in Female-Intensive and Male-Intensive Firms, Morocco, 2019 -- Figure 3.12 Employment Kernel Density Functions of Moroccan Firms, by Female and Male Labor Intensity, 2019 -- Figure 3.13 Employment Kernel Density Functions of Moroccan Exporters and Nonexporters, 2013 and 2019 -- Figure 3.14 Employment Kernel Density Functions of Moroccan Firms, by Exporting Status, 2019 -- Figure 3A.1 Informality Rates, by Region, Morocco, 2000-18 -- Figure 3A.2 Female Labor Force Participation Rates, by Region, Morocco, 2000-18 -- Figure 4.1 Trends in Income and Export Growth, Tunisia, 1990-2020 -- Figure 4.2 Trends in Tariffs and Trade Flows, Tunisia, 1990-2020 -- Figure 4.3 Decomposition of the Tunisian Labor Force, by Industry, 2006-16 -- Figure 4.4 Decomposition of Tunisian Exports, by Industry, 2006-16 -- Figure 4.5 Female Labor Force Participation and Comparator Country Groups, Tunisia, 2005-17 -- Figure 4.6 Unemployment Rates, Total and by Gender, Tunisia, 2006-16 -- Figure 4.7 Share of Female Employment, by Industry, Tunisia, 2016 -- Figure 4.8 Relationship between Export Growth Contribution and Initial Female Labor Intensity, by Industry, Tunisia -- Figure 4.9 Employment Kernel Density Functions of Exporters and Nonexporters, Tunisia, 2013 and 2020 -- Figure 4.10 Relationship between Rising Export Sales and Employment in Tunisian Firms. , Figure 4.11 Relationship between Shares of Exports and Shares of Female Workers in Tunisian Firms, 2020 -- Figure 4A.1 Decomposition of Sectoral Workforce, by Region, 2016 -- Figure 4A.2 Decomposition of Male and Female Workforce, by Region, Tunisia, 2016 -- Figure 4A.3 Female Labor Force Participation Rates, by Region, Tunisia, 2006-16 -- Figure 4A.4 Unemployment Rates, by Region, Tunisia, 2006-16 -- Figure 5.1 Mean Applied Tariff on All Products, Egypt, 1995-2019 -- Figure 5.2 Exports and Imports of Goods and Services, Egypt, 1980-2020 -- Figure 5.3 Decomposition of Export Value, by Industry, Egypt, 2013, 2016, and 2020 -- Figure 5.4 Shares of Import Value, by Industry, Egypt, 2005-19 -- Figure 5.5 Unemployment Rate, Aggregate and by Gender, Egypt, 2004-20 -- Figure 5.6 Labor Force Participation Rate, Aggregate and by Gender, Egypt, 2004-19 -- Figure 5.7 Employment Share in Selected Industries, Egypt, 2008-17 -- Figure 5.8 Share of Female Employment, by Industry, Egypt, 2008-17 -- Figure 5.9 Informality Rates, by Gender, Egypt, 2008-17 -- Figure 5.10 Real Average Monthly Wages, by Gender, and the Gender Wage Gap, Egypt, 2008-17 -- Figure 5.11 Sectoral Decomposition of Employment by Governorate, Egypt, 2017 -- Figure 5.12 Correlation of Firm Size and Export Activity, Egypt, 2020 -- Figure 5C.1 Average Real Monthly Wages, by Governorate, Egypt, 2008-17 -- Figure 5C.2 Informality Rate, by Governorate, Egypt, 2008-17 -- Figure 5C.3 Female Labor Force Participation, by Governorate, Egypt, 2008-17 -- Maps -- Map 3.1 Informality Rates, by Region, Morocco, 2018 -- Map 4.1 Exposure to Exports, by Governorate, Tunisia, 2016 (in US, billions) -- Map 5.1 Concentrations of Jobs and Exporting Firms, by Governorate, Egypt, 2017 -- Tables. , Table O.1 Estimated Short- and Long-Run Effects of Increased Export Exposure in Morocco, Tunisia, and Arab Republic of Egypt.

Additional Edition: Print version: Lopez-Acevedo, Gladys Exports to Improve Labor Markets in the Middle East and North Africa Washington, D. C. : World Bank Publications,c2023

Language: English

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (405 pages)

Edition: 1st ed.

ISBN: 1-4648-1813-4

Series Statement: MENA Development Report

Note: Front Cover -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Executive Summary -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- Overview -- "Blue" Capital and Three Core Issues -- Road Map to the Report -- Notes -- Chapter 2 Human Advancement and Sustainable Natural Capital Use in the Middle East and North Africa -- Overview -- Improvement in Incomes, Produced Capital, and Human Capital -- Natural Capital Deteriorates as Environmental Degradation Accelerates -- A Lag in Decoupling Growth from Air Pollution and GHGs -- Switching to a Green Growth Path -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3 Blue Skies for Healthy and Prosperous Cities -- Overview -- How Polluted Are the Cities' Skies? -- The Health and Economic Impacts of Dirty Skies -- Policy Review: How to Get Clear Blue Skies -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 4 Blue Seas: Freeing the Seas from Plastics -- Overview -- The State of Plastic Pollution in the Seas -- The Environmental, Public Health, and Economic Impacts of Plastic-Polluted Seas -- Policy Review: How to Get Clear, Blue, Plastic-Free Seas -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 5 Blue Seas: Fighting Coastal Erosion -- Overview -- How Eroded Is the Coast? -- The Economic Impacts of Eroded Coasts -- Policy Review: How to Combat Coastal Erosion -- Notes -- References -- Boxes -- Box 2.1 Green Recovery Goals Guide COVID-19 Responses by Multilateral Organizations -- Box 2.2 Job Creation from Green Growth Strategies -- Box 2.3 Carbon Wealth in the Middle East and North Africa and Its Potential Pitfalls -- Box 3.1 Different Sources and Health Effects of Different PM Diameters -- Box 3.2 Air Quality Monitoring in Abu Dhabi and the United Arab Emirates -- Box 3.3 Reforming Fuel Subsidies: Lessons from International Experience -- Box 3.4 Slashing Fuel Subsidies during Periods of Low Global Oil Prices Reduces Public Discontent. , Box 3.5 Environmental Fiscal Reform: International Experiences -- Box 3.6 Vehicle Technology and Related Regulations in the Middle East and North Africa -- Box 3.7 Fuel Quality Standards in the Middle East and North Africa -- Box 3.8 Public Transportation in Middle East and North Africa's Cities -- Box 3.9 Place-Based Policies and Their Effects on Air Pollution -- Box 3.10 Successful Pollution Abatement Projects in the Middle East and North Africa -- Box 3.11 California's Emissions Trading System -- Box 3.12 Saudi Arabia's Efforts to Increase Energy Efficiency -- Box 3.13 Regional Examples of Investment in Renewable Energy Sources -- Box 3.14 Reducing the "Black Cloud" Phenomenon in Greater Cairo -- Box 3.15 Reusing Crop Residues as Fertilizer with the Happy Seeder -- Box 3.16 Public Awareness Programs on Air Pollution in the Middle East and North Africa -- Box 3.17 Green Space in Cairo, the Arab Republic of Egypt -- Box 4.1 Marine-Plastic Pollution within the International Policy Agenda -- Box 4.2 Identifying the Hot Spots of Marine-Plastic Debris along Morocco's Coasts -- Box 4.3 Green Bond Financing for SWM Systems -- Box 4.4 A Snapshot of the Petrochemical Industry in the Middle East and North Africa -- Box 4.5 Eliminating SUPs in the United Arab Emirates -- Box 4.6 Morocco: Implementing an Ecotax on Plastic Production -- Box 4.7 Tunisia: The ECOLEF Program to Increase Recycling -- Box 4.8 Emerging Alternatives to SUPs in the Middle East and North Africa -- Box 4.9 The EU Plan to Reduce SUP -- Box 4.10 Plastics Circularity and Market Potential: Examples from Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand -- Box 4.11 Integration of Recyclers into Local Waste Management Systems: Examples from Latin America -- Box 5.1 Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa and the Impact of COVID-19 -- Box 5.2 Sediment Budgets and Numerical Modeling in West Africa. , Box 5.3 Iraq's Al-Faw Grand Port: Computational Modeling to Eliminate Coastal Erosion -- Box 5.4 Rosetta Promontory: Computational Modeling of Solutions to Fight Coastal Erosion -- Box 5.5 Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Morocco -- Box 5.6 Enhancing Climate Change Adaptation in the North Coast and Nile Delta Regions, the Arab Republic of Egypt -- Box 5.7 India's ICZM Project: A Comprehensive Approach for Combating Coastal Erosion -- Box 5.8 General Overview of Hard-Defense Options -- Box 5.9 Effects of Different Defense Structures in Soliman Beach, Tunisia -- Box 5.10 Building with Nature: Approaches for Beach Replenishment from the Netherlands -- Figure -- Figure ES.1 Urban Air Pollution, Marine-Plastic Pollution, and Net Coastal Erosion, by Region -- Figure 2.1 Capital Accounting Framework -- Figure 2.2 Gross National Income Per Capita, by Subregion, Middle East and North Africa, 1990-2018 -- Figure 2.3 Trends in Access and Use of Basic Sanitation and Drinking Water Services in the Middle East and North Africa, by Subregion, 2000-17 -- Figure 2.4 Trends in Rural Access to Electricity and Total Population's Internet Use in the Middle East and North Africa, by Subregion -- Figure 2.5 Selected Human Capital Indicators in the Middle East and North Africa, by Subregion -- Figure 2.6 Recent Trends in Selected Gas Emissions in the Middle East and North Africa, by Subregion -- Figure 2.7 Volume of Plastic Debris Entering the Seas from the Middle East and North Africa, by Economy, 2010 and 2025 -- Figure 2.8 Average Annual Net Coastal Accretion and Erosion, Global Regions and Middle East and North Africa Subregions, 1984-2016 -- Figure 2.9 Natural Habitat Index Trends in the Middle East and North Africa, by Subregion. , Figure 2.10 Sustainability of Water Withdrawals, by Source, as a Share of Total Withdrawals in Middle East and North Africa Economies, 2010s -- Figure 2.11 Mean Sea Level Rise of the Mediterranean Sea, 1993-2020 -- Figure 2.12 Trends in Growth of GNI Per Capita in Relation to CO2 Emissions Per Capita in Middle East and North Africa Subregions and Other Global Regions, 1990-2018 -- Figure 2.13 Growth of GNI Per Capita in Relation to CO2 Emissions Per Capita in Middle East and North Africa Economies, since 1990 -- Figure 2.14 Progress in Decoupling Growth of GNI Per Capita from NOX and SO2 Emissions Per Capita, by Global Region, since 1990 -- Figure 2.15 Extent of Decoupling Growth of GNI Per Capita from NOX and SO2 Emissions Per Capita, Middle East and North Africa Economies, since 1990 -- Figure 2.16 Comparison of Global Regions in Decoupling Growth of GNI Per Capita from Black Carbon Emissions Per Capita since 1990 -- Figure 2.17 Comparison of Global Regions in Decoupling Growth of GNI Per Capita from PM2.5 Exposure since 1990 -- Figure 3.1 Ambient Air Pollution in Urban Areas, by World Region, 2016 -- Figure 3.2 Ambient Air Pollution in Capital Cities of Selected Middle East and North Africa Countries, 2018 -- Figure 3.3 Ambient Air Pollution in Non-Capital Major Cities of Selected Middle East and North Africa Countries, 2018 -- Figure 3.4 Global Comparison of Ambient Air Pollution in Capital or Other Major Cities in Relation to Countries' Income Levels -- Figure B3.1.1 Size Comparisons for PM10 and PM2.5 Particles -- Figure 3.5 Share of Total Mortality Risk from Most Prevalent Causes in the Middle East and North Africa, 2019 -- Figure 3.6 Trends in Risk Exposure, by Cause, in the Middle East and North Africa, 1990-2019 -- Figure 3.7 AAP-Induced Causes of Death in the Middle East and North Africa, 2019. , Figure 3.8 Death Rates Attributable to AAP in the Middle East and North Africa, by Economy, 2019 -- Figure 3.9 Total AAP-Related Deaths in the Middle East and North Africa, by Subregion and Economy, 2019 -- Figure 3.10 Trends in Morbidity Due to AAP in the Middle East and North Africa, by Subregion, 1990-2019 -- Figure 3.12 Estimated Effect of Increased AAP Exposure during Pregnancy on Probability of Stunting or Wasting of Children Born 2002-14, Selected Middle East and North Africa Countries -- Figure 3.13 Global Morbidity and Mortality Rates Related to Air Pollution, by Region, 2019 -- Figure 3.14 Decomposition of National Sources of PM2.5 Concentrations in the Middle East and North Africa, by Subregion, 2018 -- Figure 3.15 Decomposition of PM2.5 Sources in Greater Cairo, Summer and Fall 2010 -- Figure 3.16 Decomposition of Air Pollutant Sources, by Sector, in the EEA-33 Countries, 2017 -- Figure 3.17 Average Diesel and Gasoline Pump Prices Per Liter, by Global Region, 2016 and 2018 -- Figure 3.18 Average Diesel Pump Prices Per Liter in the Middle East and North Africa, by Economy, 2016 and 2018 -- Figure 3.19 Average Gasoline Pump Prices Per Liter in the Middle East and North Africa, by Economy, 2016 and 2018 -- Figure B3.7.1 Diesel Sulfur Limits in the Middle East and North Africa, by Economy, 2020 -- Figure 3.20 Shares of Total Population Living in Urban Areas and Country's Largest City, by Global Region, 2018 -- Figure 3.21 Share of All Motorized Trips Using Personal Cars, by Global Region -- Figure B3.8.1 Trips by Public Transportation as a Share of Total Motorized Trips in Selected Cities Worldwide and in the Middle East and North Africa -- Figure 3.22 Energy Use Per Unit of Output and Growth Rate, by World Region -- Figure 3.23 Electric Power Transmission and Distribution Losses, by World Region, 2014. , Figure 3.24 Municipal Waste Burned Per Capita in the Middle East and North Africa, by Economy, 2010.

Additional Edition: Print version: Heger, Martin Blue Skies, Blue Seas : World Bank Publications,c2022 ISBN 9781464818127

Language: English