UID:
edoccha_9958068711402883
Format:
1 online resource (0 p.)
Edition:
1st ed.
ISBN:
0-12-802607-3
,
0-12-802387-2
Note:
Description based upon print version of record.
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Front Cover -- BIOSTATISTICS FOR MEDICAL AND BIOMEDICAL PRACTITIONERS -- Copyright -- CONTENTS -- ABOUT THE AUTHOR -- PREFACE -- REFERENCES -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- 1 Basic Aspects of Statistics -- 1 - Basic Concepts -- INTRODUCTION -- Populations and Samples -- The Effects of Variability -- Variables and Parameters -- BASIC USES OF STATISTICS -- Description -- Statistical Inference -- DATA -- Models -- GENERAL APPROACH TO STUDY DESIGN -- A BRIEF HISTORY OF STATISTICS -- REFERENCES -- 2 - Statistical Use and Misuse in Scientific Publications -- EARLY USE OF STATISTICS -- CURRENT TESTS IN COMMON USE -- STATISTICAL MISUSE -- BASIC GUIDES TO STATISTICS -- REFERENCES -- 3 - Some Practical Aspects -- STATISTICS PROGRAMS -- VARIABLES -- MEASUREMENT SCALES -- DISPLAYING DATA SETS -- Practical Issues of Data Sets -- ACCURACY OF MEASUREMENT -- Rounding off and Truncation -- Accuracy and Precision -- NOTATION -- OPERATORS -- WEIGHTS -- STATISTICS BOOKS -- REFERENCES -- 4 - Exploratory Descriptive Analysis -- BASIC CONCEPTS -- Counting -- Distribution -- A Sorting Experiment -- Histograms and Frequency Polygons -- Shapes of Distributions -- Transformations -- Stem-and-Leaf Diagrams -- Measures of Central Tendency (Location) -- Arithmetic Mean -- Median and Quantiles -- Mode -- The Geometric Mean -- Harmonic Mean -- Measures of Variability -- Range -- Standard Deviation -- Interquartile Distance -- Coefficient of Variation -- Tables and Graphs -- Tables -- Figures and Graphs -- Box Plots -- ADVANCED AND ALTERNATIVE CONCEPTS -- Classical versus Robust Methods -- General Aspects -- Trimean -- Trimming and Winsorization -- Order Statistics -- Median Absolute Deviation -- Propagation of Errors -- Combining Experiments (Addition) -- Simple Multiplication (Scale Factor) -- Multiplying Means (Taylor, 1982) -- Dividing Means (Taylor, 1982).
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Three Useful Applications of the Variance -- APPENDIX -- Least Squares Principle -- REFERENCES -- 5 - Basic Probability -- INTRODUCTION -- TYPES OF PROBABILITY -- BASIC PRINCIPLES AND DEFINITIONS -- Additional Definitions -- CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY -- BAYES' THEOREM -- REFERENCES -- 2 Continuous Distributions -- 6 - Normal Distribution -- INTRODUCTION -- NORMAL OR GAUSSIAN CURVE -- The Quincunx -- Properties of the Normal Curve -- POPULATIONS AND SAMPLES -- DESCRIPTION OF THE DISTRIBUTION SHAPE -- Skewness -- Kurtosis -- DETERMINING NORMALITY -- UNGROUPED DATA -- HOW IMPORTANT IS NORMALITY? -- REFERENCES -- 7 - Statistical Limits and the Central Limit Theorem -- CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM -- Generalizations Based on a Single Sample -- Setting CL -- TOLERANCE LIMITS -- REPORTING RESULTS -- Graphic Representation -- REFERENCES -- 8 - Other Continuous Distributions -- CONTINUOUS UNIFORM DISTRIBUTION -- EXPONENTIAL DISTRIBUTION -- LOGARITHMIC DISTRIBUTION -- WEIBULL DISTRIBUTION -- CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION -- VARIANCE RATIO (F) DISTRIBUTION -- REFERENCES -- 9 - Outliers and Extreme Values -- OUTLIERS -- Grubb's Test -- Slippage and Contamination -- Robust Tests -- Dealing with Outliers -- EXTREME VALUES -- APPENDIX -- REFERENCES -- 3 Hypothesis Testing -- 10 - Hypothesis Testing: The Null Hypothesis, Significance, and Type I Error -- HYPOTHESES -- SIGNIFICANCE -- REFERENCES -- 11 - Hypothesis Testing: Sample Size, Effect Size, Power, and Type II Errors -- BASIC CONCEPTS -- Statistical Power -- Effect Size -- Calculation of Power -- Post hoc Power Analysis -- ADVANCED AND ALTERNATIVE CONCEPTS -- Hypothesis Testing and Maximum Likelihood -- The Bayes Factor -- REFERENCES -- 4 Discrete and Categorical Distributions -- 12 - Permutations and Combinations -- PERMUTATIONS -- COMBINATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 13 - Hypergeometric Distribution -- INTRODUCTION.
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GENERAL FORMULA -- FISHER'S EXACT TEST -- MULTIPLE GROUPS -- REFERENCE -- 14 - Categorical and Cross-Classified Data: Goodness of Fit and Association -- BASIC CONCEPTS -- Introduction -- Goodness of Fit -- Continuity Correction -- Degrees of Freedom -- 2×2 Contingency Tables -- Odds Ratio -- Cautionary Tales -- Larger Contingency Tables -- Fisher's Exact Test -- Determining Power and Sample Size -- ADVANCED CONCEPTS -- Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel Test and Confounders -- Pooling Data -- Testing for Trends in Proportions (Cochran-Armitage Test) -- Problems with R×C Tables -- Multidimensional Tables -- REFERENCES -- 15 - Categorical and Cross-Classified Data: McNemar's Test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov Tests, Concordance -- PAIRED SAMPLES: MCNEMAR'S TEST -- Bowker's Test -- TESTING ORDERED CATEGORICAL DATA: KOLMOGOROV-SMIRNOV TESTS -- K-S One-Sample Test -- K-S Two-Sample Test -- CONCORDANCE (AGREEMENT) BETWEEN OBSERVERS -- Two Categories -- More than Two Categories -- Weighted Kappa -- INTRACLASS CORRELATION -- INTRACLASS CORRELATION -- REFERENCES -- 16 - Binomial and Multinomial Distributions -- BASIC CONCEPTS -- Introduction -- Bernoulli Formula -- Binomial Basics -- The Normal Approximation -- Fitting a Binomial Distribution to a Set of Trial Results -- Cumulative Binomial Probabilities -- Confidence Limits -- Continuity Correction -- Comparing Two Binomial Distributions -- Estimating Sample Size -- Comparing Probabilities -- ADVANCED OR ALTERNATIVE CONCEPTS -- Exact Confidence Limits -- Multinomial Distribution -- APPENDIX -- REFERENCES -- 17 - Proportions -- INTRODUCTION -- PROPORTIONS AND BINOMIAL THEOREM -- CONFIDENCE LIMITS -- SAMPLE AND POPULATION PROPORTIONS -- SAMPLE SIZE -- COMPARING PROPORTIONS -- POOLING SAMPLES -- REFERENCES -- 18 - The Poisson Distribution -- INTRODUCTION -- RELATIONSHIP TO THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION.
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GOODNESS OF FIT TO A POISSON DISTRIBUTION -- THE RATIO OF THE VARIANCE TO THE MEAN OF A POISSON DISTRIBUTION -- SETTING CONFIDENCE LIMITS -- Normal Approximation -- Exact Method -- THE SQUARE ROOT TRANSFORMATION -- CUMULATIVE POISSON PROBABILITIES -- DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEANS OF POISSON DISTRIBUTIONS -- Comparison of Counts Based on Same Units -- Comparison of Counts Not Based on Same Units -- Comparing the Ratio of Two Poisson Variates -- DETERMINING THE REQUIRED SAMPLE SIZE -- Waiting Times -- APPENDIX -- REFERENCES -- 19 - Negative Binomial Distribution -- INTRODUCTION -- PROBABILITY OF R SUCCESSES -- OVERDISPERSED DISTRIBUTION -- USES OF THE NEGATIVE BINOMIAL -- REFERENCES -- 5 Probability in Epidemiology and Medical Diagnosis -- 20 - Some Epidemiological Considerations: Odds Ratio, Relative Risk, and Attributable Risk -- BASIC CONCEPTS -- Introduction -- Cohort Study -- Cross-sectional Study -- Confidence Limits -- Sample Size and Power -- Attributable Risk (AR) -- Population Attributable Risk (PAR) -- Relative Risks Below 1 -- Number Needed to Treat (NNT) -- ADVANCED CONCEPTS -- Confidence Limits for Attributable Risk -- Differences Between Proportions -- Difference Between Proportional Ratios (Proportional AR and Proportional PAR) -- Confidence Limits for NNT -- REFERENCES -- 21 - Probability, Bayes' Theorem, Medical Diagnostic Evaluation, and Screening -- BAYES' THEOREM APPLIED -- SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY -- LIKELIHOOD RATIOS -- CUTTING POINTS -- RECEIVER OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC CURVES -- SOME COMMENTS ON SCREENING TESTS -- REFERENCES -- 6 Comparing Means -- 22 - Comparison of Two Groups: t-Tests and Nonparametric Tests -- BASIC CONCEPTS -- Introduction -- Paired t-Test -- Sample Size for Paired Test -- Unpaired t-Test -- Unequal Variances -- Sample Size for Unpaired Test -- Conclusion -- Nonparametric or Distribution Free Tests.
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The Wilcoxon-Signed Rank Test -- The Sign Test -- The Mann-Whitney U Test -- Requirements -- ADVANCED CONCEPTS -- Comparing Two Coefficients of Variation -- The Paired t-Test Implies an Additive Model -- Confidence Limits for Medians -- Ranking Transforms -- The Meaning of the Mann-Whitney Test -- APPENDIX -- REFERENCES -- 23 - t-Test Variants: Crossover Tests, Equivalence Tests -- CROSSOVER TRIALS -- N of 1 trials -- EQUIVALENCE AND NONINFERIORITY TESTING -- REFERENCES -- 24 - Multiple Comparisons -- INTRODUCTION -- BONFERRONI CORRECTION AND EQUIVALENT TESTS -- Error Rates -- Extreme Multiplicity and False Discovery Rates -- GROUP SEQUENTIAL BOUNDARIES -- SEQUENTIAL ANALYSIS -- ADAPTIVE METHODS -- REFERENCES -- 25 - Analysis of Variance I. One-Way -- BASIC CONCEPTS -- Basic Test -- Requirements for Test -- Homogeneity of Variance -- Kruskal-Wallis Test -- Independence of Observations -- Effect Size -- Sample Size -- ADVANCED CONCEPTS -- Multiple Comparisons -- Studentized Range Test -- Single-Step Tests -- Multiple-Step Tests -- Recommendations -- Linear Combinations -- Planned Experiments -- REFERENCES -- 26 - Analysis of Variance II. More Complex Forms -- BASIC CONCEPTS -- Introduction -- Two-Way ANOVA -- Additivity -- Multiple Factors -- Friedman Test -- Cochrane's Q Test -- Interaction -- ADVANCED AND ALTERNATIVE CONCEPTS -- Missing Data or Unequal Cell Sizes -- Nested Designs -- Transformations -- Model II ANOVA -- Repeated Measures Designs -- APPENDIX -- REFERENCES -- 7 Regression and Correlation -- 27 - Linear Regression -- BASIC CONCEPTS -- Introduction -- Exploratory Data Analysis -- Transforming Curves -- Model I Linear Regression Basics -- Additional Calculations -- Residuals -- Confidence Limits -- Comparison Methods (Basic) -- ADVANCED OR ALTERNATIVE CONCEPTS -- Heteroscedasticity -- The Comparison Problem (Advanced).
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