UID:
almafu_9961089898702883
Umfang:
1 online resource (298 pages)
ISBN:
9780128115374
,
0128115378
Anmerkung:
Includes indexes.
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Front Cover -- Fuel Cells and Hydrogen: From Fundamentals to Applied Research -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Nomenclature -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1. Electrochemical Systems and Fuel Cells -- 1.2. Types of Fuel Cells and their Applications -- 1.3. Thermodynamics -- 1.3.1. Energy Conversion Efficiency of Fuel Cells -- 1.3.2. Electrochemical and Thermal Energy Conversion Efficiency -- 1.3.3. Ideal Reversible Fuel Cell Efficiencies -- 1.4. Recapitulation -- 1.5. Comprehension Questions and Exercises -- References -- Chapter 2: Irreversible Losses in Fuel Cells -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.1.1. Definition of Losses -- 2.1.2. Modeling Approach -- 2.2. Loss Mechanism -- 2.2.1. Losses at Open Circuit Conditions -- 2.2.2. Gas Solubility in Thin Liquid Films -- 2.2.3. Losses at Small Current -- 2.2.3.1. Butler-Volmer equation -- 2.2.3.2. Approximation for low overpotential: Charge transfer resistance -- 2.2.3.3. Approximation for high overpotential: Tafel equation -- 2.2.3.4. Fuel cells and stack modeling -- 2.2.3.5. Difference of using the Bulter-Volmer or Tafel equation for the polarization curve -- 2.2.4. Ohmic Resistance -- 2.2.5. Losses at High Current: Transport Limitation -- 2.2.5.1. Thickness of the diffusion barrier -- 2.2.5.2. Application to the polarization curve -- 2.3. Obtaining Model Parameters from Single Cell Experiments -- 2.3.1. Fitting Procedure -- 2.3.2. Interdependence of Model Parameters -- 2.4. Obtaining Model Parameters from Half Cell Experiments -- 2.5. Recapitulation -- 2.6. Comprehension Questions and Exercises -- References -- Chapter 3: Modeling of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells -- 3.1. Basic Principle of Fuel Cell Modeling -- 3.2. Application of the CFD Simulation in PEFC -- 3.3. Simplified Approach to Predict PEFC Performance -- 3.3.1. Generated Water.
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3.3.2. Gas Diffusion in GDL Base Material and Micro Porous Layer -- 3.3.3. Water Diffusion Through the Membrane -- 3.3.4. Electroosmosis Through the Membrane -- 3.3.5. Practical Examples -- 3.3.6. Dry Oxygen Supply -- 3.3.7. Humidified Air Supply -- 3.4. Membrane Transport Model -- 3.4.1. Governing Equations -- 3.4.2. Experimental Validation of the Model -- 3.4.3. Role of Water Diffusion and Electroosmosis in the Water Management -- 3.5. Modeling Degradation in PEFCs -- 3.6. Recapitulation -- 3.7. Comprehensive Questions and Exercises -- References -- Chapter 4: Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Components of H2/O2 PEFC Electrode Materials -- 4.3. Basic Features of Electrode Materials -- 4.4. Methods for Fabricating Electrocatalyst (Anode or Cathode) Materials -- 4.4.1. Polyol Method -- 4.4.2. Water-in-Oil Microemulsion Method -- 4.4.3. Impregnation-Reduction Process -- 4.4.4. Bromide Anion Exchange Method -- 4.4.5. Electrocatalysts Synthesized by the Instant Method -- 4.5. Polymer Electrolyte Materials -- 4.5.1. Membrane Properties -- 4.5.2. Conducting Channels and Proton Transport -- 4.5.3. Water Transport and Conductivity -- 4.6. Bipolar Plates -- 4.7. Recapitulation -- 4.8. Comprehensive Questions and Exercises -- References -- Chapter 5: Other Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells -- 5.1. High-Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells -- 5.1.1. Introduction -- 5.1.2. Electrolytes -- 5.1.3. Electrodes -- 5.2. Alkaline Fuel Cell -- 5.2.1. Introduction -- 5.2.2. Electrolytes -- 5.2.3. Electrodes -- 5.3. Direct Fuel Cells -- 5.3.1. Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells -- 5.3.1.1. Direct methanol fuel cell -- 5.3.1.2. Direct ethanol fuel cell -- 5.3.1.3. Other direct alcohol fuel cells -- 5.3.2. Direct Borohydride Fuel Cells -- 5.3.3. Direct Hydrazine Fuel Cells -- 5.4. Recapitulation -- 5.5. Comprehension Questions and Exercises.
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References -- Chapter 6: Preparation of MEA -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. The MEA and the Test-Holder -- 6.3. Electrolyte Membrane -- 6.4. Catalyst Layer -- 6.5. Ink Deposition Methods -- 6.6. Gas Diffusion Layer -- 6.7. MEA Assembling -- 6.8. Recapitulation -- 6.9. Comprehension Questions and Exercises -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 7: Degradation Mechanisms and Their Lifetime -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Polymer Membrane Lifetime -- 7.2.1. Chemical Degradation -- 7.2.2. Mechanical Degradation -- 7.3. Carbon Corrosion -- 7.4. Catalyst -- 7.5. Impurities -- 7.5.1. Anode Gas Stream -- 7.5.1.1. Carbon monoxide (CO) -- 7.5.1.2. Carbon dioxide (CO2) -- 7.5.1.3. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) -- 7.5.1.4. Ammonia (NH3) -- 7.5.2. Cathode Gas Stream -- 7.5.2.1. Nitrogen oxides (NOX) -- 7.5.2.2. Sulfur oxides (SOX) -- 7.5.2.3. Carbon oxides (COX) -- 7.5.3. Contaminations of Components -- 7.6. Costs Versus Lifetime -- 7.7. Recapitulation -- 7.8. Comprehensive Questions and Exercises -- References -- Chapter 8: Characterization Methods for Components and Materials -- 8.1. X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy -- 8.1.1. Principle -- 8.1.2. Instrumentation -- 8.1.2.1. X-ray source -- 8.1.2.2. Electron transfer lens -- 8.1.2.3. Electron energy analyzer -- 8.1.2.4. Detection systems -- 8.1.3. Chemical Shift -- 8.1.4. Spectrum Shape -- 8.1.4.1. Spin-orbit coupling -- 8.1.4.2. Shake-up satellites -- 8.1.4.3. Multiplet splitting -- 8.1.5. Quantification -- 8.1.6. Practical Features -- 8.1.6.1. Pass energy -- 8.1.6.2. Charging Effect -- 8.1.6.3. Binding energy scale reference -- 8.1.6.4. Sample preparation -- 8.2. Electron Microscopy Techniques -- 8.2.1. Scanning Electron Microscope -- 8.2.1.1. Secondary electrons -- 8.2.1.2. Backscattered electrons -- 8.2.1.3. X-rays (or X-photons) -- 8.2.2. Transmission Electron Microscope -- 8.2.3. Image Formation.
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8.2.4. Specimen Interactions and Utilization -- 8.2.4.1. Unscattered electrons -- 8.2.4.2. Elasticity scattered electrons -- 8.2.4.3. Inelastically scattered electrons -- 8.2.5. Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy -- 8.2.6. Atomic Force Microscopy -- 8.3. Raman and Infrared Spectroscopy -- 8.4. Recapitulation -- 8.5. Comprehensive Exercises -- References -- Chapter 9: Electrochemical Measurement Methods and Characterization on the Cell Level -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. Electrochemical Systems -- 9.2.1. From the Two-Electrode to the Three-Electrode System -- 9.2.2. Examples of Three-Electrode Glass Cells -- 9.3. The Reference Electrode as a Cornerstone for Electrochemical Measurements -- 9.4. Method for Cleaning Glassware for Electrochemical Measurements -- 9.5. Cyclic Voltammetry -- 9.6. Chronoamperometry and Chronopotentiometry -- 9.7. Kinetics of Reactions: ORR -- 9.7.1. General Considerations of the ORR Polarization Curve -- 9.7.2. Determination of the Electrochemically Active Surface Area -- 9.7.3. RRDE Experimental Setup: Determination of the Collection Efficiency N -- 9.7.4. Diffusion-Limited Region: The Use of Levich's Law -- 9.7.5. Kinetic Region: From the Koutecky-Levich Equation to Fundamental Data -- 9.7.6. From the Koutecky-Levich Plots to the Kinetic Current -- 9.7.7. From the Kinetic Current Densities to the Limiting Current Density -- 9.7.8. Determination of the Exchange Current Density and the Tafel Slope -- 9.7.9. From Water Formation Efficiency to the Number of Exchange Electrons -- 9.7.10. Tips for a Proper Report of ORR Results -- 9.8. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) -- 9.8.1. Graphical Representation of Impedance Spectra -- 9.8.2. Equivalent Circuits -- 9.8.3. Measurement Techniques -- 9.9. Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) -- 9.10. Recapitulation -- 9.11. Comprehension Questions and Exercises -- References.
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Chapter 10: Hydrogen Production -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.2. Carbon-Based Hydrogen Production Technologies -- 10.2.1. Steam Reforming -- 10.2.2. Partial Oxidation -- 10.2.3. Autothermal Reforming -- 10.2.4. Gasification -- 10.3. Hydrogen Upgrading and Separation Technologies -- 10.3.1. Water-Gas Shift -- 10.3.2. Adsorption -- 10.3.3. Absorption -- 10.3.4. Sorption-Enhanced Hydrogen Production -- 10.3.5. Chemical Looping (CL) -- 10.3.6. Chemical Looping Hydrogen (CLH) -- 10.3.7. Membrane Reactors -- 10.4. Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production -- 10.4.1. Introduction and Fundamentals -- 10.4.2. Alkaline Water Electrolysis (AEL) -- 10.4.3. PEM Water Electrolysis (PEMEL) -- 10.4.4. High-Temperature Solid-Oxide Water Electrolysis -- 10.4.5. Application and Integration of Electrolysis -- 10.4.6. Summary -- 10.5. Recapitulation -- 10.6. Comprehension Questions and Exercises -- References -- Chapter 11: Role of Hydrogen Energy Carriers -- 11.1. Introduction -- 11.2. Properties of Hydrogen and Hydrides -- 11.3. Hydrogen Storage -- 11.3.1. Ammonia NH3 -- 11.3.2. Toluene-Methylcyclohexane -- 11.3.3. Borohydride-Based Systems -- 11.3.4. Metals as Chemical Energy Carriers -- 11.4. Hydrogen Transportation -- 11.5. Role of Hydrogen Energy Carriers in Renewable Energy-Based Systems -- 11.6. Recapitulation -- 11.7. Comprehension Questions and Exercises -- References -- Chapter 12: Environmental Impact Factors Associated with Hydrogen Energy -- 12.1. Introduction -- 12.2. Relation of Self-Regulating Systems and Materials Circulation -- 12.3. Environmental Impact Factor -- 12.4. Local EIF of Hydrogen and Carbon in Japan -- 12.5. Future Trends -- 12.6. Recapitulation -- 12.7. Comprehension Questions and Exercises -- References -- Back Cover.
Weitere Ausg.:
ISBN 9780128114599
Weitere Ausg.:
ISBN 0128114592
Sprache:
Englisch
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