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Umfang: 1 online resource (842 pages)

ISBN: 9780128130261 , 0128130261

Anmerkung: Front Cover -- Heavy Oil Recovery and Upgrading -- Copyright -- Contents -- About the Author -- Preface -- Part I: Recovery -- Chapter 1: Heavy Oil, Extra Heavy Oil, and Tar Sand Bitumen -- 1. Introduction -- 2. History -- 3. Origin -- 3.1. Abiogenic Origin -- 3.2. Biogenic Origin -- 4. Definitions and Terminology -- 4.1. Crude Oil -- 4.1.1. Opportunity Crude Oil -- 4.1.2. High Acid Crude Oil -- 4.1.3. Foamy Oil -- 4.2. Heavy Oil -- 4.3. Extra Heavy Oil -- 4.4. Tar Sand Bitumen -- 5. Resources and Reserves -- 5.1. Resources -- 5.2. Reserves -- 5.3. Reserve Estimation -- 6. Conclusions -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 2: Nonthermal Methods of Recovery -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Primary Recovery Methods -- 3. Secondary Recovery Methods -- 3.1. Waterflooding -- 3.2. Gas Injection -- 3.3. Cold Production -- 3.4. Pressure Pulse Technology -- 3.5. Solvent Processes -- 4. Enhanced Oil Recovery Methods -- 4.1. Alkaline Flooding -- 4.2. Surfactant Flooding -- 4.3. Carbon Dioxide Flooding -- 4.4. Nitrogen Flooding -- 4.5. Polymer Flooding -- 4.6. Micellar Flooding -- 4.7. Hydrocarbon Miscible Flooding -- 4.8. Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery -- 5. Oil Mining -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 3: Thermal Methods of Recovery -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Thermal Stimulation -- 2.1. Wellbore Heating -- 2.2. Downhole Heating -- 2.3. Hot Fluid Injection -- 3. Steam-Based Processes -- 3.1. Steam Drive -- 3.2. Cyclic Steam Injection -- 3.3. Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage -- 4. In Situ Combustion Processes -- 4.1. Forward Combustion -- 4.2. Reverse Combustion -- 4.3. The THAI Process -- 5. Comparison of Recovery Methods -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 4: Recovery of Tar Sand Bitumen -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Nonmining Methods -- 3. Mining Methods -- 3.1. Tar Sand Mining -- 3.2. Improved Mining -- 4. The Hot Water Process. , 5. Other Processes -- 5.1. The Cold Water Process -- 5.2. Solvent Extraction -- 5.3. The Sand Reduction Process -- 5.4. The Spherical Agglomeration Process -- 5.5. The Oleophilic Sieve Process -- 5.6. The Direct Heating Process -- 5.7. Hybrid Technologies -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 5: Instability and Incompatibility -- 1. Introduction -- 2. General Terminology -- 3. Instability and Incompatibility -- 4. Factors Influencing Instability-Incompatibility -- 4.1. Acidity -- 4.2. Density/Specific Gravity -- 4.3. Elemental Analysis -- 4.4. Metals Content -- 4.5. Pour Point -- 4.6. Viscosity -- 4.7. Volatility -- 4.8. Water Content, Salt Content, and Bottom Sediment/Water (BS&W) -- 5. Asphaltene Constituents and Instability-Incompatibility -- 5.1. Composition -- 5.2. Ultimate (Elemental) Composition -- 5.3. Fractional Composition -- 5.4. Instability and Incompatibility -- 6. Blending -- References -- Further Reading -- Part II: Upgrading -- Chapter 6: Upgrading During Recovery -- 1. Introduction -- 2. In Situ Upgrading -- 2.1. Steam Distillation -- 2.2. Mild Thermal Cracking -- 2.3. Partial Combustion -- 2.4. Solvent Deasphalting -- 2.5. Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery -- 3. Partial Upgrading at the Surface -- 3.1. Thermal Cracking Processes -- 3.2. Solvent Processes -- 4. Epilogue -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 7: Introduction to Upgrading Heavy Feedstocks -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Feedstock Quality -- 3. Refinery Configuration -- 3.1. Topping Refinery and Hydroskimming Refinery -- 3.2. Conversion Refinery -- 4. Upgrading -- 5. Options -- 6. Hydrogen Production -- References -- Chapter 8: Thermal Cracking Processes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. History -- 3. Visbreaking -- 4. Coking -- 4.1. Delayed Coking -- 4.2. Fluid Coking -- 4.3. Flexicoking -- 5. Other Processes -- 6. Options for Heavy Feedstocks -- 6.1. Aquaconversion Process. , 6.2. Asphalt Coking Technology Process -- 6.3. Cherry-P Process -- 6.4. Continuous Coking Process -- 6.5. ET-II Process -- 6.6. Eureka Process -- 6.7. FTC Process -- 6.8. HSC Process -- 6.9. Selective Cracking Process -- 6.10. Shell Thermal Cracking Process -- 6.11. Tervahl-T Process -- References -- Chapter 9: Catalytic Cracking Processes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Fixed-Bed Processes -- 3. Moving-Bed Processes -- 4. Fluid-Bed Processes -- 5. Process Variables -- 5.1. Feedstock Quality -- 5.2. Feedstock Preheating -- 5.3. Feedstock Pressure -- 5.4. Feedstock Conversion -- 5.5. Reactor Temperature -- 5.6. Recycle Rate -- 5.7. Space Velocity -- 5.8. Catalyst Activity -- 5.9. Catalyst/Oil Ratio -- 5.10. Regenerator Temperature -- 5.11. Regenerator Air Rate -- 5.12. Process Design -- 5.12.1. Modifications for Existing Units -- 5.12.2. Commercial Technology Changes -- 5.12.3. New Directions -- 6. Catalysts -- 6.1. Catalyst Types -- 6.2. Catalyst Manufacture -- 6.3. Catalyst Selectivity -- 6.4. Catalyst Deactivation -- 6.5. Catalyst Stripping -- 6.6. Catalyst Treatment -- 6.6.1. Demet -- 6.6.2. Met-X -- 6.7. Recent Advances -- 6.7.1. Matrix, Binder, Zeolite -- 6.7.2. Additives -- 6.7.3. Metal Traps -- 6.7.4. Low Rare Earths -- 6.7.5. Catalysts for Olefin Production -- 6.7.6. Catalysts for Jet and Diesel Production -- 6.7.7. New Directions -- 7. Options for Heavy Feedstocks -- 7.1. Asphalt Residual Treating Process -- 7.2. Residue Fluid Catalytic Cracking Process -- 7.3. Heavy Oil Treating Process -- 7.4. R2R Process -- 7.5. Reduced Crude Oil Conversion Process -- 7.6. Shell FCC Process -- 7.7. S&W Fluid Catalytic Cracking Process -- 8. Other Options -- 9. Coke Formation -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 10: Upgrading by Hydrotreating -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Process Chemistry and Parameters -- 2.1. Process Chemistry -- 2.2. Process Configuration. , 2.3. Process Reactors -- 2.3.1. Downflow Fixed-Bed Reactor -- 2.3.2. Upflow Expanded-Bed Reactor -- 2.3.3. Demetallization Reactor -- 2.4. Feedstock Effects -- 2.5. Catalysts -- 2.6. Temperature and Space Velocity -- 3. Hydrotreating Heavy Feedstocks -- 3.1. Processes -- 3.1.1. Resid Desulfurization and Vacuum Resid Desulfurization Process -- 3.1.2. Residfining Process -- 3.1.3. Other Processes -- 4. Other Options -- 4.1. Catalyst Technology -- 4.2. Bioconversion -- 4.3. Biofeedstocks -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 11: Upgrading by Hydrocracking -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Process Chemistry and Parameters -- 2.1. Chemistry -- 2.2. Process Configuration -- 2.3. Process Reactors -- 2.3.1. General Aspects -- 2.3.2. Design Improvements -- 2.4. Feedstocks and Hydrogen Requirements -- 3. Catalysts -- 4. Hydrocracking Heavy Feedstocks -- 4.1. Asphaltenic Bottom Cracking Process -- 4.2. Chevron RDS Process and VRDS Process -- 4.3. ENI Slurry Phase Technology -- 4.4. Gulf Resid Hydrodesulfurization Process -- 4.5. H-G Hydrocracking Process -- 4.6. H-Oil Process -- 4.7. HYCAR Process -- 4.8. Hyvahl-F Process -- 4.9. IFP Hydrocracking Process -- 4.10. Isocracking Process -- 4.11. LC-Fining Process -- 4.12. MAKfining Process -- 4.13. Microcat-RC Process -- 4.14. Mild Hydrocracking Process -- 4.15. MRH Process -- 4.16. RCD Unibon Process -- 4.17. Residfining Process -- 4.18. Residue Hydroconversion Process -- 4.19. Shell Residual Oil Process -- 4.20. Tervahl-H Process -- 4.21. Unicracking Process -- 4.22. Uniflex Process -- 4.23. Veba Combi-Cracking Process -- 5. Other Options -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 12: Upgrading by Solvent Treatment -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Solvent-Based Processes -- 2.1. Deasphalting Process -- 2.2. Deep Solvent Deasphalting Process -- 2.3. Demex Process -- 2.4. MDS Process -- 2.5. Solvahl Process. , 2.6. Other Options -- 2.6.1. Modified Solvent Deasphalting -- 2.6.2. Extractive Desulfurization -- 2.6.3. Desulfurization by Ionic Liquids -- 2.6.4. Moving the Boiling Point by Alkylation -- 2.6.5. Desulfurization by Selective Adsorption -- 2.6.6. Oxidative Desulfurization -- 2.6.7. Biocatalytic Desulfurization -- 3. Supercritical Extraction Process -- References -- Chapter 13: Upgrading by Gasification -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Gasification Chemistry -- 2.1. General Aspects -- 2.2. Pretreatment -- 2.3. Reactions -- 2.3.1. Primary Gasification -- 2.3.2. Secondary Gasification -- 2.3.3. Water Gas Shift Reaction -- 2.3.4. Carbon Dioxide Gasification -- 2.3.5. Hydrogasification -- 2.3.6. Methanation -- 3. Processes -- 3.1. Gasifiers -- 3.2. Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis -- 3.3. Feedstocks -- 3.4. Heavy Feedstocks -- 3.4.1. Asphalt, Tar, and Pitch -- 3.4.2. Crude Oil Coke -- 3.4.3. Coal -- 3.4.4. Biomass -- 3.4.5. Solid Waste -- 3.4.6. Black Liquor -- 4. Gasification in a Refinery -- 4.1. Gasification of Heavy Feedstocks With Coal -- 4.2. Gasification of Heavy Feedstocks With Coal -- 4.3. Gasification of Heavy Feedstocks With Biomass -- 4.4. Gasification of Heavy Feedstocks With Waste -- 5. Synthetic-Fuel Production -- 5.1. Gaseous Products -- 5.1.1. Synthesis Gas -- 5.1.2. Low Btu Gas -- 5.1.3. Medium Btu Gas -- 5.1.4. High-Btu Gas -- 5.2. Liquid Products -- 5.3. Solid Products -- 6. The Future -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 14: Upgrading by Bioconversion -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Bioconversion -- 2.1. Biodesulfurization -- 2.2. Biodenitrogenation -- 2.3. Biodemetallization -- 3. Bioconversion of Heavy Feedstocks -- 3.1. Heavy Oil, Extra Heavy Oil, and Tar Sand Bitumen -- 3.2. Asphaltene Constituents -- 4. Nanobiotechnology -- 5. The Future -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 15: Hydrogen Production -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Feedstocks. , 3. Process Chemistry.

Weitere Ausg.: ISBN 9780128130254

Weitere Ausg.: ISBN 0128130253

Sprache: Englisch