UID:
almafu_9960117442602883
Format:
1 online resource (xxviii, 323 pages) :
,
digital, PDF file(s).
ISBN:
1-316-28846-3
,
1-316-30919-3
,
1-107-28042-7
Content:
Bridging the gap between theory and practice, this text provides the reader with a comprehensive overview of industrial crystallization. Newcomers will learn all of the most important topics in industrial crystallization, from key concepts and basic theory to industrial practices. Topics covered include the characterization of a crystalline product and the basic process design for crystallization, as well as batch crystallization, measurement techniques, and details on precipitation, melt crystallization and polymorphism. Each chapter begins with an introduction explaining the importance of the topic, and is supported by homework problems and worked examples. Real world case studies are also provided, as well as new industry-relevant information, making this is an ideal resource for industry practitioners, students, and researchers in the fields of industrial crystallization, separation processes, particle synthesis, and particle technology.
Note:
Title from publisher's bibliographic system (viewed on 05 Oct 2015).
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Cover -- Half title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Nomenclature -- Main -- Greek letters -- Subscripts -- Abbreviations -- Industrial crystallization in practice: from process to product -- Scope of the book -- Summary of the chapters -- Chapter 1: Thermodynamics, crystallization methods and supersaturation -- Chapter 2: Characterization of a crystalline product -- Chapter 3: Basic process design for crystallization -- Chapter 4: Nucleation -- Chapter 5: Crystal growth -- Chapter 6: Agglomeration -- Chapter 7: The population balance equation -- Chapter 8: Batch crystallization -- Chapter 9: Measurement techniques -- Chapter 10: Industrial crystallizers -- Chapter 11: Precipitation and anti-solvent crystallization -- Chapter 12: Melt crystallization -- Chapter 13: Additives and impurities -- Chapter 14: Polymorphism -- References -- 1 Thermodynamics, crystallization methods and supersaturation -- 1.1 Why this chapter is important -- 1.2 Phase diagrams -- 1.3 Crystallization methods -- 1.3.1 Modes of operation -- 1.3.2 Crystallization from the melt -- 1.3.3 Crystallization from solution -- 1.4 Selection of crystallization methods -- 1.5 Supersaturation -- 1.5.1 General thermodynamic expression for the supersaturation -- 1.5.2 Supersaturation for processes at constant temperature and pressure -- 1.5.3 Driving force for processes at constant pressure (varying temperature) -- 1.5.4 Driving force for processes at constant temperature (varying pressure) -- 1.5.5 Practical expressions for the supersaturation -- 1.6 Thermodynamic models and speciation -- 1.6.1 Activity models for organics -- 1.6.2 Activity models for electrolytes -- 1.6.3 Selection of a thermodynamic model -- 1.7 A brief summary of the chapter -- 1.8 End of chapter problems -- 1.9 References -- 2 Characterization of a crystalline product -- 2.1 Why this chapter is important.
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2.2 Crystal size distribution (CSD) or particle size distribution (PSD) -- 2.2.1 Definitions of crystal size L -- 2.2.2 Representations of the CSD -- 2.3 Crystal shape -- 2.3.1 Quantifying crystal shape -- 2.3.2 Predicting crystal morphology and shape -- 2.3.3 Effect of operating conditions on crystal shape -- 2.4 Polymorphism -- 2.5 Mother liquor inclusions -- 2.6 Uptake of impurities in the crystal lattice -- 2.7 Degree of agglomeration -- 2.8 A brief summary of the chapter -- 2.9 End of chapter problems -- 2.10 References -- 3 Basic process design for crystallization -- 3.1 Why this chapter is important -- 3.2 The basic design procedure -- 3.2.1 Design Level 0: initial design specifications -- 3.2.2 Design Level I: crystalline product design -- 3.2.3 Design Level II: physicochemical design of the crystallization task -- 3.2.4 Design Level III: flow-sheet design of the crystallization process -- 3.2.5 Design Level IV: crystallizer design -- 3.2.6 Economic evaluation of the design -- 3.3 Worked examples -- 3.3.1 A continuous evaporative crystallizer -- 3.3.2 A continuous cooling crystallizer -- 3.4 A brief summary of the chapter -- 3.5 End of chapter problems -- 3.6 References -- 4 Nucleation -- 4.1 Why this chapter is important -- 4.2 Primary nucleation -- 4.2.1 Homogeneous primary nucleation -- 4.2.2 Heterogeneous primary nucleation -- 4.3 Nucleation theorem -- 4.3.1 Induction time and metastable zone -- 4.3.2 Measurement of nucleation rate -- 4.4 Non-classical nucleation -- 4.4.1 Two-step nucleation with an intermediate liquid -- 4.4.2 Two-step nucleation with an intermediate solid -- 4.5 Secondary nucleation -- 4.5.1 Secondary nucleation mechanisms -- 4.5.2 Secondary nucleation: the power law -- 4.5.3 Secondary nucleation: taking into account collision mechanisms -- 4.5.4 Secondary nucleation: the attrition behavior of parent crystals.
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4.5.5 Secondary nucleation: a physical attrition model -- 4.6 A brief summary of the chapter -- 4.7 End of chapter problems -- 4.8 References -- 5 Crystal growth -- 5.1 Why this chapter is important -- 5.2 Basic concepts -- 5.3 Crystal growth mechanisms -- 5.4 Crystal surfaces -- 5.5 Surface integration-controlled growth -- 5.5.1 Smooth growth -- 5.5.2 Rough growth -- 5.5.3 Thermal and kinetic roughening -- 5.6 Volume diffusion-controlled growth -- 5.7 Combined volume diffusion- and surface integration-controlled growth -- 5.8 Effect of temperature -- 5.9 Heat transfer-controlled growth -- 5.10 Simultaneous mass and heat transfer -- 5.11 Growth rate dispersion -- 5.12 Enhanced growth rate of crystals by addition of macro-building blocks -- 5.13 Dissolution of crystals -- 5.14 Measuring the growth rate -- 5.14.1 Direct measurement of the linear growth rate of individual crystals -- 5.14.2 Indirect measurement of the growth rate of populations of crystals via mass deposition rates -- 5.15 A brief summary of the chapter -- 5.16 End of chapter problems -- 5.17 References -- 6 Agglomeration -- 6.1 Why this chapter is important -- 6.2 Agglomeration or aggregation? -- 6.3 The agglomeration process -- 6.3.1 Transport and collision of particles -- 6.3.2 Particle-particle interactions -- 6.3.3 Collision efficiency and disruption of aggregates -- 6.3.4 Aggregate cementation -- 6.4 Modeling agglomeration: the agglomeration kernel -- 6.5 Determination of the agglomeration kernel from experimental data -- 6.5.1 Case study 1: calcium oxalate monohydrate (Bramley et al., 1997) -- 6.5.2 Case study 2: Al(OH)[sub(3)] (Van Leeuwen, 1998) -- 6.6 A brief summary of the chapter -- 6.7 End of chapter problems -- 6.8 References -- 7 The population balance equation -- 7.1 Why this chapter is important -- 7.2 Evolution of the crystal size distribution in a crystallizer.
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7.3 The population balance equation -- 7.3.1 Formulation of the population balance -- 7.3.2 The population balance for agglomeration and breakage -- 7.3.3 Relationship between the population balance and mass and heat balances -- 7.4 Solving the population balance for an ideally mixed one-compartment model -- 7.4.1 Population balance equation for stationary operation -- 7.4.2 Moment equations for stationary and non-stationary operation -- 7.4.3 Moment equations in case of agglomeration and breakage -- 7.4.4 Numerical solutions of the PBE -- 7.5 Modeling and scaling-up of crystallizers -- 7.6 A brief summary of the chapter -- 7.7 End of chapter problems -- 7.8 References -- 8 Batch crystallization -- 8.1 Why this chapter is important -- 8.2 Phenomenological description of batch crystallization processes -- 8.3 Seeding procedure -- 8.3.1 Seed load and seed size -- 8.3.2 The timing of seed addition -- 8.3.3 Generation of seeds and their quality -- 8.4 Mathematical modeling -- 8.5 Cooling and evaporation trajectories -- 8.5.1 Natural and linear cooling -- 8.5.2 Constant supersaturation -- 8.6 Optimal trajectories -- 8.7 A brief summary of the chapter -- 8.8 End of chapter problems -- 8.9 References -- 9 Measuring techniques -- 9.1 Why this chapter is important -- 9.2 Sampling and dilution procedures -- 9.3 PSD measuring techniques -- 9.3.1 Sieve analysis -- 9.3.2 Coulter counter -- 9.3.3 Dynamic light scattering -- 9.3.4 Forward light scattering -- 9.3.5 Ultrasonic attenuation -- 9.3.6 Backward light scattering -- 9.3.7 Imaging -- 9.4 Supersaturation measuring techniques -- 9.4.1 Refractive index -- 9.4.2 ATR-FTIR spectroscopy -- 9.4.3 Density -- 9.5 Other techniques -- 9.6 Selection of measuring methods -- 9.7 A brief summary of the chapter -- 9.8 End of chapter problems -- 9.9 References -- 10 Industrial crystallizers.
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10.1 Why this chapter is important -- 10.2 Criteria for the choice of a crystallizer -- 10.3 Solar ponds -- 10.4 Thermo-syphon crystallizer -- 10.5 Stirred draft tube crystallizer -- 10.5.1 Clear liquor advance -- 10.6 Forced circulation crystallizer -- 10.7 Fluidized bed crystallizer -- 10.8 Growth crystallizer -- 10.9 Spray evaporative crystallizer -- 10.10 Direct cooling crystallizer -- 10.11 Surface cooling crystallizer -- 10.12 Cascades of crystallizers -- 10.13 References -- 11 Precipitation and anti-solvent crystallization -- 11.1 Why this chapter is important -- 11.2 What is precipitation? -- 11.3 What makes it unique? -- 11.4 Characteristics of precipitation processes -- 11.4.1 Dominant phenomena in precipitation -- 11.5 Mixing in precipitation processes -- 11.5.1 Macro-mixing -- 11.5.2 Meso-mixing -- 11.5.3 Micro-mixing -- 11.6 Time and length scales for mixing and precipitation -- 11.7 Scale-up -- 11.7.1 Simplified compartmental modeling approach -- 11.7.2 Scale-up using an experimental approach: the three-zone model -- 11.7.3 Scale-up using numerical modeling -- 11.7.4 Eulerian modeling approach -- 11.7.5 Lagrangian modeling approach -- 11.8 A practical approach: mixing configurations in stirred vessels -- 11.9 Anti-solvent crystallization -- 11.10 A brief summary of the chapter -- 11.11 End of chapter problems -- 11.12 References -- 12 Melt crystallization -- 12.1 Why this chapter is important -- 12.2 Definitions of melt crystallization -- 12.3 Advantages/disadvantages -- 12.4 Thermodynamics -- 12.4.1 Phase diagrams -- 12.4.2 Impurity distribution -- 12.5 Melt crystallization techniques -- 12.5.1 Solid layer melt crystallization -- 12.5.2 Suspension melt crystallization -- 12.6 Eutectic freeze crystallization -- 12.6.1 Binary phase diagrams -- 12.6.2 Ternary phase diagrams: Na[sub(2)]SO[sub(4)]-MgSO[sub(4)]-H[sub(2)]O.
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12.7 A brief summary of the chapter.
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English
Additional Edition:
ISBN 1-107-05215-7
Language:
English
URL:
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107280427
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