Kooperativer Bibliotheksverbund

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Format: 1 online resource (0 p.)

ISBN: 0-12-803183-2

Note: Description based upon print version of record. , Front Cover -- Plant Metal Interaction: Emerging Remediation Techniques -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- About the Editor -- DR PARVAIZ AHMAD (EDITOR) -- Preface -- PLANT METAL INTERACTION: EMERGING REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES -- Acknowledgements -- 1 - ALUMINUM TOXICITY IN PLANTS: AN OVERVIEW -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. ALUMINUM TOXICITY -- 2.1 EFFECT ON LEAVES -- 2.2 EFFECTS ON SHOOTS -- 2.3 EFFECTS ON ROOTS -- 2.4 EFFECTS ON PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY -- 3. ALUMINUM UPTAKE AND TRANSPORT IN PLANTS -- 3.1 ALUMINUM ACCUMULATION IN TOLERANT PLANTS -- 3.2 ALUMINUM UPTAKE AT ROOT LEVELS -- 4. PHYTOTOXICITY OF ALUMINUM AND ITS INTERACTIONS WITH NUTRIENTS -- 4.1 ALUMINUM INTERFERENCE WITH NITRATE IONS AND AMMONIUM IONS -- 5. EFFECTS OF ALUMINUM ON GENE EXPRESSION -- 6. EFFECTS OF ALUMINUM ON PLANT METABOLISM -- 7. INTERFERENCE WITH MINERAL METABOLISM -- 7.1 CALCIUM -- 7.2 POTASSIUM -- 7.3 MAGNESIUM -- 7.4 IRON -- 7.5 NITROGEN -- 7.6 PHOSPHORUS -- 8. INTERACTION WITH CALMODULIN -- 9. EXISTENCE OF DIFFERENTIAL ALUMINUM TOLERANCE IN PLANTS -- 10. TOLERANCE MECHANISMS OF ALUMINUM -- 10.1 PH CHANGES IN ROOT ZONES AND ORGANIC ACID ANION RELEASE -- 10.2 UPTAKE AND DISTRIBUTION -- 10.3 SILICON TREATMENT -- 10.4 NITROGEN NUTRITION -- 10.5 CALCIUM NUTRITION -- 11. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS -- REFERENCES -- 2 - COPPER STRESS AND RESPONSES IN PLANTS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EXCESS COPPER IS TOXIC TO PLANTS -- 3. EFFECT OF COPPER STRESS ON PLANT GROWTH -- 4. EFFECTS OF COPPER STRESS ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS -- 4.1 ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES IN CHLOROPLASTS -- 4.2 PHOTOSYSTEM II -- 4.3 RUBISCO ACTIVITY -- 5. PROLINE METABOLISM -- 6. ANTIOXIDANT SYSTEM -- 7. SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION IN RESPONSE TO COPPER -- 7.1 SIGNAL PERCEPTION -- 7.2 STRESS SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION BY PLANT HORMONES -- 7.3 THE ROLES OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES. , 7.4 THE MAPK CASCADE -- 7.4.1 Chelating Compounds -- 7.4.2 Copper Transporters -- 7.4.2.1 COPT Copper Transporters -- 7.4.2.2 P1B-Type Heavy Metal ATPases -- 8. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS -- REFERENCES -- 3 - EFFECT OF LEAD ON PLANT AND HUMAN DNA DAMAGES AND ITS IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. MECHANISMS OF HEAVY METAL STRESS AND TOLERANCE -- 3. GENOTOXICITY OF LEAD IN LIVING ORGANISMS -- 3.1 GENOTOXIC EFFECT OF LEAD ON CROP PLANTS -- 3.2 GENOTOXIC EFFECT OF LEAD ON HUMANS -- 4. RAPID ASSESSMENT OF LEAD DAMAGE ON DNA -- 5. STIMULATING AND INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF LEAD ON CROP PLANTS AND MICROORGANISMS AND ITS POSSIBLE TOLERANCE BY THE MICROORGANISMS -- 6. IMPROVEMENT OF CROP PRODUCTION UNDER LEAD-POLLUTED AGRICULTURAL SOILS -- 7. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS -- Acknowledgement -- REFERENCES -- 4 - RESISTANCE OF PLANTS TO CU STRESS: TRANSGENESIS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. COPPER AS AN ESSENTIAL ELEMENT -- 3. TOXIC EFFECTS OF HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF COPPER -- 3.1 PLANT GROWTH UNDER CU STRESS -- 3.2 DISTURBANCE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS -- 3.3 CHANGE IN THE REDOX STATE OF CELLS -- 4. MAINTENANCE OF INTRACELLULAR CU HOMEOSTASIS -- 4.1 MAIN COMPONENTS MAINTAINING INTRACELLULAR HOMEOSTASIS OF COPPER -- 4.1.1 Metal Translocation -- 4.1.2 Binding of Cu in Plants -- 4.1.3 Complexation with Chelating Agents -- 4.1.4 Sequestration in Cell Organelles (Vacuole) and Organs (Roots) -- 5. CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSGENIC PLANTS RESISTANT TO HEAVY METALS -- 5.1 TRANSGENIC PLANTS EXPRESSING METALLOTRANSPORTER GENES -- 5.2 EXPRESSION OF PHYTOCHELATIN GENES -- 5.3 TRANSGENIC PLANTS OVEREXPRESSING ANTIOXIDATIVE GENES -- 6. EXPRESSION GENES OF COMPATIBLE OSMOLYTES -- 6.1 PROLINE'S ROLE IN PLANT RESISTANCE -- 6.2 SOLUBLE SUGARS AND PLANT RESISTANCE -- 7. TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS -- 7.1 MYB FACTORS IN PLANTS -- 7.2 PROTEIN OSMYB4 -- 8. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS. , REFERENCES -- 5 - BORON TOXICITY AND TOLERANCE IN PLANTS: RECENT ADVANCES AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1 BORON CHEMISTRY -- 1.2 BORON: SOURCE AND DISTRIBUTION -- 1.3 BORON IN SOILS -- 2. BORON IN PLANTS -- 2.1 BORON IN THE CELL WALL AND MEMBRANES -- 2.2 BORON AS SIGNAL -- 2.3 BORON UPTAKE BY ROOTS: PASSIVE AND ACTIVE MECHANISMS -- 2.3.1 Facilitated B Transport System: The Role of Aquaporin-like Channels -- 2.3.2 Boron Transporters -- 2.4 BORON MOVEMENT IN PLANTS -- 3. BORON TOXICITY IN PLANTS: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES -- 3.1 SYMPTOMS OF B TOXICITY -- 3.2 EFFECTS OF BORON EXCESS IN PLANTS -- 3.2.1 Boron and Root System -- 3.2.2 Boron and Photosynthesis Process -- 3.2.3 Boron and Antioxidant Pathways -- 3.2.4 Boron and Nitrogen Metabolism -- 3.2.5 Boron and Carbohydrate Metabolism -- 4. BORON TOLERANCE -- 4.1 EARLY CONSIDERATIONS -- 4.2 TOLERANCE MECHANISMS REVISITED -- 4.3 GENETIC VARIATION FOR B SENSITIVITY/TOLERANCE IN PLANTS -- 4.4 QTL AND ISOLATING GENES INVOLVED IN B TOLERANCE -- 5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS -- Acknowledgements -- REFERENCES -- 6 - CHROMIUM AND THE PLANT: A DANGEROUS AFFAIR? -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CHROMIUM IN THE ENVIRONMENT -- 3. SPECIATION AND AVAILABILITY OF CR(VI) AND CR(III) TO PLANTS -- 4. ABILITY OF PLANTS TO COPE WITH CR TOXICITY -- 5. INTERACTION OF PLANTS WITH CR(VI) AND CR(III): WHAT'S NEW? -- 6. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS -- Acknowledgements -- REFERENCES -- 7 - SELENIUM: AN ANTIOXIDATIVE PROTECTANT IN PLANTS UNDER STRESS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. SELENIUM IN THE ENVIRONMENT -- 3. SELENIUM UPTAKE BY PLANTS -- 4. ROLE OF SELENIUM IN PLANTS -- 4.1 GROWTH AND DRY MATTER PRODUCTION -- 4.2 SEED GERMINATION -- 4.3 DELAY IN SENESCENCE -- 4.4 ENHANCED YIELD -- 4.5 PHOTOSYNTHESIS -- 4.6 RESPIRATORY POTENTIAL -- 4.7 METABOLITE ACCUMULATION. , 4.8 DEFENSE AGAINST FUNGAL PATHOGENS AND HERBIVORE ATTACK -- 4.9 PROTECTION AGAINST OXIDATIVE STRESS -- 5. EFFECT OF SELENIUM ON THE ANTIOXIDATIVE DEFENSE SYSTEM -- 6. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS -- REFERENCES -- 8 - BRASSINOSTEROIDS ARE POTENTIAL AMELIORATORS OF HEAVY METAL STRESSES IN PLANTS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. ABIOTIC STRESSES -- 3. HEAVY METAL STRESS -- 3.1 BRS AND LEAD TOXICITY -- 3.2 BRS AND COPPER TOXICITY -- 3.3 BRS AND CHROMIUM TOXICITY -- 3.4 BRS AND BORON TOXICITY -- 3.5 BRS AND ZINC TOXICITY -- 3.6 BRS AND CADMIUM TOXICITY -- 3.7 BRS AND ALUMINUM TOXICITY -- 3.8 BRS AND NICKEL TOXICITY -- 3.9 BRS AND ARSENIC TOXICITY -- 3.10 BRS AND MANGANESE TOXICITY -- 3.11 BRS AND COBALT TOXICITY -- 3.12 BRS AND MERCURY TOXICITY -- 4. COAPPLICATION OF BRS AND OTHER COMPOUNDS UNDER HEAVY METAL STRESS -- 5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS -- REFERENCES -- 9 - PLANT METALLOTHIONEINS: CLASSIFICATION, DISTRIBUTION, FUNCTION, AND REGULATION -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. PHYTOCHELATINS -- 2.1 BIOSYNTHESIS OF PCS -- 2.2 THE OCCURRENCE OF ISO-PHYTOCHELATINS -- 3. METALLOTHIONEINS -- 4. STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF MTS -- 5. CLASSIFICATION OF MTS -- 6. TISSUE DISTRIBUTION AND CELLULAR LOCALIZATION -- 7. FUNCTIONS OF MTS -- 7.1 METAL DETOXICATION AND HOMEOSTASIS -- 7.2 REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES SCAVENGING -- 7.3 PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR AND BIOMARKER FOR TRACE METALS -- 8. TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF MTS -- 9. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS -- Acknowledgements -- REFERENCES -- 10 - RESPONSES OF PHYTOCHELATINS AND METALLOTHIONEINS IN ALLEVIATION OF HEAVY METAL STRESS IN PLANTS: AN OVERVIEW -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. PHYTOCHELATINS -- 2.1 STRUCTURE AND BIOSYNTHESIS -- 2.2 METAL TOLERANCE STRATEGIES VIA PHYTOCHELATINS -- 2.3 GENES FOR PHYTOCHELATINS/PCS: THEIR INDUCTION AND ROLE IN PLANTS -- 3. METALLOTHIONEINS -- 3.1 CLASSIFICATION AND BIOSYNTHESIS. , 3.2 METAL TOLERANCE REGULATION VIA MTS -- 4. TRANSGENIC AND MOLECULAR PROSPECTS OF PHYTOCHELATIN- AND MT-INDUCED METAL TOLERANCE IN PLANTS -- 5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS -- REFERENCES -- 11 - GLUTATHIONE AND PHYTOCHELATINS MEDIATED REDOX HOMEOSTASIS AND STRESS SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION IN PLANTS: AN INTEGRA ... -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. ASSESSMENTS OF METAL-INDUCED PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL AMENDMENTS IN HIGHER PLANTS -- 3. GSH STRUCTURE, BIOSYNTHESIS, AND FUNCTION -- 4. PC STRUCTURE, BIOSYNTHESIS, AND FUNCTION -- 5. GSH- AND PC-ASSOCIATED STRESS TOLERANCE MECHANISMS IN HIGHER PLANTS -- 6. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS -- Acknowledgements -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 12 - BIOLOGICAL REMEDIATION OF MERCURY-POLLUTED ENVIRONMENTS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF MERCURY CONTAMINATION IN SOIL: MERCURY DISTRIBUTION AND POTENTIAL BIOAVAILABILITY IN SOIL -- 3. SOIL MICROORGANISMS: ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS TOOLS -- 4. MICROORGANISMS IN MERCURY-POLLUTED SOILS -- 5. STRATEGIES OF MICROORGANISMS AGAINST MERCURY -- 5.1 MOBILIZATION PROCESSES -- 5.2 IMMOBILIZATION PROCESSES -- 6. SHORT SURVEY OF MERCURY IMPACT ON SOIL-BOUND ZOOCENOSES AND HIGHER PLANTS -- 7. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS -- Acknowledgements -- REFERENCES -- 13 - DETOXIFICATION AND TOLERANCE OF HEAVY METALS IN PLANTS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1 CHELATION OF HEAVY METALS -- 1.2 SOURCES OF HEAVY METALS -- 1.3 BIOACTIVATION OF HEAVY METALS -- 2. HEAVY METAL HYPERACCUMULATION IN PLANTS -- 3. MAJOR STEPS INVOLVED IN HYPERACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS -- 4. BIOCHEMICAL MECHANISM OF HEAVY METAL UPTAKE AND ACCUMULATION IN PLANTS -- 4.1 ARSENIC -- 4.2 CADMIUM -- 4.3 CHROMIUM -- 4.4 LEAD -- 4.5 MERCURY -- 4.6 MAJOR CONSEQUENCES OF ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS -- 5. VARIOUS CELLULAR MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN HEAVY METAL TOLERANCE -- 5.1 ORGANIC ACIDS -- 5.2 ROOT REDUCTASES. , 5.3 PHYTOCHELATINS. , English

Additional Edition: ISBN 0-12-803158-1

Language: English

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (0 p.)

ISBN: 0-12-803183-2

Note: Description based upon print version of record. , Front Cover -- Plant Metal Interaction: Emerging Remediation Techniques -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- About the Editor -- DR PARVAIZ AHMAD (EDITOR) -- Preface -- PLANT METAL INTERACTION: EMERGING REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES -- Acknowledgements -- 1 - ALUMINUM TOXICITY IN PLANTS: AN OVERVIEW -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. ALUMINUM TOXICITY -- 2.1 EFFECT ON LEAVES -- 2.2 EFFECTS ON SHOOTS -- 2.3 EFFECTS ON ROOTS -- 2.4 EFFECTS ON PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY -- 3. ALUMINUM UPTAKE AND TRANSPORT IN PLANTS -- 3.1 ALUMINUM ACCUMULATION IN TOLERANT PLANTS -- 3.2 ALUMINUM UPTAKE AT ROOT LEVELS -- 4. PHYTOTOXICITY OF ALUMINUM AND ITS INTERACTIONS WITH NUTRIENTS -- 4.1 ALUMINUM INTERFERENCE WITH NITRATE IONS AND AMMONIUM IONS -- 5. EFFECTS OF ALUMINUM ON GENE EXPRESSION -- 6. EFFECTS OF ALUMINUM ON PLANT METABOLISM -- 7. INTERFERENCE WITH MINERAL METABOLISM -- 7.1 CALCIUM -- 7.2 POTASSIUM -- 7.3 MAGNESIUM -- 7.4 IRON -- 7.5 NITROGEN -- 7.6 PHOSPHORUS -- 8. INTERACTION WITH CALMODULIN -- 9. EXISTENCE OF DIFFERENTIAL ALUMINUM TOLERANCE IN PLANTS -- 10. TOLERANCE MECHANISMS OF ALUMINUM -- 10.1 PH CHANGES IN ROOT ZONES AND ORGANIC ACID ANION RELEASE -- 10.2 UPTAKE AND DISTRIBUTION -- 10.3 SILICON TREATMENT -- 10.4 NITROGEN NUTRITION -- 10.5 CALCIUM NUTRITION -- 11. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS -- REFERENCES -- 2 - COPPER STRESS AND RESPONSES IN PLANTS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EXCESS COPPER IS TOXIC TO PLANTS -- 3. EFFECT OF COPPER STRESS ON PLANT GROWTH -- 4. EFFECTS OF COPPER STRESS ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS -- 4.1 ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES IN CHLOROPLASTS -- 4.2 PHOTOSYSTEM II -- 4.3 RUBISCO ACTIVITY -- 5. PROLINE METABOLISM -- 6. ANTIOXIDANT SYSTEM -- 7. SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION IN RESPONSE TO COPPER -- 7.1 SIGNAL PERCEPTION -- 7.2 STRESS SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION BY PLANT HORMONES -- 7.3 THE ROLES OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES. , 7.4 THE MAPK CASCADE -- 7.4.1 Chelating Compounds -- 7.4.2 Copper Transporters -- 7.4.2.1 COPT Copper Transporters -- 7.4.2.2 P1B-Type Heavy Metal ATPases -- 8. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS -- REFERENCES -- 3 - EFFECT OF LEAD ON PLANT AND HUMAN DNA DAMAGES AND ITS IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. MECHANISMS OF HEAVY METAL STRESS AND TOLERANCE -- 3. GENOTOXICITY OF LEAD IN LIVING ORGANISMS -- 3.1 GENOTOXIC EFFECT OF LEAD ON CROP PLANTS -- 3.2 GENOTOXIC EFFECT OF LEAD ON HUMANS -- 4. RAPID ASSESSMENT OF LEAD DAMAGE ON DNA -- 5. STIMULATING AND INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF LEAD ON CROP PLANTS AND MICROORGANISMS AND ITS POSSIBLE TOLERANCE BY THE MICROORGANISMS -- 6. IMPROVEMENT OF CROP PRODUCTION UNDER LEAD-POLLUTED AGRICULTURAL SOILS -- 7. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS -- Acknowledgement -- REFERENCES -- 4 - RESISTANCE OF PLANTS TO CU STRESS: TRANSGENESIS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. COPPER AS AN ESSENTIAL ELEMENT -- 3. TOXIC EFFECTS OF HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF COPPER -- 3.1 PLANT GROWTH UNDER CU STRESS -- 3.2 DISTURBANCE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS -- 3.3 CHANGE IN THE REDOX STATE OF CELLS -- 4. MAINTENANCE OF INTRACELLULAR CU HOMEOSTASIS -- 4.1 MAIN COMPONENTS MAINTAINING INTRACELLULAR HOMEOSTASIS OF COPPER -- 4.1.1 Metal Translocation -- 4.1.2 Binding of Cu in Plants -- 4.1.3 Complexation with Chelating Agents -- 4.1.4 Sequestration in Cell Organelles (Vacuole) and Organs (Roots) -- 5. CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSGENIC PLANTS RESISTANT TO HEAVY METALS -- 5.1 TRANSGENIC PLANTS EXPRESSING METALLOTRANSPORTER GENES -- 5.2 EXPRESSION OF PHYTOCHELATIN GENES -- 5.3 TRANSGENIC PLANTS OVEREXPRESSING ANTIOXIDATIVE GENES -- 6. EXPRESSION GENES OF COMPATIBLE OSMOLYTES -- 6.1 PROLINE'S ROLE IN PLANT RESISTANCE -- 6.2 SOLUBLE SUGARS AND PLANT RESISTANCE -- 7. TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS -- 7.1 MYB FACTORS IN PLANTS -- 7.2 PROTEIN OSMYB4 -- 8. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS. , REFERENCES -- 5 - BORON TOXICITY AND TOLERANCE IN PLANTS: RECENT ADVANCES AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1 BORON CHEMISTRY -- 1.2 BORON: SOURCE AND DISTRIBUTION -- 1.3 BORON IN SOILS -- 2. BORON IN PLANTS -- 2.1 BORON IN THE CELL WALL AND MEMBRANES -- 2.2 BORON AS SIGNAL -- 2.3 BORON UPTAKE BY ROOTS: PASSIVE AND ACTIVE MECHANISMS -- 2.3.1 Facilitated B Transport System: The Role of Aquaporin-like Channels -- 2.3.2 Boron Transporters -- 2.4 BORON MOVEMENT IN PLANTS -- 3. BORON TOXICITY IN PLANTS: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES -- 3.1 SYMPTOMS OF B TOXICITY -- 3.2 EFFECTS OF BORON EXCESS IN PLANTS -- 3.2.1 Boron and Root System -- 3.2.2 Boron and Photosynthesis Process -- 3.2.3 Boron and Antioxidant Pathways -- 3.2.4 Boron and Nitrogen Metabolism -- 3.2.5 Boron and Carbohydrate Metabolism -- 4. BORON TOLERANCE -- 4.1 EARLY CONSIDERATIONS -- 4.2 TOLERANCE MECHANISMS REVISITED -- 4.3 GENETIC VARIATION FOR B SENSITIVITY/TOLERANCE IN PLANTS -- 4.4 QTL AND ISOLATING GENES INVOLVED IN B TOLERANCE -- 5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS -- Acknowledgements -- REFERENCES -- 6 - CHROMIUM AND THE PLANT: A DANGEROUS AFFAIR? -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CHROMIUM IN THE ENVIRONMENT -- 3. SPECIATION AND AVAILABILITY OF CR(VI) AND CR(III) TO PLANTS -- 4. ABILITY OF PLANTS TO COPE WITH CR TOXICITY -- 5. INTERACTION OF PLANTS WITH CR(VI) AND CR(III): WHAT'S NEW? -- 6. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS -- Acknowledgements -- REFERENCES -- 7 - SELENIUM: AN ANTIOXIDATIVE PROTECTANT IN PLANTS UNDER STRESS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. SELENIUM IN THE ENVIRONMENT -- 3. SELENIUM UPTAKE BY PLANTS -- 4. ROLE OF SELENIUM IN PLANTS -- 4.1 GROWTH AND DRY MATTER PRODUCTION -- 4.2 SEED GERMINATION -- 4.3 DELAY IN SENESCENCE -- 4.4 ENHANCED YIELD -- 4.5 PHOTOSYNTHESIS -- 4.6 RESPIRATORY POTENTIAL -- 4.7 METABOLITE ACCUMULATION. , 4.8 DEFENSE AGAINST FUNGAL PATHOGENS AND HERBIVORE ATTACK -- 4.9 PROTECTION AGAINST OXIDATIVE STRESS -- 5. EFFECT OF SELENIUM ON THE ANTIOXIDATIVE DEFENSE SYSTEM -- 6. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS -- REFERENCES -- 8 - BRASSINOSTEROIDS ARE POTENTIAL AMELIORATORS OF HEAVY METAL STRESSES IN PLANTS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. ABIOTIC STRESSES -- 3. HEAVY METAL STRESS -- 3.1 BRS AND LEAD TOXICITY -- 3.2 BRS AND COPPER TOXICITY -- 3.3 BRS AND CHROMIUM TOXICITY -- 3.4 BRS AND BORON TOXICITY -- 3.5 BRS AND ZINC TOXICITY -- 3.6 BRS AND CADMIUM TOXICITY -- 3.7 BRS AND ALUMINUM TOXICITY -- 3.8 BRS AND NICKEL TOXICITY -- 3.9 BRS AND ARSENIC TOXICITY -- 3.10 BRS AND MANGANESE TOXICITY -- 3.11 BRS AND COBALT TOXICITY -- 3.12 BRS AND MERCURY TOXICITY -- 4. COAPPLICATION OF BRS AND OTHER COMPOUNDS UNDER HEAVY METAL STRESS -- 5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS -- REFERENCES -- 9 - PLANT METALLOTHIONEINS: CLASSIFICATION, DISTRIBUTION, FUNCTION, AND REGULATION -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. PHYTOCHELATINS -- 2.1 BIOSYNTHESIS OF PCS -- 2.2 THE OCCURRENCE OF ISO-PHYTOCHELATINS -- 3. METALLOTHIONEINS -- 4. STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF MTS -- 5. CLASSIFICATION OF MTS -- 6. TISSUE DISTRIBUTION AND CELLULAR LOCALIZATION -- 7. FUNCTIONS OF MTS -- 7.1 METAL DETOXICATION AND HOMEOSTASIS -- 7.2 REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES SCAVENGING -- 7.3 PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR AND BIOMARKER FOR TRACE METALS -- 8. TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF MTS -- 9. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS -- Acknowledgements -- REFERENCES -- 10 - RESPONSES OF PHYTOCHELATINS AND METALLOTHIONEINS IN ALLEVIATION OF HEAVY METAL STRESS IN PLANTS: AN OVERVIEW -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. PHYTOCHELATINS -- 2.1 STRUCTURE AND BIOSYNTHESIS -- 2.2 METAL TOLERANCE STRATEGIES VIA PHYTOCHELATINS -- 2.3 GENES FOR PHYTOCHELATINS/PCS: THEIR INDUCTION AND ROLE IN PLANTS -- 3. METALLOTHIONEINS -- 3.1 CLASSIFICATION AND BIOSYNTHESIS. , 3.2 METAL TOLERANCE REGULATION VIA MTS -- 4. TRANSGENIC AND MOLECULAR PROSPECTS OF PHYTOCHELATIN- AND MT-INDUCED METAL TOLERANCE IN PLANTS -- 5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS -- REFERENCES -- 11 - GLUTATHIONE AND PHYTOCHELATINS MEDIATED REDOX HOMEOSTASIS AND STRESS SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION IN PLANTS: AN INTEGRA ... -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. ASSESSMENTS OF METAL-INDUCED PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL AMENDMENTS IN HIGHER PLANTS -- 3. GSH STRUCTURE, BIOSYNTHESIS, AND FUNCTION -- 4. PC STRUCTURE, BIOSYNTHESIS, AND FUNCTION -- 5. GSH- AND PC-ASSOCIATED STRESS TOLERANCE MECHANISMS IN HIGHER PLANTS -- 6. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS -- Acknowledgements -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 12 - BIOLOGICAL REMEDIATION OF MERCURY-POLLUTED ENVIRONMENTS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF MERCURY CONTAMINATION IN SOIL: MERCURY DISTRIBUTION AND POTENTIAL BIOAVAILABILITY IN SOIL -- 3. SOIL MICROORGANISMS: ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS TOOLS -- 4. MICROORGANISMS IN MERCURY-POLLUTED SOILS -- 5. STRATEGIES OF MICROORGANISMS AGAINST MERCURY -- 5.1 MOBILIZATION PROCESSES -- 5.2 IMMOBILIZATION PROCESSES -- 6. SHORT SURVEY OF MERCURY IMPACT ON SOIL-BOUND ZOOCENOSES AND HIGHER PLANTS -- 7. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS -- Acknowledgements -- REFERENCES -- 13 - DETOXIFICATION AND TOLERANCE OF HEAVY METALS IN PLANTS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1 CHELATION OF HEAVY METALS -- 1.2 SOURCES OF HEAVY METALS -- 1.3 BIOACTIVATION OF HEAVY METALS -- 2. HEAVY METAL HYPERACCUMULATION IN PLANTS -- 3. MAJOR STEPS INVOLVED IN HYPERACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS -- 4. BIOCHEMICAL MECHANISM OF HEAVY METAL UPTAKE AND ACCUMULATION IN PLANTS -- 4.1 ARSENIC -- 4.2 CADMIUM -- 4.3 CHROMIUM -- 4.4 LEAD -- 4.5 MERCURY -- 4.6 MAJOR CONSEQUENCES OF ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS -- 5. VARIOUS CELLULAR MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN HEAVY METAL TOLERANCE -- 5.1 ORGANIC ACIDS -- 5.2 ROOT REDUCTASES. , 5.3 PHYTOCHELATINS. , English

Additional Edition: ISBN 0-12-803158-1

Language: English

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (0 p.)

ISBN: 0-12-803183-2

Note: Description based upon print version of record. , Front Cover -- Plant Metal Interaction: Emerging Remediation Techniques -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- About the Editor -- DR PARVAIZ AHMAD (EDITOR) -- Preface -- PLANT METAL INTERACTION: EMERGING REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES -- Acknowledgements -- 1 - ALUMINUM TOXICITY IN PLANTS: AN OVERVIEW -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. ALUMINUM TOXICITY -- 2.1 EFFECT ON LEAVES -- 2.2 EFFECTS ON SHOOTS -- 2.3 EFFECTS ON ROOTS -- 2.4 EFFECTS ON PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY -- 3. ALUMINUM UPTAKE AND TRANSPORT IN PLANTS -- 3.1 ALUMINUM ACCUMULATION IN TOLERANT PLANTS -- 3.2 ALUMINUM UPTAKE AT ROOT LEVELS -- 4. PHYTOTOXICITY OF ALUMINUM AND ITS INTERACTIONS WITH NUTRIENTS -- 4.1 ALUMINUM INTERFERENCE WITH NITRATE IONS AND AMMONIUM IONS -- 5. EFFECTS OF ALUMINUM ON GENE EXPRESSION -- 6. EFFECTS OF ALUMINUM ON PLANT METABOLISM -- 7. INTERFERENCE WITH MINERAL METABOLISM -- 7.1 CALCIUM -- 7.2 POTASSIUM -- 7.3 MAGNESIUM -- 7.4 IRON -- 7.5 NITROGEN -- 7.6 PHOSPHORUS -- 8. INTERACTION WITH CALMODULIN -- 9. EXISTENCE OF DIFFERENTIAL ALUMINUM TOLERANCE IN PLANTS -- 10. TOLERANCE MECHANISMS OF ALUMINUM -- 10.1 PH CHANGES IN ROOT ZONES AND ORGANIC ACID ANION RELEASE -- 10.2 UPTAKE AND DISTRIBUTION -- 10.3 SILICON TREATMENT -- 10.4 NITROGEN NUTRITION -- 10.5 CALCIUM NUTRITION -- 11. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS -- REFERENCES -- 2 - COPPER STRESS AND RESPONSES IN PLANTS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EXCESS COPPER IS TOXIC TO PLANTS -- 3. EFFECT OF COPPER STRESS ON PLANT GROWTH -- 4. EFFECTS OF COPPER STRESS ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS -- 4.1 ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES IN CHLOROPLASTS -- 4.2 PHOTOSYSTEM II -- 4.3 RUBISCO ACTIVITY -- 5. PROLINE METABOLISM -- 6. ANTIOXIDANT SYSTEM -- 7. SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION IN RESPONSE TO COPPER -- 7.1 SIGNAL PERCEPTION -- 7.2 STRESS SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION BY PLANT HORMONES -- 7.3 THE ROLES OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES. , 7.4 THE MAPK CASCADE -- 7.4.1 Chelating Compounds -- 7.4.2 Copper Transporters -- 7.4.2.1 COPT Copper Transporters -- 7.4.2.2 P1B-Type Heavy Metal ATPases -- 8. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS -- REFERENCES -- 3 - EFFECT OF LEAD ON PLANT AND HUMAN DNA DAMAGES AND ITS IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. MECHANISMS OF HEAVY METAL STRESS AND TOLERANCE -- 3. GENOTOXICITY OF LEAD IN LIVING ORGANISMS -- 3.1 GENOTOXIC EFFECT OF LEAD ON CROP PLANTS -- 3.2 GENOTOXIC EFFECT OF LEAD ON HUMANS -- 4. RAPID ASSESSMENT OF LEAD DAMAGE ON DNA -- 5. STIMULATING AND INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF LEAD ON CROP PLANTS AND MICROORGANISMS AND ITS POSSIBLE TOLERANCE BY THE MICROORGANISMS -- 6. IMPROVEMENT OF CROP PRODUCTION UNDER LEAD-POLLUTED AGRICULTURAL SOILS -- 7. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS -- Acknowledgement -- REFERENCES -- 4 - RESISTANCE OF PLANTS TO CU STRESS: TRANSGENESIS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. COPPER AS AN ESSENTIAL ELEMENT -- 3. TOXIC EFFECTS OF HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF COPPER -- 3.1 PLANT GROWTH UNDER CU STRESS -- 3.2 DISTURBANCE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS -- 3.3 CHANGE IN THE REDOX STATE OF CELLS -- 4. MAINTENANCE OF INTRACELLULAR CU HOMEOSTASIS -- 4.1 MAIN COMPONENTS MAINTAINING INTRACELLULAR HOMEOSTASIS OF COPPER -- 4.1.1 Metal Translocation -- 4.1.2 Binding of Cu in Plants -- 4.1.3 Complexation with Chelating Agents -- 4.1.4 Sequestration in Cell Organelles (Vacuole) and Organs (Roots) -- 5. CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSGENIC PLANTS RESISTANT TO HEAVY METALS -- 5.1 TRANSGENIC PLANTS EXPRESSING METALLOTRANSPORTER GENES -- 5.2 EXPRESSION OF PHYTOCHELATIN GENES -- 5.3 TRANSGENIC PLANTS OVEREXPRESSING ANTIOXIDATIVE GENES -- 6. EXPRESSION GENES OF COMPATIBLE OSMOLYTES -- 6.1 PROLINE'S ROLE IN PLANT RESISTANCE -- 6.2 SOLUBLE SUGARS AND PLANT RESISTANCE -- 7. TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS -- 7.1 MYB FACTORS IN PLANTS -- 7.2 PROTEIN OSMYB4 -- 8. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS. , REFERENCES -- 5 - BORON TOXICITY AND TOLERANCE IN PLANTS: RECENT ADVANCES AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1 BORON CHEMISTRY -- 1.2 BORON: SOURCE AND DISTRIBUTION -- 1.3 BORON IN SOILS -- 2. BORON IN PLANTS -- 2.1 BORON IN THE CELL WALL AND MEMBRANES -- 2.2 BORON AS SIGNAL -- 2.3 BORON UPTAKE BY ROOTS: PASSIVE AND ACTIVE MECHANISMS -- 2.3.1 Facilitated B Transport System: The Role of Aquaporin-like Channels -- 2.3.2 Boron Transporters -- 2.4 BORON MOVEMENT IN PLANTS -- 3. BORON TOXICITY IN PLANTS: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES -- 3.1 SYMPTOMS OF B TOXICITY -- 3.2 EFFECTS OF BORON EXCESS IN PLANTS -- 3.2.1 Boron and Root System -- 3.2.2 Boron and Photosynthesis Process -- 3.2.3 Boron and Antioxidant Pathways -- 3.2.4 Boron and Nitrogen Metabolism -- 3.2.5 Boron and Carbohydrate Metabolism -- 4. BORON TOLERANCE -- 4.1 EARLY CONSIDERATIONS -- 4.2 TOLERANCE MECHANISMS REVISITED -- 4.3 GENETIC VARIATION FOR B SENSITIVITY/TOLERANCE IN PLANTS -- 4.4 QTL AND ISOLATING GENES INVOLVED IN B TOLERANCE -- 5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS -- Acknowledgements -- REFERENCES -- 6 - CHROMIUM AND THE PLANT: A DANGEROUS AFFAIR? -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CHROMIUM IN THE ENVIRONMENT -- 3. SPECIATION AND AVAILABILITY OF CR(VI) AND CR(III) TO PLANTS -- 4. ABILITY OF PLANTS TO COPE WITH CR TOXICITY -- 5. INTERACTION OF PLANTS WITH CR(VI) AND CR(III): WHAT'S NEW? -- 6. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS -- Acknowledgements -- REFERENCES -- 7 - SELENIUM: AN ANTIOXIDATIVE PROTECTANT IN PLANTS UNDER STRESS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. SELENIUM IN THE ENVIRONMENT -- 3. SELENIUM UPTAKE BY PLANTS -- 4. ROLE OF SELENIUM IN PLANTS -- 4.1 GROWTH AND DRY MATTER PRODUCTION -- 4.2 SEED GERMINATION -- 4.3 DELAY IN SENESCENCE -- 4.4 ENHANCED YIELD -- 4.5 PHOTOSYNTHESIS -- 4.6 RESPIRATORY POTENTIAL -- 4.7 METABOLITE ACCUMULATION. , 4.8 DEFENSE AGAINST FUNGAL PATHOGENS AND HERBIVORE ATTACK -- 4.9 PROTECTION AGAINST OXIDATIVE STRESS -- 5. EFFECT OF SELENIUM ON THE ANTIOXIDATIVE DEFENSE SYSTEM -- 6. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS -- REFERENCES -- 8 - BRASSINOSTEROIDS ARE POTENTIAL AMELIORATORS OF HEAVY METAL STRESSES IN PLANTS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. ABIOTIC STRESSES -- 3. HEAVY METAL STRESS -- 3.1 BRS AND LEAD TOXICITY -- 3.2 BRS AND COPPER TOXICITY -- 3.3 BRS AND CHROMIUM TOXICITY -- 3.4 BRS AND BORON TOXICITY -- 3.5 BRS AND ZINC TOXICITY -- 3.6 BRS AND CADMIUM TOXICITY -- 3.7 BRS AND ALUMINUM TOXICITY -- 3.8 BRS AND NICKEL TOXICITY -- 3.9 BRS AND ARSENIC TOXICITY -- 3.10 BRS AND MANGANESE TOXICITY -- 3.11 BRS AND COBALT TOXICITY -- 3.12 BRS AND MERCURY TOXICITY -- 4. COAPPLICATION OF BRS AND OTHER COMPOUNDS UNDER HEAVY METAL STRESS -- 5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS -- REFERENCES -- 9 - PLANT METALLOTHIONEINS: CLASSIFICATION, DISTRIBUTION, FUNCTION, AND REGULATION -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. PHYTOCHELATINS -- 2.1 BIOSYNTHESIS OF PCS -- 2.2 THE OCCURRENCE OF ISO-PHYTOCHELATINS -- 3. METALLOTHIONEINS -- 4. STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF MTS -- 5. CLASSIFICATION OF MTS -- 6. TISSUE DISTRIBUTION AND CELLULAR LOCALIZATION -- 7. FUNCTIONS OF MTS -- 7.1 METAL DETOXICATION AND HOMEOSTASIS -- 7.2 REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES SCAVENGING -- 7.3 PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR AND BIOMARKER FOR TRACE METALS -- 8. TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF MTS -- 9. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS -- Acknowledgements -- REFERENCES -- 10 - RESPONSES OF PHYTOCHELATINS AND METALLOTHIONEINS IN ALLEVIATION OF HEAVY METAL STRESS IN PLANTS: AN OVERVIEW -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. PHYTOCHELATINS -- 2.1 STRUCTURE AND BIOSYNTHESIS -- 2.2 METAL TOLERANCE STRATEGIES VIA PHYTOCHELATINS -- 2.3 GENES FOR PHYTOCHELATINS/PCS: THEIR INDUCTION AND ROLE IN PLANTS -- 3. METALLOTHIONEINS -- 3.1 CLASSIFICATION AND BIOSYNTHESIS. , 3.2 METAL TOLERANCE REGULATION VIA MTS -- 4. TRANSGENIC AND MOLECULAR PROSPECTS OF PHYTOCHELATIN- AND MT-INDUCED METAL TOLERANCE IN PLANTS -- 5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS -- REFERENCES -- 11 - GLUTATHIONE AND PHYTOCHELATINS MEDIATED REDOX HOMEOSTASIS AND STRESS SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION IN PLANTS: AN INTEGRA ... -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. ASSESSMENTS OF METAL-INDUCED PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL AMENDMENTS IN HIGHER PLANTS -- 3. GSH STRUCTURE, BIOSYNTHESIS, AND FUNCTION -- 4. PC STRUCTURE, BIOSYNTHESIS, AND FUNCTION -- 5. GSH- AND PC-ASSOCIATED STRESS TOLERANCE MECHANISMS IN HIGHER PLANTS -- 6. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS -- Acknowledgements -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 12 - BIOLOGICAL REMEDIATION OF MERCURY-POLLUTED ENVIRONMENTS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF MERCURY CONTAMINATION IN SOIL: MERCURY DISTRIBUTION AND POTENTIAL BIOAVAILABILITY IN SOIL -- 3. SOIL MICROORGANISMS: ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS TOOLS -- 4. MICROORGANISMS IN MERCURY-POLLUTED SOILS -- 5. STRATEGIES OF MICROORGANISMS AGAINST MERCURY -- 5.1 MOBILIZATION PROCESSES -- 5.2 IMMOBILIZATION PROCESSES -- 6. SHORT SURVEY OF MERCURY IMPACT ON SOIL-BOUND ZOOCENOSES AND HIGHER PLANTS -- 7. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS -- Acknowledgements -- REFERENCES -- 13 - DETOXIFICATION AND TOLERANCE OF HEAVY METALS IN PLANTS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1 CHELATION OF HEAVY METALS -- 1.2 SOURCES OF HEAVY METALS -- 1.3 BIOACTIVATION OF HEAVY METALS -- 2. HEAVY METAL HYPERACCUMULATION IN PLANTS -- 3. MAJOR STEPS INVOLVED IN HYPERACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS -- 4. BIOCHEMICAL MECHANISM OF HEAVY METAL UPTAKE AND ACCUMULATION IN PLANTS -- 4.1 ARSENIC -- 4.2 CADMIUM -- 4.3 CHROMIUM -- 4.4 LEAD -- 4.5 MERCURY -- 4.6 MAJOR CONSEQUENCES OF ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS -- 5. VARIOUS CELLULAR MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN HEAVY METAL TOLERANCE -- 5.1 ORGANIC ACIDS -- 5.2 ROOT REDUCTASES. , 5.3 PHYTOCHELATINS. , English

Additional Edition: ISBN 0-12-803158-1

Language: English

UID:

Format: 1 Online-Ressource (XXXI, 619 Seiten)

ISBN: 9780128031834 , 0128031832 , 9780128031582

Note: Includes bibliographical references adn index , Plant Metal Interaction: Emerging Remediation Techniques covers different heavy metals and their effect on soils and plants, along with the remediation techniques currently available. As cultivable land is declining day-by-day as a result of increased metals in our soil and water, there is an urgent need to remediate these effects. This multi-contributed book is divided into four sections covering the whole of plant metal interactions, including heavy metals, approaches to alleviate heavy metal stress, microbial approaches to remove heavy metals, and phytoremediation

Language: English

Keywords: Biogeochemie ; Boden-Pflanze-System ; Phytoremediation ; Biotechnologie ; Umwelttechnik

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