Kooperativer Bibliotheksverbund

UID:

Umfang: 1 online resource (344 pages) : , illustrations.

ISBN: 9780081002575 , 0081002572

Serie: Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomaterials ; Number 122

Anmerkung: Front Cover -- Chitosan Based Biomaterials, Volume 1 -- Related titles -- Chitosan Based Biomaterials: Volume 1: Fundamentals -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of contributors -- Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomaterials -- One - Fundamentals of chitosan for biomedical applications -- 1 - Fundamentals of chitosan for biomedical applications -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Production/processing of chitin and chitosan -- 1.2 Chemical and biological properties of chitosans -- 1.2.1 Chemical properties -- 1.2.2 Biological properties -- 1.3 Modification of chitosans -- 1.3.1 Chemical modifications of chitosan -- 1.3.1.1 Blending or chemical linkages of chitosan with synthetic biopolymers -- 1.3.1.2 Chemical grafting of chitosan -- 1.3.1.3 Enzymatic grafting of chitosan -- 1.4 Some chitosan derivatives -- 1.4.1 O- and N-carboxymethylchitosan -- 1.4.2 Quaternized chitosan -- 1.4.3 Sugar-modified chitosan -- 1.4.4 Alkyl chitosans -- 1.4.5 Carbohydrate-branched chitosan -- 1.4.6 Polyethylene-grafted chitosans -- 1.4.7 Cyclodextrin-linked chitosans -- 1.5 Biomedical applications of chitosan and chitosan derivatives -- 1.5.1 Chitosan and its derivatives in drug delivery applications -- 1.5.2 Chitosan and its derivatives in tissue engineering applications -- 1.5.3 Chitosan and its derivatives in enzyme immobilizations for biosensing -- 1.6 Conclusion and perspectives -- References -- 2 - Antibacterial properties of chitosan -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Antibacterial activity -- 2.2.1 Antibacterial mechanisms of chitosan -- 2.3 Chitosan derivatives and their bactericidal activity -- 2.3.1 Graft polymerization of chitosan -- 2.3.2 Quarternization of chitosan -- 2.3.3 Carboxylated chitosan derivatives -- 2.3.4 Chitosan derivatives with sulfonyl groups -- 2.3.5 Chitosan hydrogels -- 2.3.6 Chitosan films -- 2.3.7 Chitosan nanoparticles -- 2.4 Concluding remarks. , References -- 3 - Immunological responses to chitosan for biomedical applications -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Whole blood responses to chitosan -- 3.3 Polymorphonuclear leukocyte responses to chitosan -- 3.4 Macrophage responses to chitosan -- 3.5 Studies of innate and cell-mediated immune response -- 3.6 Effect of macrophage polarization -- 3.7 Influencing macrophage activation -- 3.8 Adaptive immune responses to chitosan -- 3.9 Methods to assay chitosan responses in vitro using human macrophage-like cell cultures -- 3.9.1 Materials -- 3.9.2 Prepare frozen aliquots of specific reagents -- 3.9.3 Prepare cell culture medium -- 3.9.4 Differentiate THP-1 cells to macrophages in 100nM PMA -- 3.9.5 Differentiate U937 cells to macrophages in 100nM PMA -- 3.9.6 Combine chitosan material with differentiated macrophage cells -- 3.9.7 Endpoint analyses -- 3.10 Conclusions and future trends -- List of abbreviations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 - Characterization of chitosan matters -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Physical properties -- 4.3 Cellular interactions -- 4.4 In vivo studies using chitosan in bone implant and tissue engineering applications -- 4.5 Characterization methods -- 4.5.1 Procedure to determine ash content of chitosan materials -- 4.5.2 Procedure to determine residual protein content of chitosan materials -- 4.5.3 Procedure to determine endotoxin in chitosan materials -- 4.6 Conclusion -- References -- Two - Chemical and physical modification of chitosan-based biomaterials -- 5 - Deacetylation modification techniques of chitin and chitosan -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Deacetylation methods -- 5.2.1 Alkali treatment method -- 5.2.1.1 Experimental procedure -- 5.2.2 Alkali treatment using microwave technique -- 5.2.2.1 Experimental procedure -- 5.2.3 Enzymatic deacetylation -- 5.2.4 Steam explosion method. , 5.3 Methods for determination of degree of deacetylation -- 5.3.1 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) -- 5.3.2 1H-NMR spectroscopy -- 5.3.3 UV spectrophotometric analysis -- 5.3.4 Potentiometric titration -- 5.3.5 Acid-base titration -- 5.3.5.1 Experimental procedure -- 5.3.6 Elemental analysis -- 5.3.7 Capillary zone electrophoresis method -- 5.3.8 Raman spectroscopy -- 5.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 6 - Modifying the molecular weight of chitosan -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Merits of chitosan molecular weight modification -- 6.3 Methods of degradation of the molecular weight of chitosan -- 6.4 Mechanical degradation methods for modifying molecular weight -- 6.4.1 Shearing method -- 6.4.2 Ultrasonication method -- 6.4.3 Microfluidization method -- 6.5 Factors affecting degradation rate -- 6.5.1 Solution concentration -- 6.5.2 Reaction temperature -- 6.5.3 Type of solvent -- 6.5.4 Reaction time -- 6.5.5 Effect of the degree of deacetylation of chitosan used on degradation rate -- 6.6 Methods for increasing degradation rate -- 6.6.1 Use of concurrent ultrafiltration treatment -- 6.6.2 Use of the highest concentration solution -- 6.6.3 Two-stage microfluidization combined with ultrafiltration treatment -- 6.6.4 Combining shearing/ultrafiltration treatment at 50°C and ultrasonic or microfluidization/ultrafiltration treatment at 30°C... -- 6.7 Fractionation -- 6.7.1 Regeneration (precipitation) -- 6.7.2 Supercritical carbon dioxide -- 6.8 Summary -- References -- 7 - Controlling chitosan degradation properties in vitro and in vivo -- 7.1 Background -- 7.2 Host response to degradable chitosan biomaterials -- 7.2.1 Hydrolysis (nonenzymatic) -- 7.2.2 Enzymatic degradation -- 7.2.3 Oxidative degradation -- 7.3 Effects of chitosan properties on degradation -- 7.3.1 Size and shape of implant -- 7.3.2 Degree of deacetylation. , 7.3.3 Molecular weight -- 7.3.4 Weight percent and blends -- 7.3.5 Neutralization and cross-linking -- 7.4 Processing methods to reduce molecular weight -- 7.4.1 Enzymatic -- 7.4.2 Oxidative -- 7.4.3 High energy -- 7.4.4 Composites and postfabrication treatments -- 7.5 Experimental methods section -- 7.5.1 Enzymatic degradation -- 7.5.2 Oxidative degradation -- 7.5.3 Determination of molecular weight of polymer chains after degradation -- 7.5.4 Measuring degradation rate in vivo -- 7.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Three - Production techniques for chitosan-based biomaterials -- 8 - Production of micro- and nanoscale chitosan particles for biomedical applications -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Chitosan micro- and nanoparticle preparation methods -- 8.2.1 Emulsification and covalent cross-linking -- 8.2.2 Emulsification and ionic cross-linking -- 8.2.3 Emulsification and solvent evaporation -- 8.2.4 Emulsion-droplet coalescence -- 8.2.5 Ionic gelation -- 8.2.6 Polyelectrolyte complexes -- 8.2.7 Precipitation method -- 8.2.8 Spray drying method -- 8.2.9 Electrospray ionization -- 8.2.10 Chemical modification -- 8.3 Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 9 - Production of electrospun chitosan for biomedical applications -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Challenges and success in electrospinning of chitosan -- 9.2.1 Electrospinning working principle -- 9.2.2 Solution and rheological properties of chitosan -- 9.2.3 Electrospinning of pure chitosan -- 9.2.4 Electrospinning of chitosan with other polymers -- 9.2.5 Selection of solvents -- 9.2.6 Selection of chitosan salts -- 9.3 Production of electrospun nanofiber from chitin to chitosan -- 9.4 Fiber collections: random and aligned fibers -- 9.5 Physical-chemical properties of nanofibers -- 9.5.1 Strength of nanofibers -- 9.5.2 Cross-linking techniques -- 9.5.3 Microbial characteristics. , 9.6 Biomedical application of chitosan fibers -- 9.6.1 Tissue engineering -- 9.6.2 Drug delivery -- 9.6.3 Wound dressing -- 9.6.4 Implant coatings -- 9.7 Fabrication method -- 9.7.1 Materials -- 9.7.1.1 Polymers and solvent -- 9.7.1.2 Fabrication -- 9.7.2 Methods -- 9.7.2.1 Solution preparation of PCL and chitosan -- 9.7.2.2 Preparation of 80/20 (PCL/LMW-CS) solutions -- 9.7.2.3 Electrospinning of polyblended PCL/LMW-CS solutions -- 9.8 Conclusion -- References -- 10 - Lyophilized chitosan sponges -- 10.1 Background -- 10.2 Drug delivery -- 10.3 Tissue engineering -- 10.4 Basics of lyophilization -- 10.5 Experimental methods section -- 10.5.1 Fabricating lyophilized sponges -- 10.5.1.1 Chitosan solution preparation -- 10.5.1.2 Lyophilization -- 10.5.1.3 Optional neutralization and secondary lyophilization -- 10.5.1.4 Post-processing steps -- 10.6 Conclusions -- References -- 11 - Production of chitosan coatings on metal and ceramic biomaterials -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Important chitosan properties for the generation of surface coatings -- 11.3 Methods to improve chitosan coating adhesion -- 11.3.1 Surface functionalization of substrates by silane-based treatment -- 11.3.2 Conversion coatings -- 11.3.3 Dielectric barrier discharge plasma -- 11.4 Methods of chitosan coatings on metals -- 11.4.1 Passive coating methods -- 11.4.1.1 Freeze-drying -- 11.4.1.2 Impregnation -- 11.4.1.3 Spread casting -- 11.4.1.4 Drop casting -- 11.4.1.5 Spin coating -- 11.4.1.6 Electrospinning -- Reagents -- Materials and equipment -- Solution preparation -- Electrospinning procedure -- 11.4.1.7 Electrospray deposition -- 11.4.2 Electrostatic methods -- 11.4.2.1 Layer-by-layer -- Reactants -- Concentrations of solutions needed to assemble polysaccharide layers -- Procedure -- 11.4.2.2 Electrolytic deposition -- 11.4.2.3 Electrophoretic deposition. , 11.5 Methods of chitosan coatings on ceramics.

Weitere Ausg.: ISBN 9780081002308

Weitere Ausg.: ISBN 0081002300

Sprache: Englisch