UID:
almahu_9949984431502882
Umfang:
1 online resource (248 pages)
Ausgabe:
First edition.
ISBN:
9780443152368
Serie:
European Federation of Corrosion (EFC) Series ; Volume 72
Inhalt:
This book, 'Corrosion Management of Seawater Cooling Systems', is a comprehensive guide focused on the prevention and management of corrosion in seawater cooling systems. Edited by Francois Ropital and Valerie Surbled, it is part of the European Federation of Corrosion Publications series. It addresses various forms of corrosion affecting seawater heat exchanger systems, including uniform, pitting, crevice, and galvanic corrosion, among others. The book also covers the challenges of fouling and biofouling in these systems, and discusses strategies for using corrosion and scale inhibitors. Additionally, it explores materials selection, corrosion protection techniques, and best practices for operation, cleaning, and maintenance. Designed for engineers, scientists, and technicians in the field of corrosion management, the book serves as a valuable resource for understanding and improving the reliability and efficiency of seawater cooling systems.
Anmerkung:
Front Cover -- Corrosion Management of Seawater Cooling Systems -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of contributors -- European Federation of Corrosion publications: Series introduction -- Volumes in the EFC Series List -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Main seawater heat exchanger systems -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Notions of heat transfer -- 2.3 Shell and tube heat exchangers -- 2.3.1 Construction codes -- 2.3.2 Design of shell-and-tube exchangers -- 2.3.3 Allocation of streams in shell-and-tube exchangers -- 2.4 Surface steam condensers -- 2.4.1 Standards -- 2.4.2 Design and technical characteristics -- 2.4.2.1 Shell -- 2.4.2.2 Vacuum system -- 2.4.2.3 Tube sheets -- 2.4.2.4 Tubes -- 2.4.2.5 Water boxes -- 2.4.2.6 Cathodic protection -- 2.5 Seawater desalination heaters and evaporators -- 2.5.1 Principle -- 2.5.2 Design and material characteristics -- 2.5.2.1 Evaporator cells -- 2.5.2.2 Condenser and preheaters -- 2.5.2.3 Vacuum system condensers -- 2.5.2.4 Ejectors -- 2.6 Open racks vaporizers -- 2.7 Plate and frame heat exchangers -- 2.7.1 Introduction -- 2.7.2 Design and operation of reliable plate heat exchangers for use on seawater services -- 2.7.2.1 Heat exchanger design -- 2.7.2.2 Pressing depth -- 2.7.2.3 Seawater temperature -- 2.7.2.4 Wall shear (shear stress) -- 2.7.2.5 Designing and specifying for recommended wall shear -- 2.7.2.6 Fouling factor -- 2.8 Troubleshooting -- 2.8.1 Fouling -- 2.8.2 Biofouling and macrofouling -- 2.8.3 Corrosion-erosion and erosion -- 2.8.4 Scaling -- References -- 3 Seawater environment: aggressivity, living organisms, deposits and scale formation, pretreatment -- 3.1 Seawater composition -- 3.1.1 Salinity and total dissolved solids -- 3.1.2 Seawater temperature -- 3.1.3 Dissolved oxygen -- 3.1.4 Ammonia and hydrogen sulfide -- 3.1.5 Seawater organic matters -- 3.1.5.1 Seawater suspended solids.
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3.1.5.2 Seawater organisms -- 3.1.6 Polluted seawater -- 3.1.7 pH -- 3.2 Physical factors -- 3.2.1 Once-through cooling systems -- 3.2.2 Recirculating cooling systems -- 3.3 Difference between freshwater and seawater for cooling water systems -- 3.3.1 pH and alkalinity -- 3.3.2 Seawater impact on cooling performance -- 3.3.2.1 Thermal performance -- 3.3.2.2 Salt concentration -- 3.3.2.3 Salt emission (drift) -- 3.3.2.4 Additional design considerations -- References -- 4 Different forms of corrosion in seawater heat exchanger systems -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Uniform or "general corrosion" -- 4.3 Pitting corrosion -- 4.4 Galvanic corrosion -- 4.5 Crevice corrosion -- 4.6 Intergranular corrosion -- 4.7 Selective corrosion -- 4.8 Corrosion-erosion or impingement attack -- 4.9 Stress corrosion cracking -- 4.10 Corrosion fatigue -- 4.11 Microbiologically induced corrosion -- References -- 5 Seawater fouling and biofouling -- 5.1 Seawater heat exchanger fouling control -- 5.2 Seawater biofouling control -- 5.3 Seawater biocide treatment for cooling systems -- 5.3.1 Oxidizing biocides -- 5.3.2 Chlorine gas -- 5.3.3 Hypochlorous acid -- 5.3.4 Sodium hypochlorite -- 5.3.5 Chlorine dioxide -- 5.3.5.1 Electrochlorination -- 5.3.6 Nonoxidizing biocides -- 5.4 Macrofouling control -- 5.4.1 Oxidizing treatment -- 5.4.2 Aliphatic amine treatment -- 5.4.3 Nonoxidizing biocides -- References -- 6 Corrosion and scale inhibitors in seawater heat exchangers -- 6.1 Main deposits in seawater heat exchangers: once-through and recirculated systems -- 6.2 Main antiscalants -- 6.2.1 Hardness stabilizers and dispersants -- 6.2.2 Mechanism of hardness stabilization -- 6.2.2.1 Mechanism of dispersion -- 6.2.2.2 Phosphonic acids and phosphonates -- 6.2.2.3 Organic polyelectrolytes -- 6.3 Corrosion inhibitors -- 6.3.1 Monophosphate -- 6.3.2 Polyphosphates.
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6.3.3 Phosphonic acids and phosphonates -- 6.3.4 Molybdate -- 6.3.5 Filming inhibitors -- 6.3.5.1 Filming amines -- 6.3.5.2 Copper inhibitors -- Azole inhibitors -- Ferrous sulfate -- 6.4 Adapting the treatment to the type of cooling system -- 6.4.1 Recirculating systems with open evaporative cooling towers -- 6.4.1.1 Filtration -- 6.4.1.2 Blowdown -- 6.4.1.3 Antiscalants -- 6.4.2 Once-through cooling systems -- 6.5 Selected lectures -- References -- 7 Materials selection -- 7.1 Carbon steels -- 7.1.1 Steels standardization and designation -- 7.1.2 General properties of carbon steel and low-alloyed steels -- 7.1.2.1 Carbon steel -- 7.1.2.2 Cast irons -- 7.1.3 Corrosion behavior of carbon steel and low-alloyed steels in seawater -- 7.2 Stainless steels -- 7.2.1 General properties of stainless steels -- 7.2.2 Handling of stainless steel, general recommendations -- 7.2.3 Welding of stainless steel, general recommendations -- 7.2.4 General guidelines for the use of stainless steel for seawater service -- 7.2.4.1 Ferritic stainless steels -- 7.2.4.2 Austenitic stainless steels and highly alloyed stainless steels -- 7.2.4.3 Duplex stainless steels -- 7.2.4.4 Lean duplex stainless steels -- 7.2.4.5 Duplex stainless steels -- 7.2.4.6 Super and hyper duplex stainless steels -- 7.2.5 Corrosion behavior of stainless steels in seawater heat exchangers -- 7.3 Nickel and nickel-based alloys -- 7.3.1 General properties of nickel and nickel-based alloys -- 7.3.2 Corrosion behavior of Ni-based alloys in seawater heat exchangers -- 7.4 Copper and copper alloys -- 7.4.1 General properties of copper and copper alloys -- 7.4.2 Copper and copper alloy characteristics -- 7.4.2.1 Copper -- 7.4.2.2 Bronzes -- 7.4.2.3 Aluminum bronzes -- 7.4.2.4 Other bronzes -- 7.4.2.5 Brasses -- 7.4.3 Copper-nickel alloys -- 7.4.4 Nickel-copper alloys.
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7.4.5 Corrosion behavior of copper-based alloys in seawater exchangers -- 7.5 Aluminum alloys -- 7.5.1 Industrial branches concerned -- 7.5.1.1 Desalination of seawater -- 7.5.1.2 LNG vaporization -- 7.5.1.3 Other applications -- 7.5.2 Classification of aluminum alloys -- 7.5.3 Role of alloying elements -- 7.5.4 Treatments of aluminum alloys -- 7.5.4.1 Heat treatments of aluminum alloys -- 7.5.4.2 Surface treatments of aluminum alloys -- 7.5.5 Corrosion of aluminum alloys -- 7.5.5.1 Uniform corrosion -- 7.5.5.2 Pitting corrosion -- 7.5.5.3 Crevice corrosion -- 7.5.5.4 Transgranular and intergranular corrosion -- 7.5.5.5 Exfoliation corrosion -- 7.5.5.6 Stress cracking corrosion -- 7.5.5.7 Hydrogen embrittlement -- 7.5.5.8 Bimetallic corrosion -- 7.5.5.9 Water line corrosion -- 7.5.5.10 Influence of pollutants -- 7.5.6 Solutions for heat exchangers in seawater services -- 7.5.7 Aluminum alloys -- 7.5.7.1 Cladded aluminum alloys -- 7.5.7.2 Zinc-aluminum-coated aluminum alloys -- 7.5.7.3 Surface-treated aluminum alloys -- 7.6 Titanium commercially pure and titanium alloys -- 7.6.1 General properties of titanium commercially pure and titanium alloys -- 7.6.2 Titanium commercially pure and titanium alloys for seawater applications -- 7.6.3 Titanium commercially pure and titanium commercially pure modified -- 7.6.4 Alpha and near-alpha titanium alloys -- 7.6.5 Alpha-beta titanium alloys -- 7.6.6 Near beta and beta titanium alloys -- 7.6.7 Corrosion resistance of titanium commercially pure and titanium alloys in seawater -- 7.6.7.1 Localized corrosion, pitting, and crevice corrosion -- 7.6.7.2 Erosion, erosion-corrosion -- 7.6.7.3 Stress corrosion cracking -- 7.6.7.4 Galvanic corrosion -- 7.6.7.5 Fatigue -- 7.6.7.6 Corrosion in specific offshore environments -- References -- 8 Corrosion protection -- 8.1 Introduction.
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8.2 Principles of corrosion protection for seawater heat exchangers -- 8.3 Material selection to avoid galvanic corrosion -- 8.4 Coating protection -- 8.4.1 Coating types and uses -- 8.4.2 Tube internal coatings -- 8.4.3 Coatings for tube sheets -- 8.4.4 Coatings for water boxes/channels -- 8.4.5 Coating applications -- 8.5 Cathodic protection systems -- 8.5.1 Introduction -- 8.5.2 Galvanic anodes -- 8.5.3 Impressed current cathodic protection -- 8.5.4 Application of cathodic protection to heat exchanger -- 8.5.5 Maintenance and monitoring -- References -- 9 Commissioning, operation cleaning and maintenance -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Preparation of exchangers -- 9.2.1 Cleaning and preservation prior long period storage -- 9.3 Commissioning -- 9.3.1 Passivation prior operation -- 9.3.1.1 Drain and drying -- 9.3.1.2 Passivation following long-term shutdowns -- 9.3.1.3 Ferrous sulfate treatment and other treatments -- 9.4 Operations -- 9.4.1 Biological fouling prevention -- 9.4.2 In-service cleaning -- 9.4.2.1 Port filter -- 9.4.2.2 Self-cleaning filter-continuous process filter, backflushing -- 9.4.2.3 Ball circulation systems -- 9.4.2.4 Modification of the state of the boundary layer -- Flux enhancement by use of inserts -- Operating principle -- Types of inserts -- Acoustic surface vibration -- Magnetic treatment -- 9.5 Maintenance -- 9.5.1 Preventive maintenance -- 9.5.2 Curative maintenance -- 9.5.2.1 Tube cleaning -- Mechanical cleaning -- Brushes -- Metal blades -- Scrapers -- Pneumatic cleaning -- Pneumatic dry cleaning -- Pneumatic wet cleaning -- Low-pressure hydrostatic cleaning -- Hydraulic cleaning -- Tube unclogging -- Chemical cleaning -- Thermal cleaning -- Steam cleaning -- 9.5.2.2 Plate heat exchanger cleaning -- Chemical clean-in-place -- Dry ice blasting and abrasive dry ice cleaning -- 9.5.2.3 Other cleaning techniques.
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9.5.2.4 Tube plugging techniques for exchangers.
Weitere Ausg.:
Print version: Ropital, Francois Corrosion Management of Seawater Cooling Systems San Diego : Elsevier Science & Technology,c2024 ISBN 9780443152351
Sprache:
Englisch
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