UID:
almafu_9959359196902883
Format:
1 online resource
Edition:
Third edition.
ISBN:
9783527816330
,
352781633X
,
9783527816347
,
3527816348
Note:
〈p〉Preface xv〈/p〉 〈p〉About the Editors xvii〈/p〉 〈p〉List of Abbreviations xix〈/p〉 〈p〉Notation xxiii〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉1 Introduction 〈/b〉〈b〉1〈br /〉〈/b〉〈i〉Henner Schmidt-Traub and Reinhard Ditz〈/i〉〈/p〉 〈p〉1.1 Chromatography, Development, and Future Trends 1〈/p〉 〈p〉1.2 Focus of the Book 4〈/p〉 〈p〉1.3 Suggestions on How to Read this Book 4〈/p〉 〈p〉References 6〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉2 Fundamentals and General Terminology 〈/b〉〈b〉9〈br /〉〈/b〉〈i〉Andreas Seidel-Morgenstern〈/i〉〈/p〉 〈p〉2.1 Principles and Features of Chromatography 9〈/p〉 〈p〉2.2 Analysis and Description of Chromatograms 13〈/p〉 〈p〉2.2.1 Voidage and Porosity 13〈/p〉 〈p〉2.2.2 Retention Times and Capacity Factors 16〈/p〉 〈p〉2.2.3 Efficiency of Chromatographic Separations 17〈/p〉 〈p〉2.2.4 Resolution 20〈/p〉 〈p〉2.2.5 Pressure Drop 23〈/p〉 〈p〉2.3 Mass Transfer and Fluid Dynamics 25〈/p〉 〈p〉2.3.1 Principles of Mass Transfer 25〈/p〉 〈p〉2.3.2 Fluid Distribution in the Column 27〈/p〉 〈p〉2.3.3 Packing Nonidealities 28〈/p〉 〈p〉2.3.4 Extra-Column Effects 29〈/p〉 〈p〉2.4 Equilibrium Thermodynamics 29〈/p〉 〈p〉2.4.1 Definition of Isotherms 29〈/p〉 〈p〉2.4.2 Models of Isotherms 31〈/p〉 〈p〉2.4.2.1 Single-Component Isotherms 31〈/p〉 〈p〉2.4.2.2 Multicomponent Isotherms Based on the Langmuir Model 33〈/p〉 〈p〉2.4.2.3 Competitive Isotherms Based on the Ideal Adsorbed Solution Theory 34〈/p〉 〈p〉2.4.2.4 Steric Mass Action Isotherms 37〈/p〉 〈p〉2.4.3 Relation Between Isotherms and Band Shapes 38〈/p〉 〈p〉2.5 Column Overloading and Operating Modes 44〈/p〉 〈p〉2.5.1 Overloading Strategies 44〈/p〉 〈p〉2.5.2 Beyond Isocratic Batch Elution 45〈/p〉 〈p〉References 46〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉3 Stationary Phases 〈/b〉〈b〉49〈br /〉〈/b〉〈i〉Michael Schulte〈/i〉〈/p〉 〈p〉3.1 Survey of Packings and Stationary Phases 49〈/p〉 〈p〉3.2 Inorganic Sorbents 50〈/p〉 〈p〉3.2.1 Activated Carbons 50〈/p〉 〈p〉3.2.2 Synthetic Zeolites 54〈/p〉 〈p〉3.2.3 Porous Oxides: Silica, Activated Alumina, Titania, Zirconia, and Magnesia 54〈/p〉 〈p〉3.2.4 Silica 55〈/p〉 〈p〉3.2.4.1 Surface Chemistry 57〈/p〉 〈p〉3.2.4.2 Mass Loadability 59〈/p〉 〈p〉3.2.5 Diatomaceous Earth 59〈/p〉 〈p〉3.2.6 Reversed Phase Silicas 60〈/p〉 〈p〉3.2.6.1 Silanization of the Silica Surface 60〈/p〉 〈p〉3.2.6.2 Silanization 60〈/p〉 〈p〉3.2.6.3 Starting Silanes 61〈/p〉 〈p〉3.2.6.4 Parent Porous Silica 61〈/p〉 〈p〉3.2.6.5 Reaction and Reaction Conditions 62〈/p〉 〈p〉3.2.6.6 Endcapping 62〈/p〉 〈p〉3.2.6.7 Chromatographic Characterization of Reversed Phase Silicas 63〈/p〉 〈p〉3.2.6.8 Chromatographic Performance 63〈/p〉 〈p〉3.2.6.9 Hydrophobic Properties Retention Factor (Amount of Organic Solvent for Elution), Selectivity 65〈/p〉 〈p〉3.2.6.10 Shape Selectivity 65〈/p〉 〈p〉3.2.6.11 Silanol Activity 67〈/p〉 〈p〉3.2.6.12 Purity 68〈/p〉 〈p〉3.2.6.13 Improved pH Stability Silica 68〈/p〉 〈p〉3.2.7 Aluminum Oxide 69〈/p〉 〈p〉3.2.8 Titanium Dioxide 70〈/p〉 〈p〉3.2.9 Other Oxides 71〈/p〉 〈p〉3.2.9.1 Magnesium Oxide 71〈/p〉 〈p〉3.2.9.2 Zirconium Dioxide 71〈/p〉 〈p〉3.2.10 Porous Glasses 72〈/p〉 〈p〉3.3 Cross-Linked Organic Polymers 73〈/p〉 〈p〉3.3.1 General Aspects 74〈/p〉 〈p〉3.3.2 Hydrophobic Polymer Stationary Phases 77〈/p〉 〈p〉3.3.3 Hydrophilic Polymer Stationary Phases 78〈/p〉 〈p〉3.3.4 Ion Exchange (IEX) 79〈/p〉 〈p〉3.3.4.1 Optimization of Ion-Exchange Resins 81〈/p〉 〈p〉3.3.5 Mixed Mode 88〈/p〉 〈p〉3.3.6 Hydroxyapatite 88〈/p〉 〈p〉3.3.7 Designed Adsorbents 91〈/p〉 〈p〉3.3.7.1 Protein A Affinity Sorbents 91〈/p〉 〈p〉3.3.7.2 Other IgG Receptor Proteins: Protein G and Protein L 96〈/p〉 〈p〉3.3.7.3 Sorbents for Derivatized/Tagged Compounds: Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography (IMAC) 96〈/p〉 〈p〉3.3.7.4 Other Tag-Based Affinity Sorbents 101〈/p〉 〈p〉3.3.8 Customized Adsorbents 102〈/p〉 〈p〉3.3.8.1 Low Molecular Weight Ligands 105〈/p〉 〈p〉3.3.8.2 Natural Polymers (Proteins, Polynucleotides) 108〈/p〉 〈p〉3.3.8.3 Artificial Polymers 111〈/p〉 〈p〉3.4 Advective Chromatographic Materials 111〈/p〉 〈p〉3.4.1 Adsorptive Membranes and Grafted-Polymer Membranes 114〈/p〉 〈p〉3.4.2 Adsorptive Nonwovens 115〈/p〉 〈p〉3.4.3 Fiber/Particle Composites 117〈/p〉 〈p〉3.4.4 Area-Enhanced Fibers 117〈/p〉 〈p〉3.4.5 Monolith 118〈/p〉 〈p〉3.4.6 Chromatographic Materials for Larger Molecules 121〈/p〉 〈p〉3.5 Chiral Stationary Phases 121〈/p〉 〈p〉3.5.1 Cellulose- and Amylose-Based CSP 122〈/p〉 〈p〉3.5.2 Antibiotic CSP 128〈/p〉 〈p〉3.5.3 Cyclofructan-Based CSP 128〈/p〉 〈p〉3.5.4 Synthetic Polymers 128〈/p〉 〈p〉3.5.5 Targeted Selector Design 130〈/p〉 〈p〉3.5.6 Further Developments 132〈/p〉 〈p〉3.6 Properties of Packings and Their Relevance to Chromatographic Performance 132〈/p〉 〈p〉3.6.1 Chemical and Physical Bulk Properties 132〈/p〉 〈p〉3.6.2 Morphology 133〈/p〉 〈p〉3.6.3 Particulate Adsorbents: Particle Size and Size Distribution 133〈/p〉 〈p〉3.6.4 Pore Texture 134〈/p〉 〈p〉3.6.5 Pore Structural Parameters 137〈/p〉 〈p〉3.6.6 Comparative Rating of Columns 137〈/p〉 〈p〉3.7 Sorbent Maintenance and Regeneration 138〈/p〉 〈p〉3.7.1 Cleaning in Place (CIP) 138〈/p〉 〈p〉3.7.2 CIP for IEX 140〈/p〉 〈p〉3.7.3 CIP of Protein A Sorbents 140〈/p〉 〈p〉3.7.4 Conditioning of Silica Surfaces 143〈/p〉 〈p〉3.7.5 Sanitization in Place (SIP) 145〈/p〉 〈p〉3.7.6 Column and Adsorbent Storage 145〈/p〉 〈p〉References 146〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉4 Selection of Chromatographic Systems 〈/b〉〈b〉159〈br /〉〈/b〉〈i〉Michael Schulte〈/i〉〈/p〉 〈p〉4.1 Definition of the Task 164〈/p〉 〈p〉4.2 Mobile Phases for Liquid Chromatography 167〈/p〉 〈p〉4.2.1 Stability 168〈/p〉 〈p〉4.2.2 Safety Concerns 172〈/p〉 〈p〉4.2.3 Operating Conditions 172〈/p〉 〈p〉4.2.4 Aqueous Buffer Systems 176〈/p〉 〈p〉4.3 Adsorbent and Phase Systems 178〈/p〉 〈p〉4.3.1 Choice of Phase System Dependent on Solubility 178〈/p〉 〈p〉4.3.2 Improving Loadability for Poor Solubilities 180〈/p〉 〈p〉4.3.3 Dependency of Solubility on Sample Purity 183〈/p〉 〈p〉4.3.4 Generic Gradients for Fast Separations 184〈/p〉 〈p〉4.4 Criteria for Choosing Normal Phase Systems 184〈/p〉 〈p〉4.4.1 Retention in NP Systems 186〈/p〉 〈p〉4.4.2 Solvent Strength in Liquid-Solid Chromatography 188〈/p〉 〈p〉4.4.3 Pilot Technique Thin-Layer Chromatography Using the PRISMA Model 190〈/p〉 〈p〉4.4.3.1 Step (1): Solvent Strength Adjustment 199〈/p〉 〈p〉4.4.3.2 Step (2): Optimization of Selectivity 199〈/p〉 〈p〉4.4.3.3 Step (3): Final Optimization of the Solvent Strength 200〈/p〉 〈p〉4.4.3.4 Step (4): Determination of the Optimum Mobile Phase Composition 200〈/p〉 〈p〉4.4.4 Strategy for an Industrial Preparative Chromatography Laboratory 202〈/p〉 〈p〉4.4.4.1 Standard Gradient Elution Method on Silica 203〈/p〉 〈p〉4.4.4.2 Simplified Procedure 204〈/p〉 〈p〉4.5 Criteria for Choosing Reversed Phase Systems 206〈/p〉 〈p〉4.5.1 Retention and Selectivity in RP Systems 208〈/p〉 〈p〉4.5.2 Gradient Elution for Small Amounts of Product on RP Columns 212〈/p〉 〈p〉4.5.3 Rigorous Optimization for Isocratic Runs 213〈/p〉 〈p〉4.5.4 Rigorous Optimization for Gradient Runs 217〈/p〉 〈p〉4.5.5 Practical Recommendations 222〈/p〉 〈p〉4.6 Criteria for Choosing CSP Systems 223〈/p〉 〈p〉4.6.1 Suitability of Preparative CSP 223〈/p〉 〈p〉4.6.2 Development of Enantioselectivity 224〈/p〉 〈p〉4.6.3 Optimization of Separation Conditions 226〈/p〉 〈p〉4.6.3.1 Determination of Racemate Solubility 226〈/p〉 〈p〉4.6.3.2 Selection of Elution Order 226〈/p〉 〈p〉4.6.3.3 Optimization of Mobile/Stationary Phase Composition, Including Temperature 226〈/p〉 〈p〉4.6.3.4 Determination of Optimum Separation Step 227〈/p〉 〈p〉4.6.4 Practical Recommendations 227〈/p〉 〈p〉4.7 Downstream Processing of mAbs Using Protein A and IEX 231〈/p〉 〈p〉4.8 Size-Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) 236〈/p〉 〈p〉4.9 Overall Chromatographic System Optimization 237〈/p〉 〈p〉4.9.1 Conflicts During Optimization of Chromatographic Systems 237〈/p〉 〈p〉4.9.2 Stationary Phase Gradients 241〈/p〉 〈p〉References 246〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉5 Process Concepts 〈/b〉〈b〉251〈br /〉〈/b〉〈i〉Malte Kaspereit and Henner Schmidt-Traub〈/i〉〈/p〉 〈p〉5.1 Discontinuous Processes 252〈/p〉 〈p〉5.1.1 Isocratic Operation 252〈/p〉 〈p〉5.1.2 Gradient Chromatography 253〈/p〉 〈p〉5.1.3 Closed-Loop Recycling Chromatography 256〈/p〉 〈p〉5.1.4 Steady-State Recycling Chromatography (SSRC) 258〈/p〉 〈p〉5.1.5 Flip-Flop Chromatography 259〈/p&g
Language:
English
Keywords:
Electronic books.
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Electronic books.
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Electronic books.
URL:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9783527816347
URL:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9783527816347
URL:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9783527816347
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