UID:
almafu_9960161387602883
Umfang:
1 online resource (379 pages) :
,
illustrations (some color)
Ausgabe:
Third edition.
ISBN:
0-12-805252-X
,
0-12-805251-1
Anmerkung:
Front Cover -- Fundamentals of Soil Ecology -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Introduction to Soil: Historical Overview, Soil Science Basics, and the Fitness of the Soil Environment -- 1.1 Why Soil Ecology? -- 1.2 The Historical Background of Soil Ecology -- 1.3 Water as a Constituent of Soil -- 1.4 Elemental Constitution of Soil -- 1.5 How Soils Are Formed -- 1.6 Profile Development -- 1.7 Soil Texture -- 1.8 Clay Mineral Structure -- 1.9 Soil Structure -- 1.10 Soils as Suppliers of Ecosystem Services -- 1.11 Summary -- 2 Primary Production Processes in Soils: Roots and Rhizosphere Associates -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Primary Production Process -- 2.2.1 Zones of Root Growth and Activity -- 2.3 Methods of Sampling -- 2.3.1 Destructive Techniques -- 2.3.1.1 The Harvest Method -- 2.3.1.2 Isotope-Dilution Method -- 2.3.1.3 Root-Ingrowth Technique -- 2.3.1.4 Nondestructive Techniques -- 2.4 Additional Sources of Primary Production -- 2.5 Symbiotic Associates of Roots -- 2.6 Mycorrhizal Structure and Function -- 2.6.1 Commonalities between Rhizobia and Mycorrhiza for Colonizing Roots -- 2.7 Ecosystem-Level Consequences of Ectomycorrhizal Function -- 2.8 Actinorhiza -- 2.9 Carbon Allocation in the Root/Rhizosphere -- 2.10 Future Directions for Research on Roots and Mycorrhizal Function and Biodiversity -- 2.11 Summary -- 3 Secondary Production: Activities of Heterotrophic Organisms-Microbes -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Compounds Being Decomposed -- 3.3 Microbial Activities in Relation to Catabolism in Soil Systems -- 3.4 Roles of Soil Protists in Soils -- 3.5 Stocks of Carbon in Deep Soil, Faunal Influences -- 3.6 Microbial Heterogeneity and Spatial Patterns in Soils -- 3.7 Approaches for Estimating Microbial Numbers and Turnover -- 3.8 Techniques for Measuring Microbial Communities -- 3.8.1 Direct Measures of Numbers and Biomass.
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3.8.2 Indirect Measures of Biomass: Chemical Methods -- 3.8.2.1 The Chloroform Fumigation and Incubation Technique -- 3.8.2.2 Chloroform Fumigation-Extraction Procedure -- 3.8.2.3 Physiological Methods -- 3.8.2.4 Additional Physiological Methods of Measuring Microbial Activity -- 3.8.2.5 Enzyme Assays and Measures of Biological Activities in Soils -- 3.8.2.6 Direct Methods of Determining Biological Activity -- 3.9 Soil Sterilization and Partial Sterilization Techniques -- 3.10 Conceptual Models of Microbes in Soil Systems -- 3.10.1 Root-Rhizosphere Microbe Models and Experiments -- 3.10.2 Soil Aggregation Models -- 3.10.3 Models: Organism- and Process-Oriented -- 3.11 Summary -- 4 Secondary Production: Activities of Heterotrophic Organisms-The Soil Fauna -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The Microfauna -- 4.2.1 Distribution of Protozoa in Soil Profiles -- 4.2.2 Impacts of Protozoa on Ecosystem Function -- 4.3 The Mesofauna -- 4.3.1 Rotifera -- 4.3.1.1 Features of Body Plans and General Ecology -- 4.3.2 Nematoda -- 4.3.2.1 Nematode Feeding Habits -- 4.3.2.2 Nematode Zones of Activity in Soil -- 4.3.2.3 Nematode Extraction Techniques -- 4.3.3 Tardigrada -- 4.3.4 Microarthropods -- 4.3.4.1 Collembola -- Families of Collembola -- Population Growth and Reproduction -- Collembolan Feeding Habits -- Collembolan Impacts on Soil Ecosystems -- 4.3.5 Acari (Mites) -- 4.3.5.1 Oribatid Mites -- Abundance and Diversity of Oribatid Mites -- Population Growth -- Oribatid Feeding Habits -- Oribatid Impacts on Soil Ecosystems -- 4.3.5.2 Prostigmatic Mites -- 4.3.5.3 Mesostigmatic Mites -- 4.3.5.4 Astigmatine Mites -- 4.3.6 Other Microarthropods -- 4.3.6.1 Protura -- 4.3.6.2 Diplura -- 4.3.6.3 Microcoryphia -- 4.3.6.4 Pseudoscorpionida -- 4.3.6.5 Symphyla -- 4.3.6.6 Pauropoda -- 4.3.7 Enchytraeidae -- 4.4 The Macrofauna -- 4.4.1 Macroarthropods.
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4.4.1.1 Importance of the Macroarthopods -- 4.4.1.2 Isopoda -- 4.4.1.3 Diplopoda -- 4.4.1.4 Chilopoda -- 4.4.1.5 Scorpionida -- 4.4.1.6 Araneae -- Opiliones -- Solifugae -- Uropygi -- 4.4.1.7 The Pteyrgote Insects -- Coleoptera -- Hymenoptera -- Diptera -- Isoptera -- 4.4.1.8 Other Pterygota -- Gastropoda -- Sampling Techniques for Gastropods -- 4.4.2 Oligochaeta-Earthworms -- 4.4.2.1 Earthworm Distributions and Abundance -- 4.4.2.2 Biology and Ecology -- 4.4.2.3 Influence of Earthworms on Soil Processes -- 4.4.2.4 Earthworm Management -- 4.4.2.5 Earthworm Sampling and Identification -- 4.5 General Attributes of Fauna in Soil Systems -- 4.6 Faunal Feedbacks on Microbial Community Composition and Diversity -- 4.7 Summary -- 5 Decomposition and Nutrient Cycling -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Integrating Variables -- 5.3 Resource Quality, Climate, and Litter Breakdown -- 5.4 Dynamics of Litter Breakdown -- 5.5 Direct Measurement of Litter Breakdown -- 5.6 Patterns of Mass Loss During Decomposition -- 5.7 Effects of Fauna on Litter Breakdown Rates -- 5.8 Nutrient Movement During Decomposition -- 5.9 Nutrient Cycling Links in Soil Systems -- 5.10 Role of Soil Fauna in Organic Matter Dynamics and Nutrient Turnover -- 5.11 Global Change Experiments, Soil Fauna Effects on Decomposition -- 5.12 Principal Characteristics of Soil Systems Governing SOM Dynamics -- 5.13 Major Syntheses of Integrative Plant and Soil Functions -- 5.14 Faunal Impacts in Applied Ecology-Agroecosystems -- 5.15 Applied Ecology in Forested Ecosystems -- 5.16 Summary -- 6 Soil Food Webs: Detritivory and Microbivory in Soils -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Physiological Ecology of Soil Organisms -- 6.3 Energy Available for Detrital Food Chains and Webs -- 6.3.1 Arenas of Interest -- 6.4 A Hierarchical Approach to Organisms in Soils -- 6.5 Future Research Prospects -- 6.6 Summary.
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7 Soil Biodiversity and Linkages to Soil Processes -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Biodiversity in Soils and Its Impacts on Terrestrial Ecosystem Function -- 7.3 Heterogeneity of Carbon Substrates and Effects on Soil Biodiversity -- 7.4 Impacts of Species Richness on Ecosystem Function -- 7.5 Models, Microcosms, and Soil Biodiversity -- 7.6 Experimental Additions and Deletions in Soil Biodiversity Studies -- 7.7 Problems of Concern in Soil Biodiversity Studies -- 7.8 Why Is Soil Diversity So High? -- 7.9 Biogeographical Trends in Diversity of Soil Organisms -- 8 Future Developments in Soil Ecology -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Roles of Soils in Carbon Sequestration -- 8.3 Roles of Soils in the Global Carbon Cycle -- 8.4 Problems in Modeling Soil Carbon Dynamics -- 8.5 Biological Interactions in Soils and Global Change -- 8.5.1 Changes in Soil Biodiversity in Relation to Global Climate Change -- 8.6 Ecology of Invasive Species in Soil Systems: An Increasing Problem in Soil Ecology -- 8.7 Soils and "Gaia": Possible Mechanisms for Evolution of "the Fitness of the Soil Environment?" -- 8.8 Importance of Natural History Collections to Informing Global Change Studies in the Future -- 8.9 Soil Ecology in the Third Millennium -- 9 Laboratory and Field Exercises in Soil Ecology -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Root-Related Exercises -- 9.2.1 Construction of a Simple Root Observatory (i.e., a Rhizotron) -- 9.2.2 Minirhizotron Studies -- 9.2.3 Sequential Sampling of Root Cores -- 9.2.4 Root In-Growth Cores -- 9.3 Process-Related Exercises -- 9.3.1 Soil Respiration Studies -- 9.3.2 Litter Decomposition Studies -- 9.4 Soil Microbe and Protozoan Exercises -- 9.4.1 Quantifying Mycorrhizal Fungi Colonization of Roots -- 9.4.2 Analyses for Soil Microbial Biomass -- 9.4.2.1 The Chloroform-Fumigation-K2SO4-Extraction Method.
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9.4.3 Field Exercise for Soil Protozoan Activity and Biodiversity -- 9.5 Soil Fauna Exercises -- 9.5.1 Sampling and Enumeration of Nematodes -- 9.5.1.1 Nematode Extraction: Baermann Funnel Method -- 9.5.1.2 Killing and Fixing Nematodes With Hot and Cold Formalin (5%) (Precautionary Note: Conduct This Work in a Fume Hood) -- 9.5.2 Sampling and Enumeration of Microarthropods -- 9.5.2.1 Methods for the Study of Microarthropods -- 9.5.3 Sampling and Enumeration of Macroarthropods -- 9.5.4 Sampling and Enumeration of Enchytraeids -- 9.5.4.1 Collection of Enchytraeids -- 9.5.4.2 Sampling and Enumeration of Earthworms -- 9.5.4.3 Sampling Exercise for Macroinvertebrates (Earthworms and Macroarthropods) -- References -- Index -- Back Cover.
Sprache:
Englisch
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