UID:
almafu_9959158488402883
Umfang:
1 online resource (394 pages)
ISBN:
9780128131985
,
0128131985
Inhalt:
Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology is a comprehensive look into the often overlooked and underappreciated fundamental sex differences between men and women and how those differences affect the cardiovascular system. It covers cardiovascular function, anatomy, cell signaling and the development of pathology. With contributions from world-renowned research investigators, this up-to-date reference compiles critical knowledge on cardiovascular sex differences, providing researchers and clinicians with a better understanding of the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases in both men and women.--
Anmerkung:
Front Cover -- Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Introduction to Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Physiology -- References -- Part I: Sex Steroid Receptors -- Chapter 1: Androgens and Cardiovascular Diseases in Women -- Introduction -- Androgens and Cardiovascular Disease in Women -- Androgens and Blood Pressure Regulation in Women -- The Hyperandrogenemic Female Rat, a Model of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome -- The Aging Female Spontaneously Hypertensive Female Rat (PMR) -- Mechanisms by Which Androgens Can Increase BP in Women -- Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System -- Endothelin System -- Sympathetic Nervous System -- 20-HETE -- Oxidative stress -- Androgens and Obesity in Women -- Androgens and Androgen Receptor Action in Women -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 2: Estrogen Receptor Signaling and Cardiovascular Function -- Introduction -- Estrogen Receptors -- Vascular Effects of Estrogen -- Atherosclerosis -- Cardiac Effects of Estrogens -- Estrogen and the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) -- Hormone Replacement and Cardiovascular Health -- References -- Chapter 3: The Protective Role of Estrogen and Brain Estrogen Receptors in the Pathogenesis of Hypertension -- Introduction -- The Neural Control of BP and Estrogen Receptors in the CNS -- Estrogen Actions and Neurally Mediated Protection Against Hypertension -- The Sympathetic Nervous System -- Estrogen, Sex, and the Baroreceptor Reflex -- ER in CNS Sites and the Protective Actions of Estrogen -- SFO -- AP -- NTS -- PVN -- RVLM -- Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Estrogen Action in the Brain and Protection Against Hypertension -- Oxidase Stress and Nitric Oxide System in the CNS -- Interactions Between Estrogen and RAAS Antihypertensive Axis in the CNS.
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Role of Estrogen in Protection against Sensitization of ANG II Hypertension -- Summary and Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4: Sex Differences in Cerebral Ischemia -- Sex Differences in Clinical Stroke -- Sex and Ischemic Stroke Incidence and Prevalence -- Sex and Ischemic Stroke Mortality -- Sex and Ischemic Stroke Morbidity -- Potential Mediators of Sex Differences in Stroke Outcome -- Age -- Cardiovascular Risk Factors -- Stroke Subtype -- Stroke Symptoms -- Stroke Care -- Sex Differences in Stroke Risk Factors -- Unique Stroke Risk Factors -- Oral Contraceptive Pills (OCP) -- Pregnancy -- Early Menopause -- Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) -- Androgens -- Shared Stroke Risk Factors -- Atrial Fibrillation -- Migraine -- Depression -- Cellular Mechanisms of Sex Differences in Ischemic Stroke -- Considering Sex Differences in Clinical Stroke Trials -- Sex in Experimental Modes of Ischemic Stroke -- In Vitro -- In Vivo -- Pathophysiology of Cerebral Ischemia -- Sex Differences in Mitochondrial Metabolism -- Sex Differences in Cell Death After Stroke -- Sex Differences in Endothelial Cell and Astrocyte Function After Cerebral Ischemia -- Sex Differences in Inflammation After Cerebral Ischemia -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part II: Sex Differences in Hypertension -- Chapter 5: Sex Differences in the Central Control of Sodium Appetite and Blood Pressure -- Introduction -- Sodium Appetite in Females Versus Males -- Historical Perspective -- Sex Differences -- Sodium Appetite Across Reproductive Lifespan -- Animal Models -- The Neuroanatomical Substrates for Salt Sensing -- Cellular Mechanisms of Salt Sensing -- Mineralocorticoids and Salt Sensing -- Unanswered Questions and Future Studies -- Funding -- References.
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Chapter 6: Sex Differences in the Role of the Angiotensin Type 2 Receptor in the Regulation of Blood Pressure -- Introduction -- Hypertension as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease -- Sex Differences in Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Disease -- The AT2 Receptor-A Component of the RAAS -- Classic RAAS Pathways -- Discovery, DNA Sequencing, and Molecular Structure of the AT2 Receptor -- Discovery -- DNA Sequencing -- X Chromosome-Gene Dosage -- Modulation of AT2 Receptor Transcription -- Molecular Structure -- Endogenous Agonists and Pharmacological Tools Targeting the AT2 Receptor -- AngII -- AngIII -- Ang 1-7 -- Compound 21 -- Beta-Amino Acid Substituted Angiotensin Peptides -- AT2 Receptor Expression, Signal Transduction, and Function -- Tissue Expression and Localization -- Vasculature -- Heart -- Brain -- Kidney and Adrenal Cortex -- Reproductive Tissue -- AT2 Receptor Signal Transduction -- Sex Differences in AT2 Receptor Arterial Pressure Regulation -- Renal and Vascular Actions of the AT2 Receptor -- Renin -- Renal Hemodynamics and Pressure Natriuresis -- Hypertension -- Effect of Age and Postmenopausal Hypertension -- Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension -- Normotensive Pregnancy -- Hypertensive Pregnancy -- Role for the AT2 Receptor in the Vascular Adaptations to Pregnancy -- AT2 Receptor Expression is Enhanced in Pregnancy -- Endothelial Dysfunction in Hypertensive Pregnancy -- Impact of Preeclampsia on Cardiovascular Health in Later Life -- Concluding Statement -- References -- Chapter 7: Regulation of Postmenopausal Hypertension -- Postmenopausal Disease Risk -- Experimental Models of Menopause -- Aged Rodent Models -- Ovariectomy Model of Menopause -- VCD Model of Menopause -- Regulation of Postmenopausal Hypertension -- Changes in Hormonal Signaling -- Central Mechanisms of Postmenopausal Hypertension.
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Vascular Mechanisms of Postmenopausal Hypertension -- Impact of Menopause on Vascular Function -- Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System -- Endothelin System -- Oxidative Stress -- Renal Mechanisms of Postmenopausal Hypertension -- Immune Mechanisms of Pre- and Postmenopausal Hypertension -- Role of Immune Mechanisms in Premenopausal Female Resistance to Hypertension -- Role of Immune Mechanisms in Postmenopausal Female Hypertension -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part III: Preeclampsia and Long-Term Consequences -- Chapter 8: Preeclampsia-Spectrum Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy: Gestational Hypertension, Preeclampsia, Eclampsia, ... -- Introduction -- Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology -- Risk Factors for Preeclampsia -- Prevention -- Classification of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy -- Preeclampsia-Eclampsia -- sFlt-1/PlGF Ratio -- Treatment Considerations: Preeclampsia Without Severe Features -- Treatment Considerations: Preeclampsia With Severe Features -- Treatment Considerations -- Treatment Considerations -- Chronic Hypertension -- Treatment Considerations -- Chronic Hypertension With Superimposed Preeclampsia -- Treatment Considerations -- Gestational Hypertension -- Treatment Considerations -- Labor and Delivery -- Postpartum -- Perinatal Considerations -- Differential Diagnosis -- Long-Term Cardiovascular Consequences -- References -- Chapter 9: Preeclampsia: Cardiovascular and Renal Risks During and After Pregnancy -- Introduction -- Physiologic Changes During Pregnancy -- Pathogenesis of Preeclampsia -- Cardiovascular Changes During Preeclampsia -- Cardiovascular Risk After Pregnancy -- Renal Risk During Pregnancy -- Renal Risk Postpregnancy -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: The Cerebral Circulation During Pregnancy and Preeclampsia -- Introduction.
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Neuroimaging Techniques and Neuroradiological Pathologies During Hypertensive Pregnancies -- Pathophysiological Changes to the Cerebrovasculature During Hypertensive Pregnancies -- Preeclampsia -- Eclampsia -- Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome -- HELLP Syndrome -- Intracranial Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, and Stroke -- Cerebral Autoregulation -- The Role of the Vascular Endothelium and the Blood-Brain Barrier -- Circulating Factors During Pregnancy and Their Potential Effects on the Cerebrovasculature -- Circulating Factors -- CD4+ T Cells -- Sex Hormones -- Therapeutics -- Long-Term Changes to the Cerebral Circulation -- Conclusion -- References -- Part IV: Role of Sex and Atherosclerosis -- Chapter 11: Sex Differences and the Role of the Renin-Angiotensin System in Atherosclerosis and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms -- Sexual Dimorphism of the Renin-Angiotensin System in Cardiovascular Diseases -- Angiotensinogen -- Renin, Prorenin, and Prorenin Receptor -- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme -- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 -- Angiotensin Receptors (Agtr1, Agtr2, and MasR) -- Angiotensin-Degrading Aminopeptidases -- Sexual Dimorphism of Atherosclerosis: Relationship to the RAS -- Sexual Dimorphism of Human AAAs: Relationship to the RAS -- Sexual Dimorphism of Experimental AAAs: Relationship to the RAS -- Future Work -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 12: Sex Differences in Coronary Artery Disease -- Prevalence and Awareness -- Risk Factors -- Cigarette Smoking -- Diabetes -- Obesity -- Hypertension -- Dyslipidemia -- Race/Ethnicity -- Depression and Other Psychosocial Risk Factors -- Risk Factors Unique to Women -- Gestational Diabetes -- Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension and Preeclampsia -- Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome -- Risk Assessment -- Pathophysiology -- Clinical Presentation -- Diagnostic Evaluation -- Noninvasive Imaging.
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Biomarkers.
Weitere Ausg.:
ISBN 9780128131978
Weitere Ausg.:
ISBN 0128131977
Sprache:
Englisch
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