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Umfang: 1 online resource (338 pages) : , illustrations

ISBN: 9780128130551 , 0128130555

Anmerkung: Front Cover -- Badland Dynamics in the Context of Global Change -- Badland Dynamics in the Context of Global Change -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- 1 - Perspectives on Badland Studies in the Context of Global Change -- 1. INTRODUCTION: BADLANDS THROUGHOUT THE WORLD -- 2. CURRENT STUDIES OF BADLANDS: BRIEF BACKGROUND -- 3. FUTURE RESEARCH QUESTIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL CHANGE -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 2 - The Origin of Badlands -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CLIMATE DISTRIBUTION OF BADLANDS -- 3. BADLAND-SHAPING PROCESSES -- 4. BADLAND-INITIATION PATTERNS AND TRIGGERING FACTORS -- 4.1 BADLAND LITHOLOGY -- 4.2 TECTONIC FACTORS -- 4.3 CHANGES AND FLUCTUATIONS IN CLIMATE CONDITIONS -- 4.4 EXTREME RAINFALL EVENTS -- 4.5 HUMAN IMPACT -- 5. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 3 - The Role of Lithology: Parent Material Controls on Badland Development -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. MAIN BADLAND MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS -- 2.1 GRAIN SIZE -- 2.2 CLAY MINERALOGY -- 2.2.1 The Impact of Different Land Uses on Clay Dispersivity -- 2.3 CONTENT OF ORGANIC CARBON -- 2.4 SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO AND EXCHANGEABLE SODIUM PERCENTAGE -- 2.5 PHYSICAL MATERIAL PROPERTIES -- 2.6 RELATION OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL MATERIAL PROPERTIES -- 3. INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE ON MATERIAL BEHAVIOUR -- 3.1 ARID REGIONS -- 3.2 SEMIARID REGIONS -- 3.3 SUBHUMID REGIONS -- 3.4 HUMID REGIONS -- 3.5 THE ROLE OF SLOPE ASPECT -- 3.6 TEMPORAL EVOLUTION OF MATERIAL PROPERTIES -- 4. WEATHERING PROFILES AND STABILIZATION OF BADLAND MATERIALS -- 4.1 WEATHERING PROFILES ON BADLAND MATERIALS -- 4.1.1 Case Study 1: Dinosaur Park Badlands, Canada -- 4.1.2 Case Study 2: Upper Orcia Valley (Italy) -- 4.2 NATURAL GEOSTABILIZATION OF BADLAND MATERIAL -- 5. THE EFFECT OF MATERIAL PROPERTIES ON BADLAND SLOPE DENUDATION PROCESSES -- 5.1 RILL AND GULLY DEVELOPMENT. , 5.2 CONNECTIVITY AND RILL EVOLUTION -- 5.3 RILLS AND TECTONICS -- 5.4 PIPING INITIATION -- 5.5 CALANCHI AND BIANCANE -- 5.6 LANDSLIDING -- 6. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 4 - Badlands and the Dynamics of Human History, Land Use, and Vegetation Through Centuries -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. THE STUDY SITE -- 2.1 BIANCANA BADLANDS: A FIELD LABORATORY -- 2.2 PRESENT VEGETATION -- 2.2.1 Remnants of Biancana Badlands Are Small Islands in an Agricultural Landscape in Need of Restoration -- 2.2.2 Vegetation Succession -- 2.3 SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT AND BIANCANA BADLAND GENERATION -- 2.4 SEDIMENTATION RATE AT THE DELTA OF THE OMBRONE RIVER -- 2.5 CLIMATE -- 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS -- 3.1 PLANT SPECIES FUNCTIONAL TRAITS -- 3.2 DENUDATION RATE IN THE LEONINA BADLANDS -- 3.3 POPULATION ESTIMATION -- 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 4.1 INTERACTION BETWEEN VEGETATION AND SOIL/SEDIMENT: HOW EROSION IS LIMITED BY PLANT -- 4.1.1 Plant Functional Traits -- 4.2 ESTIMATING THE DENUDATION RATE OF THE LEONINA BIANCANAS -- 4.3 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE LOCAL LANDSCAPE OF THE LEONINA BADLANDS -- 5. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 5 - Runoff Generation in Badlands -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. FIELD OBSERVATIONS OF RUNOFF RATES AT DIFFERENT SCALES UNDER CONTRASTED CLIMATES AND LITHOLOGY CONDITIONS -- 3. MECHANISMS OF RUNOFF GENERATION AND TIME- AND SCALE-DEPENDENT DRIVERS -- 3.1 TIME- AND SCALE-DEPENDENT DRIVERS -- 3.1.1 Plot Scale Drivers -- 3.1.1.1 Soil Surface Processes and Dynamics: Crusting, Shrinking-Swelling and Frost-Thaw Cycles -- 3.1.1.2 Soil Surface Components -- 3.1.1.3 Subsurface Drivers -- 3.1.2 Hillslope Scale Drivers -- 3.1.3 Catchment Scale Drivers -- 3.2 REVISITING THE RESPONSES OF BADLANDS TO RAINFALL: INFILTRATION EXCESS OVERLAND FLOW -- PARTIAL AREA INFILTRATION EXCESS -- SATUR... -- 4. GLOBAL CHANGE IMPACTS ON BADLAND RUNOFF. , 4.1 MIDLATITUDE ARID AND SEMIARID AND SUBTROPICAL BADLANDS -- 4.2 HUMID BADLANDS FROM MIDLATITUDES CONTINENTAL AND MOUNTAIN AREAS AND TROPICAL BADLANDS -- 5. RESEARCH GAPS AND FUTURE RESEARCH -- 6. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 6 - The Role of Piping in the Development of Badlands -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. PREDISPOSING FACTORS (TABLE 6.2) -- 2.1 HIGH SAR (SODIUM ABSORPTION RATIO) -- 2.2 DOUBLE-LAYER CLAYS -- 2.2.1 The Percentage of Double-Layer Clays in the Material Structure -- 2.3 A HYDRAULIC GRADIENT TO AN OUTFALL -- 2.3.1 Hydraulic Gradients in Rejuvenating Landscapes With Incision -- 2.3.2 Mass Movement Failure Surfaces and Hydraulic Gradients -- 2.3.3 Infiltrating Surface and Presence of Vegetation -- 2.4 THE ROLE OF MANAGEMENT -- 2.4.1 Hydraulic Gradients in Reworked Material -- 2.4.2 Gradient Controls on Reworked Sites -- 3. CHARACTERISTICS OF BADLANDS PRONE TO PIPING -- 3.1 SMALL SCALE -- 3.1.1 Nondispersive Crusts -- 3.1.2 Discontinuous Rills Developing in Subcrust Positions With Semicircular Cross Sections and Bridges -- 3.2 MEDIUM SCALE -- 3.2.1 Roof Collapse Features -- Larger Bridges, Hammerhead Gully Forms -- and 'Slot' Cross Sections -- 3.2.2 A 'Double-Decker' Process Suite -- 3.2.3 Process Complexity/Cyclicity -- 3.2.4 Sections of the Landscape Stabilized by Mass Movements Into or Below the Pipes -- 3.3 LARGER SCALE -- 3.3.1 Bank Gullies -- 3.3.2 Major Depressions -- 4. PIPING, GEOSTABILIZATION, CONNECTIVITY AND TIME IN BADLANDS -- 4.1 POSSIBILITY OF STABILIZATION IN DISCONNECTING ('OLD AGE') SYSTEMS -- 5. REMEDIATION OF MATERIALS PRONE TO PIPING -- 6. IMPLICATIONS OF DISPERSIVITY FOR BADLAND STUDIES -- REFERENCES -- 7 - Rethinking Spatial and Temporal Variability of Erosion in Badlands -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. METHODS FOR MEASURING BADLANDS -- 3. FACTORS AFFECTING EROSION IN BADLANDS. , 4. SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF EROSION IN DRY AND HUMID BADLANDS -- 5. TEMPORAL VARIABILITY OF EROSION IN BADLANDS -- 6. EROSION PROCESSES IN BADLANDS: SMALL-SCALE SPATIAL VARIABILITY -- 7. SEDIMENT YIELD AND CONNECTIVITY IN EXPERIMENTAL BADLANDS CATCHMENTS -- 8. HOW CAN WE LIMIT SEDIMENT YIELD FROM BADLANDS? -- 9. BADLANDS EROSION AND GLOBAL CHANGE -- 10. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 8 - Assessing Badland Sediment Sources Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles -- 1. MAPPING BADLANDS -- 2. STUDY SITE, DATA ACQUISITION AND DIGITAL TERRAIN MODEL GENERATION -- 2.1 STUDY SITE -- 2.2 DATA ACQUISITION -- 2.2.1 Camera and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Settings -- 2.2.2 Ground Control -- 2.3 IMAGE PROCESSING -- 2.4 IMAGE ANALYSIS -- 2.4.1 Identification of Potential Sediment Sources and Sinks -- 2.4.2 Area and Volume Estimation -- 3. RESULTS -- 3.1 UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES IMAGERY AND QUALITY -- 3.1.1 High-Resolution Orthomosaic -- 3.1.2 High-Resolution Digital Terrain Models -- 3.2 IMAGE ANALYSIS/AREA AND VOLUME ESTIMATION -- 3.2.1 Reservoir Storage Capacity -- 3.2.2 Badland Volumes and Spatial Extent of Eroding Areas -- 4. DISCUSSION -- 4.1 COMPARISON OF INTERPOLATED AND UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE-ACQUIRED DIGITAL TERRAIN MODEL -- 4.2 IMAGE QUALITY -- 4.3 CAN UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES BE USED TO IDENTIFY BADLANDS AS SEDIMENT SOURCES? -- 4.4 CAN UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES BE USED TO QUANTIFY SEDIMENT SOURCES? -- 4.5 CAN UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES BE USED TO IDENTIFY AND QUANTIFY SEDIMENT SINKS? -- 4.6 SEDIMENT VOLUME BALANCE -- 5. CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 9 - Geotouristic Value of Badlands -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. STUDY AREAS AND THEIR SCIENTIFIC VALUE -- 3. BADLANDS AS TOURISTIC AND GEOTOURISTIC DESTINATIONS -- 4. BADLANDS AND GEOTOURISM -- 5. THREATS TO THE GEOTOURISTIC VALUES OF BADLANDS -- 6. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Index -- A -- B. , C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Back Cover.

Weitere Ausg.: ISBN 9780128130544

Weitere Ausg.: ISBN 0128130547

Sprache: Englisch