Kooperativer Bibliotheksverbund

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Format: 1 online resource (742 p.)

ISBN: 0-12-800475-4

Content: Toxicological Survey of African Medicinal Plants provides a detailed overview of toxicological studies relating to traditionally used medicinal plants in Africa, with special emphasis on the methodologies and tools used for data collection and interpretation. The book considers the physical parameters of these plants and their effect upon various areas of the body and human health, including chapters dedicated to genotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and specific organs and systems. Following this discussion of the effects of medicinal plants is a critical review of the guidelines and methods in use for toxicological research as well as the state of toxicology studies in Africa. With up-to-date research provided by a team of experts, Toxicological Survey of African Medicinal Plants is an invaluable resource for researchers and students involved in pharmacology, toxicology, phytochemistry, medicine, pharmacognosy, and pharmaceutical biology. Offers a critical review of the methods used in toxicological survey of medicinal plants Provides up-to-date toxicological data on African medicinal plants and families Serves as a resource tool for students and scientists in the various areas of toxicology.

Note: Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph , Front Cover -- Toxicological Survey of African Medicinal Plants -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- 1 Toxicological Societies in Africa: Roles and Impact in Policy Making and Living Conditions -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Toxicological Societies in Africa -- 1.2.1 African Society for Toxicological Sciences -- 1.2.1.1 Mission -- 1.2.1.2 Goals -- 1.2.1.3 History and Achievements of ASTS -- 1.2.2 Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry -- 1.2.2.1 Goals of SETAC Africa -- 1.2.2.2 Organized Workshops and Trainings -- 1.2.3 West African Society of Toxicology -- 1.2.3.1 Trainings and Workshops -- 1.2.4 Cameroon Society for Toxicological Sciences -- 1.2.4.1 Objectives -- 1.2.5 The "Association Tunisienne de Toxicologie" -- 1.2.5.1 Objectives -- 1.2.5.2 Activities, Workshops, and Trainings -- 1.2.6 The Egyptian Society of Toxicology -- 1.2.7 The Africa Education Initiative (NEF) -- 1.2.7.1 Goals -- 1.2.7.2 NEF Toxicology Internship Program -- 1.2.8 Environmental Protection Agency-Program in Africa -- 1.2.8.1 Mission -- 1.2.8.1.1 Good Environmental Governance -- 1.2.8.1.2 Water and Sanitation -- 1.2.8.1.3 Ambient Air Quality -- 1.2.8.1.4 Clean Cookstoves and Indoor Air Quality -- 1.2.8.1.5 Climate Change -- 1.2.8.1.6 Toxic Substances -- 1.2.8.1.6.1 E-Waste -- 1.2.8.1.6.2 Mercury Use in Artisanal Gold Mining -- 1.3 Interactions Between African Societies of Toxicological Sciences with European and American Societies -- 1.3.1 International Union of Toxicology -- 1.3.1.1 Mission -- 1.3.1.2 Vision -- 1.3.2 General Objectives of IUTOX -- 1.3.3 The Society of Toxicology -- 1.4 The Role of African Societies of Toxicological Sciences in Government Policy Making -- 1.5 Information Resources in Toxicology -- 1.5.1 Toxic Remnants of War -- 1.6 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References. , 2 Ethical Issues for Animal Use in Toxicological Research in Africa -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Definitions -- 2.3 Ethical Aspects of Medicinal Plants in Africa -- 2.4 The Importance of Animals in Toxicological Studies -- 2.5 Guidelines of Animal Research Ethics -- 2.5.1 History: Development of Guidelines and Legal Frameworks -- 2.5.2 3 Rs (Reduction, Replacement, and Refinement) -- 2.5.3 International Guidelines for Use and Care of Animals in Scientific Procedures -- 2.5.4 Guidelines for Managing and Supervising Breeding and Holding Facilities -- 2.5.5 Hazards for Animal Care Personnel -- 2.5.6 Training Guidelines -- 2.6 Animal Welfare Issues -- 2.6.1 What Is Animal Well-Being or Welfare? -- 2.6.2 Strategies to Safeguard Animal Well-being, Australian Code, 2013 -- 2.6.3 Some Possible Ways of Protecting the Welfare of Animals Used in Research or Teaching -- 2.6.4 Protection of Animals During Transport and Related Operations -- 2.6.5 Acclimatization and Conditioning -- 2.6.6 Food and Water -- 2.6.7 Avoiding or Minimizing Discomfort, Anxiety, and Pain -- 2.6.8 Anesthesia and Analgesia -- 2.6.9 Euthanasia -- 2.7 Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees -- 2.7.1 Responsibilities of AECs, Australian Code, 2013 -- 2.7.2 Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees Monitoring System, According to the Australian Code, 2013 -- 2.7.3 Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees Records, According to the NACLAR, 2004 -- 2.7.4 Responsibilities of the Institutions Regarding Animal Research, According to the NACLAR, 2004 -- 2.7.5 IACUCs in Developed Countries -- 2.7.6 Ethical Review -- 2.7.7 Principles of Ethical Review, According to Fry, 2012 -- 2.8 Health Research Ethics in Africa -- 2.9 Challenges of Research Ethics in Africa -- 2.10 Laws of Animal Research Ethics in Africa -- 2.10.1 Situation in Some African Countries -- 2.11 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments. , References -- 3 Critical Review of the Guidelines and Methods in Toxicological Research in Africa -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Need for Toxicity Testing -- 3.3 Acute Toxicity Testing -- 3.4 Alternatives Methods for the Oral LD50 Test -- 3.4.1 Repeated Dose Toxicity Testing -- 3.4.2 Subacute Studies -- 3.4.3 Subchronic Studies -- 3.4.4 Chronic Studies -- 3.4.5 Genotoxicity and Mutagenicity Testing -- 3.4.6 Clinical Testing Studies -- 3.4.6.1 Retrospective Case Reviews of Toxic Exposures -- 3.5 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Discordant Results in Plant Toxicity Studies in Africa: Attempt of Standardization -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Toxicological Evaluation: Parameters and Interpretation -- 4.2.1 Body and Organ Weight -- 4.2.2 Hematological Profile -- 4.2.3 Plasma Enzyme Activities -- 4.2.4 Hepatic and Renal Function Tests -- 4.2.5 Oxidative Stress -- 4.2.6 Gastrointestinal and Neurological Manifestations -- 4.3 Standard Values for Parameters in Toxicological Survey -- 4.4 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Acute and Subacute Toxicities of African Medicinal Plants -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 The Acute and Subacute Effects of Medicinal Plants -- 5.2.1 Leaf Poisoning -- 5.2.2 Flowers and/or Fruits -- 5.2.3 Stem Bark -- 5.2.4 Roots -- 5.3 Experimental Models for Toxicological Studies -- 5.3.1 Animals Used in Acute and Subacute Toxicity Surveys -- 5.3.2 Animals Used in Acute Toxicity -- 5.3.3 Animals Used in Subacute Toxicity -- 5.3.4 Methods in Acute and Subacute Toxicity Survey -- 5.3.4.1 Oral Toxicity -- 5.3.4.2 Inhalation Toxicity -- 5.3.4.3 Acute Dermal Toxicity -- 5.3.4.4 Acute IP Toxicity -- 5.3.4.5 Acute Eye Irritation Toxicity -- 5.4 The Significance of LD50 in Acute Toxicity Screenings -- 5.4.1 History of LD50 Determination -- 5.4.2 Significance of LD50 in Toxicity Studies -- 5.4.3 Toxic Symptoms in Acute and Subacute Toxicity Studies. , 5.5 Limitations of the Study of the Acute and Subacute Toxicities of Medicinal Plants -- 5.6 African Plants Screened for Their Acute and Subacute Toxicities -- 5.7 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Subchronic and Chronic Toxicities of African Medicinal Plants -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Subchronic and Chronic Toxicity Effect of Medicinal Plants -- 6.2.1 Hypericum perforatum (Hypericaceae) -- 6.2.2 Rosmarinus officinalis Linn. (Lamiaceae) -- 6.2.3 Erythrina mulungu (Fabaceae) -- 6.2.4 Hydrastis canadensis (Ranunculaceae) -- 6.2.5 Symphytum officinale (Bignoniaceae) -- 6.2.6 Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgoaceae) -- 6.2.7 Piper methysticum Forster f. (Piperaceae) -- 6.2.8 Glycyrrhiza glabra (Fabaceae) -- 6.3 Methods, Parameters, and Data Interpretation in Subchronic and Chronic Toxicity Screenings Worldwide and in Africa -- 6.3.1 Conventional Subchronic and Chronic Oral Tests -- 6.3.1.1 Subchronic Oral Toxicity Test -- 6.3.1.2 Chronic Oral Toxicity Study -- 6.3.2 OECD Recommendations for Subchronic and Chronic Toxicity Study -- 6.3.2.1 OECD Procedure for Chronic Toxicity -- 6.3.2.1.1 Animal Species -- 6.3.2.2 Housing and Feeding Conditions -- 6.3.2.3 Animal Preparation -- 6.3.2.4 Number and Sex of Experimental Animals -- 6.3.2.5 Provision for Interim Kills, Satellite Groups, and Sentinel Animals -- 6.3.2.6 Dose Groups and Dosage -- 6.3.2.7 Preparation of Doses and Routes of Drug Administration -- 6.3.2.8 Duration of Study -- 6.3.2.9 Observations During Toxicity Study -- 6.3.2.10 Body Weights and Food/Water Consumption -- 6.3.2.11 Hematology and Clinical Biochemistry -- 6.3.2.12 Pathology: Gross Necropsy -- 6.3.2.13 Histopathology -- 6.3.3 WHO Recommendations for Subchronic and Chronic Toxicity Study -- 6.3.4 Other Recommendations -- 6.3.4.1 Nonanimal Alternative Methods -- 6.4 Animals Used in Subchronic and Chronic Toxicity Screenings. , 6.5 Observable Symptoms and Signs in Subchronic and Chronic Toxicity Screenings -- 6.6 Limitations of the Study of the Subchronic and Chronic Toxicity of Medicinal Plants -- 6.7 African Plants Screened for Their Subchronic and Chronic Toxicity -- 6.7.1 Sphenocentrum jollyanum Pierre (Menispermaceae) -- 6.7.2 Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv (Bignoniaseae) -- 6.7.3 Syzigium aromaticum (L.) Merr. and Perry (Myrtaceae) -- 6.7.4 Hunteria umbellata (K. Schum.) Hallier f. (Apocynaceae) -- 6.7.5 Cnestis ferruginea (CF) Vahl ex DC (Connaraceae) -- 6.7.6 Corrigiola telephiifolia Pourr. (Caryophyllaceae) -- 6.7.7 Carica papaya Linn. (Caricaceae) -- 6.7.8 Allium cepa Linn. (Liliaceae) -- 6.7.9 Allium sativum Linn. (Liliaceae) -- 6.7.10 Carum carvi Linn. (Apiaceae/Umbellifereae) -- 6.7.11 Nigella sativa Linn. (Ranunculaceae) -- 6.7.12 Viscum album L. (Santalaceae) -- 6.8 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Toxic Plants Used in African Traditional Medicine -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Toxic Symptoms of Medicinal Plants -- 7.2.1 Gastrointestinal Tract Symptoms -- 7.2.2 Liver Symptoms -- 7.2.3 Skin and Eye Symptoms -- 7.2.4 Blood and Cardiovascular System -- 7.2.5 Nervous System Symptoms -- 7.2.6 Reproductive and Developmental Effects -- 7.2.7 Kidney and Bladder Symptoms -- 7.3 Toxicity of African Medicinal Plants -- 7.4 Toxic African Medicinal Plants as Identified by Their Medium Lethal Doses (LD50) Values and Induced Physical Symptoms -- 7.5 Toxic African Medicinal Plants as Identified by Biochemical Indices -- 7.6 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Cytotoxicity of African Medicinal Plants Against Normal Animal and Human Cells -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Important Factors to Consider in Cytotoxicity Experiments -- 8.2 Necessity for Cytotoxicity Testing -- 8.3 Limitations of Cytotoxicity Testing -- 8.4 Different Types of Cytotoxicity Assay. , 8.4.1 Metabolism Reductase Viability Assays. , English

Additional Edition: ISBN 0-12-800018-X

Additional Edition: ISBN 1-306-85974-3

Language: English