Umfang:
Online-Ressource (738 p.)
Ausgabe:
5. ed.
ISBN:
1280395346
,
9789400728622
,
9789400728639
,
9781280395345
Inhalt:
Aeilko H. Zwinderman
Inhalt:
Thanks to the omnipresent computer, current statistics can include data files of many thousands of values, and can perform any exploratory analysis in less than seconds. This development, however fascinating, generally does not lead to simple results. We should not forget that clinical studies are, mostly, for confirming prior hypotheses based on sound arguments, and the simplest tests provide the best power and are adequate for such studies. In the past few years the authors of this 5th edition, as teachers and research supervisors in academic and top-clinical facilities, have been able to cl
Anmerkung:
Description based upon print version of record
,
Statistics Applied to Clinical Studies; Foreword; Preface to First Edition; Preface to Second Edition; Preface to the Third Edition; Preface to Fourth Edition; Preface to Fifth Edition; Contents; Chapter 1: Hypotheses, Data, Stratification; 1 General Considerations; 2 Two Main Hypotheses in Drug Trials: Efficacy and Safety; 3 Different Types of Data: Continuous Data; 4 Different Types of Data: Proportions, Percentages and Contingency Tables; 5 Different Types of Data: Correlation Coefficient; 6 Stratification Issues; 7 Randomized Versus Historical Controls; 8 Factorial Designs; 9 Conclusions
,
ReferencesChapter 2: The Analysis of Efficacy Data; 1 Overview; 2 The Principle of Testing Statistical Significance; 3 The t-Value = Standardized Mean Result of Study; 4 Unpaired t-Test; 5 Null-Hypothesis Testing of Three or More Unpaired Samples; 6 Three Methods to Test Statistically a Paired Sample; 6.1 First Method; 6.2 Second Method; 6.3 Third Method; 7 Null-Hypothesis Testing of Three or More Paired Samples; 8 Null-Hypothesis Testing with Complex Data; 9 Paired Data with a Negative Correlation; 9.1 Studies Testing Significance of Differences; 9.2 Studies Testing Equivalence
,
10 Rank Testing10.1 Paired Test: Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test; 10.2 Unpaired Test: Mann-Whitney Test; 11 Rank Testing for Three or More Samples; 11.1 The Friedman Test for Paired Observations; 11.2 The Kruskall-Wallis Test for Unpaired Observations; 12 Conclusions; References; Chapter 3: The Analysis of Safety Data; 1 Introduction , Summary Display; 2 Four Methods to Analyze Two Unpaired Proportions; 2.1 Method 1; 2.2 Method 2; 2.3 Method 3; 2.4 Method 4; 3 Chi-square to Analyze More Than Two Unpaired Proportions; 4 McNemar's Test for Paired Proportions
,
5 Multiple Paired Binary Data (Cochran's Q Test)6 Survival Analysis; 6.1 Survival Analysis; 6.2 Testing Significance of Difference Between Two Kaplan-Meier Curves; 7 Odds Ratio Method for Analyzing Two Unpaired Proportions; 8 Odds Ratios for One Group, Two Treatments; 9 Conclusions; Chapter 4: Log Likelihood Ratio Tests for Safety Data Analysis; 1 Introduction; 2 Numerical Problems with Calculating Exact Likelihoods; 3 The Normal Approximation and the Analysis of Clinical Events; 4 Log Likelihood Ratio Tests and the Quadratic Approximation; 5 More Examples; 6 Discussion; 7 Conclusions
,
ReferencesChapter 5: Equivalence Testing; 1 Introduction; 2 Overview of Possibilities with Equivalence Testing; 3 Calculations; 4 Equivalence Testing, a New Gold Standard?; 5 Validity of Equivalence Trials; 6 Special Point: Level of Correlation in Paired Equivalence Studies; 7 Conclusions; Chapter 6: Statistical Power and Sample Size; 1 What Is Statistical Power; 2 Emphasis on Statistical Power Rather Than Null-Hypothesis Testing; 3 Power Computations; 3.1 For t-Distributions of Continuous Data; 3.2 For Proportions
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3.3 For Equivalence Testing of Samples with t-Distributions and Continuous Data
Sprache:
Englisch
Fachgebiete:
Wirtschaftswissenschaften
,
Psychologie
,
Mathematik
,
Medizin
Schlagwort(e):
Electronic books
;
Konferenzschrift
DOI:
10.1007/978-94-007-2863-9
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