UID:
edocfu_9958352460202883
Format:
1 online resource
ISBN:
9780812200799
Series Statement:
The Middle Ages Series
Content:
According to the received history, the Cistercian order was founded in Cîteaux, France, in 1098 by a group of Benedictine monks who wished for a stricter community. They sought a monastic life that called for extreme asceticism, rejection of feudal revenues, and manual labor for monks. Their third leader, Stephen Harding, issued a constitution, the Carta Caritatis, that called for the uniformity of custom in all Cistercian monasteries and the establishment of an annual general chapter meeting at Cîteaux.The Cistercian order grew phenomenally in the mid-twelfth century, reaching beyond France to Portugal in the west, Sweden in the north, and the eastern Mediterranean, ostensibly through a process of apostolic gestation, whereby members of a motherhouse would go forth to establish a new house. The abbey at Clairvaux, founded by Bernard in 1115, was alone responsible for founding 68 of the 338 Cistercian abbeys in existence by 1153. But this well-established view of a centrally organized order whose founders envisioned the shape and form of a religious order at its prime is not borne out in the historical record.Through an investigation of early Cistercian documents, Constance Hoffman Berman proves that no reliable reference to Stephen's Carta Caritatis appears before the mid-twelfth century, and that the document is more likely to date from 1165 than from 1119. The implications of this fact are profound. Instead of being a charter by which more than 300 Cistercian houses were set up by a central authority, the document becomes a means of bringing under centralized administrative control a large number of loosely affiliated and already existing monastic houses of monks as well as nuns who shared Cistercian customs. The likely reason for this administrative structuring was to check the influence of the overdominant house of Clairvaux, which threatened the authority of Cîteaux through Bernard's highly successful creation of new monastic
Note:
Frontmatter --
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Contents --
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List of Tables and Illustrations --
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Preface --
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1. Twelfth-Century Narratives and Cistercian Mythology --
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2. Charters, "Primitive Documents," and Papal Confirmations --
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3. From Cîteaux to the Invention of a Cistercian Order --
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4. Charters, Patrons, and Communities --
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5. Rewriting the History of Cistercians and Twelfth-Century Religious Reform --
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Appendix One: Chronological Summary --
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Appendix Two: "Primitive Documents" Manuscripts: Relevant Contents --
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Appendix Three: Southern-French Cistercian Abbeys by Province and Diocese --
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Appendix Four: Calixtus II Documents from 1119 and 1120 --
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Appendix Five: Restored 1170 Letter from Alexander III --
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List of Abbreviations --
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Notes --
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Bibliography --
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Index
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In English.
Language:
English
DOI:
10.9783/9780812200799
URL:
https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812200799
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