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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Safe mobility : challenges, methodology and solutions (2018)
    Bingley, U.K. :Emerald Publishing Limited,
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    UID:
    almafu_9961831580402883
    Format: 1 online resource (xxxii, 478 pages).
    ISBN: 9781786352231 (e-book) , 9781787148925 (ePUB)
    Series Statement: Transport and sustainability, v. 11
    Content: Safe mobility is clearly linked to transport sustainability, as fatalities and injuries resulting from people engaged with transport networks increasingly becomes a public health concern, relative to other health threats. This volume presents the current state of the knowledge across a multitude of analytical and context specific transport safety areas. It includes a comprehensive set of chapters authored by many of the world's leading experts in both behavioural and engineering aspects of safety mobility. The book increases the level of knowledge on road safety contexts, issues and challenges; shares what can currently be done to address the variety of issues; and points to what needs to be done to make further gains in road safety.
    Note: Includes index.
    Additional Edition: ISBN 9781786352248
    Language: English
    Subjects: Engineering
    RVK:
    ZG 9285
    RVK:
    ZO 4870
    URL: https://www.emerald.com/insight/publication/doi/10.1108/S2044-9941201811
    URL: https://www.emerald.com/insight/publication/doi/10.1108/S2044-9941201811
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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    HU Berlin
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    BTU Cottbus
  • 2
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    Chapter 12 Cross-Sectional Modelling (2018)
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    UID:
    gbv_1903286239
    ISBN: 9781786352231
    Content: Purpose – Information collected from police crash reports has long been the primary source of data for the analysis of factors that determine the likelihood of a crash (crash frequency) and its resulting severity (measured in terms of the extent of injuries to vehicle occupants). Proper cross-sectional analyses techniques, covered in this chapter, are important for guiding safety policy and countermeasures. Methodology – This chapter provides an overview of some of the more commonly used cross-sectional statistical and econometric methods, and discusses the nuances and their limitations with regard to how they are applied to typical crash-report data. Findings – The wide variety of analytic methods available to safety researchers makes the selection of appropriate methods critical. This chapter provides important guidance for safety researchers in their choice of methodological approach. Implications – Understanding the importance of proper model specification, unobserved heterogeneity, endogeneity and other factors covered in this chapter is extremely important in analysing safety data and must be given full consideration before any results are finalised.
    In: Safe mobility, United Kingdom : Emerald Publishing, 2018, (2018), Seite 257-277, 9781786352231
    In: Emerald Publishing Limited, 9781787148925
    In: year:2018
    In: pages:257-277
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1108/S2044-994120180000011013
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 3
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    Chapter 20 Conclusions and Future Directions (2018)
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    UID:
    gbv_1903286158
    ISBN: 9781786352231
    Content: Purpose – This chapter highlights main thrusts discussed in the book in its entirety. Methodology – This chapter reviews the content of the book, drawing together the challenges safety analysts and other important road safety stakeholders confront while trying to understand and reduce transport system risks. Findings – The chapter describes the challenges the profession is confronting. These challenges include the difficulty in analysing crashes and drawing reliable conclusions when crashes are rare, the complexities involved with piecing together and identifying actual causes of crashes, how driver behaviour is a dominant influence on crash risk, how a diverse mix of road users is challenging to manage, that estimating the safety benefits of treatments is fraught with complexity, how surrogate measures of safety – despite the analytical research needed on their linkages with crashes – can be used for proactively improving design and operational decisions, and how real-time data collected on monitored highways, which need the development of solid theoretical underpinnings moving forward – can be used reliably for estimating crash risks and manage safety. The chapter briefly summarises how these challenges may be addressed moving forward. The chapter also identifies future research opportunities that can be pursued to further improve safe mobility. These opportunities include the use of alternate methodologies for ‘measuring safety’ such as advanced vision recognition techniques, the use of surrogate measures of safety such as time to collision, driverless and connected vehicles, naturalistic driving experiments and data, the reshaping of urban cities, and the rapid growth and motorisation of developing countries. Practical implications – By fostering a better understanding of the challenges the profession is facing, and prompting a dialogue on how they can be overcome, will lead to a reduction in the number and severity of crashes of global transport networks, making them more sustainable. The chapter shows how some of these challenges can be tackled. Originality/value of chapter – This chapter draws from all the chapters of this book that describes various challenges road safety professionals currently face, and directs readers to different parts of the book for more in-depth treatment on how these challenges can be met. The chapter also describes research opportunities where further safety gains can be obtained moving forward.
    In: Safe mobility, United Kingdom : Emerald Publishing, 2018, (2018), Seite 451-458, 9781786352231
    In: Emerald Publishing Limited, 9781787148925
    In: year:2018
    In: pages:451-458
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1108/S2044-994120180000011023
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 4
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    Chapter 16 Detecting High-Risk Accident Locations (2018)
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    UID:
    gbv_1903286190
    ISBN: 9781786352231
    Content: Purpose – The purpose of this chapter is to review the methodological and empirical underpinnings of transport network screening, or management, as it relates to improving road safety. As jurisdictions around the world are charged with transport network management in order to reduce externalities associated with road crashes, identifying potential blackspots or hotspots is an important if not critical function and responsibility of transport agencies. Methodology – Key references from within the literature are summarised and discussed, along with a discussion of the evolution of thinking around hotspot identification and management. The theoretical developments that correspond with the evolution in thinking are provided, sprinkled with examples along the way. Findings – Hotspot identification methodologies have evolved considerably over the past 30 or so years, correcting for methodological deficiencies along the way. Despite vast and significant advancements, identifying hotspots remains a reactive approach to managing road safety – relying on crashes to accrue in order to mitigate their occurrence. The most fruitful directions for future research will be in the establishment of reliable relationships between surrogate measures of road safety – such as ‘near misses’ – and actual crashes – so that safety can be proactively managed without the need for crashes to accrue. Research implications – Research in hotspot identification will continue; however, it is likely to shift over time to both closer to ‘real-time’ crash risk detection and considering safety improvements using surrogate measures of road safety – described in Chapter 17. Practical implications – There are two types of errors made in hotspot detection – identifying a ‘risky’ site as ‘safe’ and identifying a ‘safe’ site as ‘risky’. In the former case no investments will be made to improve safety, while in the latter case ineffective or inefficient safety improvements could be made. To minimise these errors, transport network safety managers should be applying the current state of the practice methods for hotspot detection. Moreover, transport network safety managers should be eager to transition to proactive methods of network safety management to avoid the need for crashes to occur. While in its infancy, the use of surrogate measures of safety holds significant promise for the future.
    In: Safe mobility, United Kingdom : Emerald Publishing, 2018, (2018), Seite 351-382, 9781786352231
    In: Emerald Publishing Limited, 9781787148925
    In: year:2018
    In: pages:351-382
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1108/S2044-994120180000011018
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 5
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    Chapter 19 Meta-Analytic Methods (2018)
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    UID:
    gbv_1903286166
    ISBN: 9781786352231
    Content: Purpose – This chapter gives an overview of meta-analytic methods and illustrates the use of these methods for synthesising research findings. The advantages of performing a meta-analysis are described. Pitfalls in meta-analyses are also discussed. The chapter is intended to present the main elements of a meta-analysis and guide readers to literature presenting meta-analytic methods in greater detail. Methodology – Key references in the meta-analysis literature are quoted and examples of meta-analyses are presented. Findings – A meta-analysis is a useful tool for summarising knowledge in fields where a large number of studies have been reported. In addition to providing summary estimates of results, a meta-analysis can be applied to identify factors that produce systematic variation in study findings. Research implications – Methods of meta-analyses keep developing to deal with complex data structures, thus extending the type of research findings that are amenable to meta-analyses. Practical implications – Performing a meta-analysis saves labour by eliminating the need to read and digest a large number of studies in order to get an overview of the current state-of-knowledge in a field. Moreover, a meta-analysis establishes a system for easily and quickly updating knowledge as new studies become available.
    In: Safe mobility, United Kingdom : Emerald Publishing, 2018, (2018), Seite 425-447, 9781786352231
    In: Emerald Publishing Limited, 9781787148925
    In: year:2018
    In: pages:425-447
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1108/S2044-994120180000011022
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 6
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    Chapter 2 Driver Education and Licensing Programs (2018)
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    UID:
    gbv_1903286336
    ISBN: 9781786352231
    Content: Purpose – Driver education and licensing are two mechanisms used to reduce crash rates. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of these countermeasures and consider how simulators can be used to augment more traditional approaches. Approach – A literature review was undertaken evaluating key concepts in driver licensing including graduated driver licensing (GDL), the role of parents in licensing, compliance and enforcement, driver testing and how the driver licensing system impacts on levels of unlicensed driving. Literature regarding driver education for individuals who have and not yet obtained a licence was also reviewed. Findings – GDL is a successful countermeasure for reducing the crash rates of young novice drivers as it limits their exposure to higher risk situations. The support for driver education initiatives is mixed. As there are big differences between education programs, there is a need to consider each program on its own merits. Driving simulators provide a safe environment for novices to gain experience. In particular, they may be bifacial for development of hazard perception and visual scanning skills. Practical Implications – GDL systems should be introduced where appropriate. Existing systems should be strengthened where possible by including additional, best-practice and restrictions. When considering driver education as a countermeasure, the type of program is very important. Education programs that have been shown to increase crashes should not be introduced. Further research and development are necessary to ensure that driver education and licensing adequately equip novice drivers with the skills necessary to drive in the 21st century.
    In: Safe mobility, United Kingdom : Emerald Publishing, 2018, (2018), Seite 13-36, 9781786352231
    In: Emerald Publishing Limited, 9781787148925
    In: year:2018
    In: pages:13-36
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1108/S2044-994120180000011002
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 7
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    Chapter 9 Real-Time Traffic Safety and Operation (2018)
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    UID:
    gbv_1903286263
    ISBN: 9781786352231
    Content: Purpose – This chapter provides details of research that attempts to relate traffic operational conditions on uninterrupted flow facilities (e.g., freeways and expressways) with real-time crash likelihood. Unlike incident detection, the purpose of this line of work is to proactively assess crash likelihood and potentially reduce the likelihood through proactive traffic management techniques, including variable speed limit and ramp metering among others. Methodology – The chapter distinguishes between the traditional aggregate crash frequency-based approach to safety evaluation and the approach needed for real-time crash risk estimation. Key references from the literature are summarised in terms of the reported effect of different traffic characteristics that can be derived in near real-time, including average speed, temporal variation in speed, volume and lane-occupancy, on crash occurrence. Findings – Traffic and weather parameters are among the real-time crash-contributing factors. Among the most significant traffic parameters is speed particularly in the form of coefficient of variation of speed. Research implications – In the traffic safety field, traditional data sources are infrastructure-based traffic detection systems. In the future, if automatic traffic detection systems could provide reliable data at the vehicle level, new variables such as headway could be introduced. Transferability of real-time crash prediction models is also of interest. Also, the potential effects of different management strategies to reduce real-time crash risk could be evaluated in a simulation environment. Practical implications – This line of research has been at the forefront of bringing data mining and other machine-learning techniques into the traffic management arena. We expect these analysis techniques to play a more important role in real-time traffic management, not just for safety evaluation but also for congestion pricing and alternate routing.
    In: Safe mobility, United Kingdom : Emerald Publishing, 2018, (2018), Seite 175-204, 9781786352231
    In: Emerald Publishing Limited, 9781787148925
    In: year:2018
    In: pages:175-204
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1108/S2044-994120180000011010
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 8
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    Chapter 6 Controlled Access Facilities (Freeways) (2018)
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    UID:
    gbv_1903286298
    ISBN: 9781786352231
    Content: Purpose – Freeway networks are designed to higher standards and are safer infrastructures as compared to other road types, if properly designed. On the other hand, these facilities are driven at very high speeds and therefore speed and design consistency are essential for achieving safe infrastructure designs. This chapter describes the criteria for speed and design consistency and looks at new tools and criteria for improving freeway safety in new and in existing infrastructures. Methodology – This chapter describes the criteria to evaluate if there are speed, design and human factors inconsistencies, as well as potential solutions for tackling local deficiencies and speeding issues. As one of the critical issues in freeway safety is represented by run-off-road crashes, a specific section in the chapter is devoted to newly developed design and assessment tools for improving roadside safety. The potential implications of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) technologies on freeways design and management are also presented. Findings and Social Implications – The important crash reduction trends observed in the decade 2001–2010 are now slowing down and new actions are required to be coupled with more traditional design checks. The full implementation of cooperative ITS systems is expected to have a very important impact on road safety, but in the short term several safety improvements can be realised: section speed enforcement techniques and high-friction wearing courses have been proven to be extremely effective, as have perceptual measures accounting for human factors principles.
    In: Safe mobility, United Kingdom : Emerald Publishing, 2018, (2018), Seite 107-126, 9781786352231
    In: Emerald Publishing Limited, 9781787148925
    In: year:2018
    In: pages:107-126
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1108/S2044-994120180000011006
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 9
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    Chapter 8 Roundabouts (2018)
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    UID:
    gbv_1903286271
    ISBN: 9781786352231
    Content: Purpose – Measures aimed at reducing intersection crashes have high potential to be cost effective since intersections constitute only a small part of the overall highway system but intersection-related crashes constitute more than 50% of all crashes in urban areas and over 30% in rural areas. Roundabouts are a proven safety countermeasure, but several issues that significantly affect both crash frequency and severity have been observed at both existing and new roundabouts. This chapter aims to provide guidance on roundabout selection and design criteria. Methodology – The chapter first describes the most relevant criteria to be considered for choosing a roundabout. Then, after the explanation of the roundabout design process and a clear description of the roundabout classification, the chapter provides recommendations for all the steps of the geometric design, highlighting the main design features that contribute to the best safety performances, including speed control and sight distance checks. Finally, the chapter explains traffic control devices and facilities for pedestrians and cyclists. Findings – Roundabout design needs to balance opposing demands and it is important to adopt a performance-based design approach within an iterative process. The most important performance check is the analysis of vehicle speeds through the roundabout, since achieving appropriate vehicular speeds has a very positive safety effect.
    In: Safe mobility, United Kingdom : Emerald Publishing, 2018, (2018), Seite 147-174, 9781786352231
    In: Emerald Publishing Limited, 9781787148925
    In: year:2018
    In: pages:147-174
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1108/S2044-994120180000011009
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  • 10
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    Chapter 7 Rural and Urban Intersections (2018)
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    UID:
    gbv_190328628X
    ISBN: 9781786352231
    Content: Purpose – Intersections are hazardous locations and to improve their safety we need to understand the factors contributing to crashes at these locations and provide evidence-based recommendations to reduce them. This chapter provides a summary of the findings on infrastructure-related factors contributing to crashes at urban and rural intersections and some discussions on the implications and potential countermeasures. Approach – A review of the literature on intersection crashes was performed to identify the infrastructure-related crash-contributing factors. Some discussions on the implications and potential countermeasures are then provided. Findings – The factors contributing to road crashes are diverse and complex. While the safety effects of a few factors (e.g., exposure and speed) are relatively consistent, many factors have different impacts on crash frequency and severity (e.g., types of intersection) and different impacts on urban and rural intersections (e.g., bus stops). Research Implications – More studies are needed on developing a stronger theoretical or conceptual foundation on the effects of roadway designs and traffic controls on different dimensions of safety (e.g., exposure, frequency, severity, etc.), types of crashes (e.g., head-on, rear-end, etc.) or road users involved (e.g., drivers, pedestrians, cyclists, etc.). Practical Implications – Transport engineers need to be aware that some treatments may have different effects on different crash types and road users involved. Even though the overall safety may be improved by the treatments designed, they need to consider and mitigate any unintended consequences to satisfy the Pareto improvement principle and the social equity criterion.
    In: Safe mobility, United Kingdom : Emerald Publishing, 2018, (2018), Seite 127-145, 9781786352231
    In: Emerald Publishing Limited, 9781787148925
    In: year:2018
    In: pages:127-145
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1108/S2044-994120180000011007
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