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  • 1
    UID:
    gbv_1903227062
    ISBN: 9781800713161
    Content: In macroeconomics, the term recession is defined as a significant decadence in ordinary economic activity in a designated region. There are so many economic theories attempted to explain why and how the economy might fall off of its long-term growth trend and in to a period of short-term recession. Economists say there have been 33 recession in the United States since 1854 through 2018 in total. Since 1980, there have been four such periods of negative economic growth that were considered recession in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis and the Great Depression of the 1930s. Production and flows of goods are directly influenced by the tariff; uses input–output analysis to estimate indirect effects on gross domestic product, exports and employment; and allows redirection of trade toward other producers. The ongoing trade war with similar trade conflicts in history, we reveal three major causes, with varying degrees of importance from both economic and political perspectives.
    In: Global tariff war, Bingley, U.K. : Emerald Publishing Limited, 2021, (2021), Seite 217-228, 9781800713161
    In: Emerald Publishing Limited
    In: year:2021
    In: pages:217-228
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 2
    UID:
    gbv_1903227178
    ISBN: 9781800713161
    Content: The open objective of liberalization or globalization for the developed nations is the expansion of market or the creation of opportunities to produce and sale more and more goods and/or services beyond the domestic market which ultimately lead the nation in the right path of development. On the other hand, this economic environment is a challenge for the developing or less developed or small nations with respect to share of world trade to compete with the developed or large nations with respect to the quality of the product, technology, skill of human resources, etc. There arise tariff impositions to protect the domestic economies to defend against the challenges. Under these circumstances, this chapter tries to investigate the impact of such tariff war measured by trade as a percentage of GDP on the per capita GDP of the nations. It finds that all the variables are cointegrated. The effect depends on how we measure world tariff, for example, the effect of tariff on trade is positive and significant when we measure the world tariff as simple mean of all products but the effect of tariff on trade is negative and statistically significant when we take tariff as weighted mean of all products. Similarly, the effect of tariff on per capita income is positive if tariff is measured with simple average of all products but this effect is negative and significant when it is measured with weighted mean of all products. In this case, imposition of world tariff (weighted mean of all products) declines world per capita income especially in short run.
    In: Global tariff war, Bingley, U.K. : Emerald Publishing Limited, 2021, (2021), Seite 67-83, 9781800713161
    In: Emerald Publishing Limited
    In: year:2021
    In: pages:67-83
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 3
    UID:
    gbv_1903227135
    ISBN: 9781800713161
    Content: Of late, the issue which has attracted the highest attention in the global scenario is the US–China trade relation, in particular the tariff war. The biggest nations in the world are in war with each other in matters related to trade since 2018. In the first quarter, the United States imposed a tariff which affected many countries like Canada, the EU, Mexico, the Russian Federation, Turkey, and, in developing Asia, India and the People’s Republic of China. This has resulted in a significant dampening of global output growth and growth in emerging nations of Asia. The present chapter seeks to investigate into the historical evidences of trade wars between the United States and China, major reasons responsible for this conflict and tries to figure out the impact of this conflict on fundamental macro variables using secondary time-series data primarily on selected Asian economies including India. The author uses the multiple regression technique to find to what extent changes in the independent variables are responsible in explaining the changes in the dependent variable for both China and the United States. The empirical results clearly show that in the case of China and the United States, an increase in weighted tariff rates (WTR) will lead to a significant decrease in the trade GDP ratio (TGR), whereas in the case of both these countries, Purchasing Power Parity GNI (PPPGNI) is positively and significantly associated in determining TGR. In the case of India, a decrease in WTR is expected to lead to a rise in TGR and it is significant. In case of Vietnam, PPPGNI is significant, but not WTR. In the case of Singapore, neither of the two independent variables is significant.
    In: Global tariff war, Bingley, U.K. : Emerald Publishing Limited, 2021, (2021), Seite 121-139, 9781800713161
    In: Emerald Publishing Limited
    In: year:2021
    In: pages:121-139
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 4
    UID:
    gbv_1903227089
    ISBN: 9781800713161
    Content: In this study, we would like to examine the export prospect of India in the era of neo-protectionism. This particular era is characterized by increased used of trade barriers mainly by the large economies and a very sluggish growth in world export as a whole. Our study shows that both tariff and non-tariff barriers as well as world income affect India’s exports significantly. And, India as of 2017–2018, exports nearly 40% of its exportable to the developed world. So, the present era is not very encouraging for India. As a strategic response, it may try to re-orient its exports from more restrictive developed countries like European Union to countries like Japan, which are much less restrictive, as complete re-orientation from developed to developing world is not possible.
    In: Global tariff war, Bingley, U.K. : Emerald Publishing Limited, 2021, (2021), Seite 187-202, 9781800713161
    In: Emerald Publishing Limited
    In: year:2021
    In: pages:187-202
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 5
    UID:
    gbv_1903226996
    ISBN: 9781800713161
    Content: Sustainability performance of the global trade as well as of the traded products are affected by the trade policies and trade tariffs. Trade tariffs and policies can either encourage or discourage trade among the countries affecting feasibility of trade. In other words, the scope and amount of these trade tariffs have impact on the trade globally. Based on an in-depth literature review, this chapter aims to examine impacts of the trade policies and trade tariffs on the environmental footprint of the global trade. With this aim, recent trade policies and trade tariffs as well as roles of the trade policies, trade tariffs in reducing environmental footprint of the global trade are examined. It arrives at the conclusion that trade tariffs can affect environmental footprint of the global trade as well as of the traded products. They can have impact on the feasibility of the trading activities influencing their profit margins and costs. Based on these findings, recommendations for trade policies and trade tariffs are thereby provided to enhance sustainability performance of the global trade.
    In: Global tariff war, Bingley, U.K. : Emerald Publishing Limited, 2021, (2021), Seite 313-324, 9781800713161
    In: Emerald Publishing Limited
    In: year:2021
    In: pages:313-324
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 6
    UID:
    gbv_1903227186
    ISBN: 9781800713161
    Content: The USA–China trade confrontation has become a major concern for all the nations involved in international trade. The retaliatory trade policies taken by both of these major trading nations have generated widespread impact among the trading nations especially on the developing and emerging nations. In this chapter, the macro-theoretic model is developed to show how a trade war can potentially arise in the wake of economic downturn led by some demand contracting force in one of the countries having trade ties and in turn can cause the recession to leap into global turmoil. This may prompt the countries to be more protective and averse to international exchange, thereby paving way to more intense trade frictions among the nations and stoking international macroeconomic propagation. Thus, the present introspection hints at tariff war among the nations engaged in restricted trade with each other being a plausible consequence of macroeconomic fault having cross-country repercussion implication and that in turn becomes more pronounced in the present tariff war leading to more fierce trade frictions among the countries.
    In: Global tariff war, Bingley, U.K. : Emerald Publishing Limited, 2021, (2021), Seite 57-65, 9781800713161
    In: Emerald Publishing Limited
    In: year:2021
    In: pages:57-65
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 7
    UID:
    gbv_1903227143
    ISBN: 9781800713161
    Content: The US–China conflicts surrounding the imposition of tariffs have caused a stir in the global markets. Various attempts have been made to understand the rationale and causes as well as its impact on the various ­aspects of the international market. There are many unanswered questions pertaining to China’s emergence as a global superpower and the ­possible threats that it poses to the Western dominated market. Based on this background, the chapter is an attempt to investigate the impacts of the Economic Policy Uncertainty (EPU) of the United States and China on three most important global markets, namely, crude oil, credit market, and commodity ­market. To attain the objectives of the chapter, the study has utilized Vector Auto Regressive model and has analyzed the results. The study concludes that China’s EPU has lesser impact on the global market as compared to the US EPU. On the basis of the results obtained, few policy implications have been proposed.
    In: Global tariff war, Bingley, U.K. : Emerald Publishing Limited, 2021, (2021), Seite 109-120, 9781800713161
    In: Emerald Publishing Limited
    In: year:2021
    In: pages:109-120
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 8
    UID:
    gbv_1903227100
    ISBN: 9781800713161
    Content: The aim of the study is to evaluate role of trade war between the United States and China on oil price. For this purpose, global oil price and US trade balance with China are selected as variables. In addition to this issue, monthly data of these variables for the periods between 1990 and 2019 are taken into consideration. In the evaluation process, both Engle–Granger cointegration and Toda–Yamamoto causality analysis are considered. The results of Engle–Granger cointegration analysis indicates that there is a ­relationship between trade war and oil prices. Nevertheless, according to the results of Toda–Yamamoto causality analysis, it is identified that trade war does not cause oil prices. While looking at these results, it is determined that trade war between the United States and China has an influence on the oil price changes. However, it is also understood that it is not the main factor of this volatility. Thus, it is recommended that in order to identify the main indicator of the oil price volatility, some different factors should also be taken into consideration.
    In: Global tariff war, Bingley, U.K. : Emerald Publishing Limited, 2021, (2021), Seite 161-171, 9781800713161
    In: Emerald Publishing Limited
    In: year:2021
    In: pages:161-171
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 9
    UID:
    gbv_1903227070
    ISBN: 9781800713161
    Content: India is one of the largest tea producers and consumers in the world. Around 70% of Indian tea is consumed by domestic consumers. The world famous Darjeeling and Assam tea are India’s pride. Once India was the top exporter of tea in the global market, currently, it is lagging behind China, Kenya, and Sri Lanka. In the global arena, Indian tea is facing stiff competition from China, Kenya, and Sri Lanka. With this backdrop, the present study aims to investigate twin objectives. First, the changing growth pattern of India’s tea export is investigated. Along with this, the impacts of trade openness on India’s tea export are also scrutinized. The entire study is conducted based on the secondary data, compiled from the various issues of Handbook of Statistics on Indian Economy published by Reserve Bank of India . The data are compiled for the period 1987–1988 to 2018–2019. The investigation of the first objective is facilitated by the Poirer’s Spline function approach . On the contrary, for the exploration of the second objective, we have calculated the “trade openness index.” The study concludes that initially with trade openness Indian tea industry was benefitting but the growth rate of tea export gets reduced over time. It is surprising that in the post-EXIM-2002–2007 phase the rate of growth of India’s tea exports has declined sharply. The study ends with suitable policy prescriptions.
    In: Global tariff war, Bingley, U.K. : Emerald Publishing Limited, 2021, (2021), Seite 203-216, 9781800713161
    In: Emerald Publishing Limited
    In: year:2021
    In: pages:203-216
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 10
    UID:
    gbv_1903227208
    ISBN: 9781800713161
    Content: The chapter attempts to develop a micro-theoretic model to explain the genesis of trade war in light of the behavioral interdependence of two countries connected through international trade and, thereof, it analyses its welfare implication with respect to the countries at feud. In this regard, it is important to mention that the evolution of trade war herein has been articulated in terms of the retaliation of one country as reaction to the one time-tariff imposition by the other. The fundamental takeaways are twofold. First, how evolution of tariff war can be articulated in light two-stage game governments are coming to decide on tariff policy a priori, followed by second-stage featuring firms being decisive on the production level and then the games repeats where governments again come up to introspects if the a priori tariff rates are compatible with welfare optimization to be followed up by firms. Second, the nature of the ultimate fallout of the tariff retaliation will depend crucially on how welfare function of each country is paced with the country’s tariff policy.
    In: Global tariff war, Bingley, U.K. : Emerald Publishing Limited, 2021, (2021), Seite 31-41, 9781800713161
    In: Emerald Publishing Limited
    In: year:2021
    In: pages:31-41
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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