UID:
almafu_9961089888402883
Umfang:
1 online resource (608 pages) :
,
color illustrations
ISBN:
9780128114919
,
0128114916
,
9780128114902
,
0128114908
Anmerkung:
Front Cover -- Acquisition and Processing of Marine Seismic Data -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1. Underwater Acoustics -- 1.2. Marine Acoustic Methods -- 1.2.1. Bathymetric Systems -- 1.2.2. Side-Scan Sonar -- 1.2.3. Subbottom Profiler -- 1.2.4. Single Channel and Multichannel Seismics -- 1.2.5. Yesterday/Today/Future of Seismic Exploration at Sea -- 1.3. Fundamentals of Marine Seismics -- 1.3.1. Seismic Waves -- 1.3.2. Reflection From an Interface -- 1.3.3. Shot Gathers -- 1.3.4. Reflection Hyperbolas -- Chapter 2: Marine Seismic Data Acquisition -- 2.1. Components of Marine Seismic Acquisition -- 2.1.1. Seismic Vessels -- 2.1.2. Hydrophones and Streamer -- 2.1.3. Marine Seismic Energy Sources -- 2.1.4. Gun Control Systems -- 2.1.5. Streamer Depth Controllers -- 2.1.6. Seismic Recorder -- 2.1.7. Integrated Navigation System -- 2.1.8. Tail Buoys, Dilt Floats and Paravanes -- 2.1.9. Lead-in and Deck Cables -- 2.2. Air Gun Arrays -- 2.2.1. Air Gun Principles -- 2.2.2. Air Gun Bubble Effect -- 2.2.3. Ghost Reflection -- 2.2.4. Near-/Far-Field Source Signatures -- 2.2.5. Cluster/String/Array -- 2.2.6. Tuning and Array Performance -- 2.3. 3D Marine Seismic Acquisition -- 2.3.1. Acquisition Patterns -- 2.3.2. Streamer Steering -- 2.3.3. Streamer Layout -- 2.3.4. Acoustic Network -- 2.3.5. Flip-Flop Shooting -- 2.3.6. Slant Streamer Acquisition -- 2.3.7. Fan Mode Acquisition -- 2.3.8. Multiazimuth Surveys -- 2.4. Specific Acquisition Techniques -- 2.4.1. Ocean Bottom Seismic Acquisition -- 2.4.1.1. Ocean Bottom Cable -- 2.4.1.2. Ocean Bottom Seismometer -- 2.4.1.3. Ocean Bottom Nodes -- 2.4.2. Time-Lapse (4D) Seismic -- 2.4.3. Transition Zone Acquisition -- 2.4.4. P-Cable Acquisition -- 2.5. Data Acquisition Parameters -- 2.5.1. Parameters for Survey Geometry, Sources, and Receivers.
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2.5.1.1. Shot Interval -- 2.5.1.2. Streamer/Source Depth -- 2.5.1.3. Group Interval -- 2.5.1.4. Offset Distance -- 2.5.1.5. Sail Line Azimuth -- 2.5.1.6. 2D and 3D Coverage -- 2.5.1.7. Bin Size -- 2.5.1.8. Line Interval and Infill -- 2.5.1.9. Run-In and Run-Out Distances -- 2.5.1.10. Air Gun and Array Parameters -- 2.5.1.11. Tow Distance and Vessel Speed -- 2.5.2. Parameters for Data Recording -- 2.5.2.1. Record Length -- 2.5.2.2. Sampling Rate -- 2.5.2.3. Recording Filter Cut-Off Frequencies -- 2.5.2.4. Dynamic Range and Seismic Sample Format -- 2.5.2.5. Optimum Fold -- 2.6. QC in Data Acquisition -- 2.6.1. Preacquisition Instrument Tests -- 2.6.1.1. Tests for Navigation System and Components -- 2.6.1.2. Tests for Seismic System and Streamer -- 2.6.1.3. Tests for Gun Array and Components -- 2.6.2. Analysis of Seismic Data -- 2.6.3. Analysis of Navigation Data -- 2.6.4. Analysis of Seismic Source -- 2.6.5. QC Reporting -- 2.6.5.1. Mobilization Report -- 2.6.5.2. QC Reports Per-Line -- 2.6.5.3. Daily Reports -- 2.6.5.4. Weekly and Monthly Reports -- 2.6.5.5. Final Survey Report -- 2.6.5.6. HSE Report -- 2.6.5.7. Final Deliverables -- Chapter 3: Noise in Marine Seismics -- 3.1. Operational Noise -- 3.2. Bubble Effect of the Air Gun -- 3.3. Multiple Reflections -- 3.4. Swell Noise -- 3.5. Bird Noise -- 3.6. Inline Waves -- 3.6.1. Tail Buoy Noise -- 3.6.2. Mechanical Cable Noise -- 3.6.3. Direct Waves -- 3.6.4. Refracted Waves -- 3.7. Diffractions -- 3.8. Guided Waves -- 3.9. Seismic Interference -- 3.10. Other Noise Types -- 3.10.1. Powerline Harmonic Noise -- 3.10.2. Spikelike Noise -- 3.10.3. Side-Sweep -- 3.10.4. Noise From Other Marine Vehicles -- 3.10.5. Marine Mammals -- 3.10.6. Streamer Ballasts -- Chapter 4: Fundamentals of Data Processing -- 4.1. Autocorrelation -- 4.2. Crosscorrelation -- 4.3. Convolution -- 4.4. Fourier Series.
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4.5. 1D Fourier Transform -- 4.6. 2D Fourier Transform -- 4.7. z Transform -- 4.8. Hilbert Transform -- 4.9. τ-p Transform (Slant Stack) -- 4.10. Sampling Theory -- Chapter 5: Preprocessing -- 5.1. Demultiplexing -- 5.2. Data Loading -- 5.3. Single Trace Section -- 5.4. Geometry Definition -- 5.4.1. QC in Geometry Loading -- 5.5. Band-Pass Filter -- 5.5.1. Filter Operator -- 5.5.2. Band-Pass Filtering of Marine Seismic Data -- 5.5.3. Time Varying Filtering -- 5.5.4. QC in Band-Pass Filtering -- 5.6. Gain Recovery -- 5.6.1. Spherical Divergence Correction -- 5.6.2. Time Raised to a Power Correction (tP) -- 5.6.3. Automatic Gain Control -- 5.6.4. QC in Gain Recovery -- 5.7. Trace Edit -- 5.8. Muting -- 5.8.1. QC in Muting -- 5.9. f-k Dip Filters -- 5.9.1. f-k Filtering of Marine Seismic Data -- 5.9.2. QC in f-k Filtering -- 5.10. Brute Stack -- Chapter 6: Deconvolution -- 6.1. Convolutional Model -- 6.2. Assumptions for Deconvolution -- 6.2.1. Assumption 1: A Simple Earth Model -- 6.2.2. Assumption 2: Stationary Wavelet -- 6.2.3. Assumption 3: Noise Component -- 6.2.4. Assumption 4: Source Waveform -- 6.2.5. Assumption 5: Wavelet Causality -- 6.2.6. Assumption 6: Random Reflectivity -- 6.3. Spiking Deconvolution -- 6.3.1. Deconvolution With Inverse Filter -- 6.3.2. Inverse Filtering With Least Squares -- 6.3.3. Optimum Wiener Filters -- 6.3.4. Prewhitening -- 6.4. Predictive Deconvolution -- 6.5. Determination of Deconvolution Parameters -- 6.5.1. Autocorrelation Time Gate -- 6.5.2. Deconvolution Design Gate -- 6.5.3. Operator Length -- 6.5.4. Prediction Lag -- 6.6. Poststack Deconvolution -- 6.7. Maximum Entropy (Burg) Deconvolution -- 6.8. Shaping Filters -- 6.9. Surface Consistent Deconvolution -- 6.10. QC in Deconvolution -- Chapter 7: Suppression of Multiple Reflections -- 7.1. CDP Stack -- 7.2. Predictive Deconvolution.
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7.3. Deconvolution in τ-p Domain -- 7.4. Radon Velocity Filter -- 7.5. Wave Equation Multiple Rejection -- 7.6. f-k Filtering -- 7.7. Surface-Related Multiple Elimination -- 7.8. QC in Multiple Suppression -- Chapter 8: CDP Sort and Binning -- 8.1. CDP Geometry -- 8.2. CDP Fold -- 8.3. Binning in 3D -- 8.4. QC in Sort and Binning -- Chapter 9: Velocity Analysis -- 9.1. Types of Seismic Velocity -- 9.1.1. Interval Velocity (Vint) -- 9.1.2. Average Velocity (Vave) -- 9.1.3. Instantaneous Velocity (Vins) -- 9.1.4. Root-Mean-Square Velocity (VRMS) -- 9.1.5. NMO or Stacking Velocity (VNMO) -- 9.1.6. Dix Interval Velocity (VDIX) -- 9.2. Velocity Determination From Seismic Data -- 9.2.1. Constant Velocity Scan -- 9.2.2. Constant Velocity Stack -- 9.2.3. Velocity Spectra -- 9.3. Velocity Analysis in Practice -- 9.3.1. Supergather -- 9.3.2. Effect of Reflection Depth -- 9.3.3. Effect of Streamer Length -- 9.3.4. Effect of Fold Number -- 9.3.5. Effect of Multiple Reflections -- 9.3.6. Effect of Time Gate -- 9.3.7. Effect of Velocity Increment -- 9.3.8. Effect of Semblance Sample Rate -- 9.3.9. Effect of Noise -- 9.3.10. Effect of Muting -- 9.4. QC in Velocity Analysis -- Chapter 10: Normal Moveout Correction and Stacking -- 10.1. Normal Moveout Time -- 10.1.1. NMO Time for Single Horizontal Interface -- 10.1.2. NMO Time for Several Horizontal Interfaces -- 10.1.3. NMO Time for Dipping Interfaces -- 10.1.4. NMO Corrections for Long Offsets -- 10.1.5. NMO Velocity in Azimuthally Anisotropic Medium -- 10.2. NMO Stretching -- 10.3. Stacking -- 10.4. Specific Stacking Methods -- 10.4.1. Partial Stack -- 10.4.2. Median Stack -- 10.4.3. Trimmed Stack -- 10.4.4. Common Reflection Surface Stack -- 10.5. QC in NMO Correction and Stacking -- Chapter 11: Seismic Migration -- 11.1. Migration Concept -- 11.1.1. Effects of Migration -- 11.1.2. Types of Migration.
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11.2. Kirchhoff Migration -- 11.2.1. Migration Aperture -- 11.2.2. Maximum Dip Restriction -- 11.2.3. Effect of Velocity on Kirchhoff Migration -- 11.3. Finite-Difference Migration -- 11.3.1. Depth Step Size -- 11.3.2. Effect of Velocity on Finite-Difference Migration -- 11.4. Frequency-Wavenumber (f-k) Migration -- 11.4.1. Stolt Stretch Factor (W) -- 11.4.2. Effect of Velocity on f-k Migration -- 11.5. Reverse Time Migration -- 11.6. Poststack Migration -- 11.7. Prestack Migration -- 11.8. Depth Migration -- 11.9. 3D Migration -- 11.10. Dip Moveout -- 11.11. Which Migration to Use? -- 11.12. QC in Migration -- Chapter 12: Specific Methods -- 12.1. f-x Prediction Filter (f-x Decon) -- 12.2. Median Filter -- 12.3. Trace Mixing -- 12.4. Time-Variant Spectral Whitening -- 12.5. Instantaneous Attributes -- 12.6. Amplitude vs. Offset -- 12.6.1. AVO Equations -- 12.6.1.1. Zoeppritz Equations -- 12.6.1.2. Aki-Richards Approximation -- 12.6.1.3. Shuey Approximation -- 12.6.2. Intercept and Gradient -- 12.6.3. AVO Classes -- 12.6.3.1. Class I (Dim Out) AVO Anomalies -- 12.6.3.2. Class II (Phase Reversal) AVO Anomalies -- 12.6.3.3. Class III (Bright Spot) AVO Anomalies -- 12.6.3.4. Class IV AVO Anomalies -- 12.6.4. Processing Considerations for AVO -- 12.6.5. AVO Analysis -- 12.6.5.1. Partial Stack -- 12.6.5.2. Gradient Analysis -- 12.6.5.3. AVO Attributes -- 12.6.5.4. AVO Crossplots -- References -- Index -- Back Cover -- Preface.
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Englisch
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