Kooperativer Bibliotheksverbund

UID:

Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource.

ISBN: 978-3-031-42205-8

Weitere Ausg.: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe, Hardcover ISBN 978-3-031-42204-1

Weitere Ausg.: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe, Paperback ISBN 978-3-031-42207-2

Sprache: Englisch

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-42205-8

URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)

URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)

UID:

Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource.

ISBN: 978-3-031-42205-8

Weitere Ausg.: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe, Hardcover ISBN 978-3-031-42204-1

Weitere Ausg.: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe, Paperback ISBN 978-3-031-42207-2

Sprache: Englisch

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-42205-8

URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)

URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)

UID:

Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource

ISBN: 9783031422058

Weitere Ausg.: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe, Hardcover ISBN 978-3-031-42204-1

Weitere Ausg.: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe, Paperback ISBN 978-3-031-42207-2

Sprache: Englisch

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-42205-8

URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)

URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)

UID:

Umfang: XXIII, 594 p. 120 illus., 109 illus. in color. , online resource.

Ausgabe: 1st ed. 2024.

ISBN: 9783031422058

Inhalt: This open access book, published by Springer under the Open Access CC BY 4.0 Licence in collaboration with the International Fluid Academy (IFA, www.fluidacademy.org), explores rationalized intravenous fluid therapy for critically ill patients. Despite being commonly prescribed in inpatient settings, intravenous fluids are often administered without evidence-based guidelines, neglecting essential considerations such as the fact they are drugs, that need proper dosing, duration, indications, contraindications, side effects, and de-escalation. This book fills this knowledge gap. Each chapter starts with a clinical vignette and a related question, followed by a concise summary abstract, key learning points, main text, and a conclusion that addresses the clinical question and provides relevant take-home messages. Additionally, every chapter includes an IFA commentary referencing the latest literature and evidence. The book begins with an introductory chapter that provides definitions and terminology, followed by four sections. The first section covers the fundamentals of intravenous fluid therapy, including fluid compartments in sick patients, fluid bolus dynamics, heart-lung interactions, fluid challenge, fluid responsiveness, arterial blood gas analysis based on traditional and Stewart concepts, and electrolyte physiology relevant to clinical issues. The second section discusses commercially available intravenous fluids, while the third section focuses on fluid therapy in specific clinical situations. The final section introduces the concepts of fluid stewardship and appropriate fluid prescription. Aligned with the International Fluid Academy's mission to enhance education and promote research on fluid management and monitoring, ultimately improving patient survival rates, this book contributes significantly to establishing fluid stewardship at the bedside. It provides valuable support for physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and other healthcare professionals across various clinical disciplines working in emergency rooms, operating rooms, or intensive care units, aiding their everyday clinical practice.

Anmerkung: Part I. Fundamentals of Intravenous Fluid Therapy -- Terms and Definitions on Fluid Therapy -- Fluid Physiology Part 1: Volume and Distribution of Water and its Major Solutes between Plasma, the Interstitium and Intracellular Fluids -- Fluid Physiology Part 2: Regulation of Body Fluids and the Distribution of Infusion Fluids -- Fluid Dynamics during Resuscitation: from Frank-Starling to the Reappraisal of Guyton -- Understanding Heart-Lung Interactions: Concepts of Fluid Responsiveness and the Place for the Fluid Challenge -- Traditional Approach to Acid Base -- Stewart Approach to Acid Base -- The 4 indications of Fluid Therapy: Resuscitation, Replacement, Maintenance, Nutrition Fluids and Beyond -- Part II. Commercially Available Intravenous Fluids -- The Place for Crystalloids -- The Case for Albumin as Volume Expander and Beyond -- The Place for Starches and Other Colloids -- How to Use Blood and Blood Products -- Nutrition Delivery in Critically Ill Patients -- Part III. Fluid Therapy in Special Conditions -- Fluid Management in Septic Shock -- Fluid Management in Cardiogenic Shock -- Fluid Management in Trauma Patients -- Fluid Management in Neurocritical Care -- Perioperative Fluid Management -- Fluid Management in Major Burns -- Fluid Management in Pediatric Patients -- Fluid Management in Liver Failure -- Fluid Management in Abdominal Hypertension -- Disorders of Sodium and Chloride Balance -- Balanced Solutions: Choice of Buffer -- De-resuscitation: Rationale and Practical Approach -- Fluid Management in COVID-19 -- Part IV. Concepts of Fluid Stewardship and Appropriate Fluid Prescription -- Introduction to Fluid Stewardship -- A Logical Prescription of Intravenous Fluids.

In: Springer Nature eBook

Weitere Ausg.: Printed edition: ISBN 9783031422041

Weitere Ausg.: Printed edition: ISBN 9783031422065

Weitere Ausg.: Printed edition: ISBN 9783031422072

Sprache: Englisch

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-42205-8

URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-42205-8

UID:

Umfang: 1 online resource (600 pages)

Ausgabe: 1st ed.

ISBN: 9783031422058

Weitere Ausg.: Print version: Malbrain, Manu L. N. G. Rational Use of Intravenous Fluids in Critically Ill Patients Cham : Springer International Publishing AG,c2023 ISBN 9783031422041

Sprache: Englisch

Schlagwort(e): Electronic books.

URL: Click to View

UID:

Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (595 p.)

ISBN: 9783031422058 , 9783031422041

Inhalt: This open access book, published by Springer under the Open Access CC BY 4.0 Licence in collaboration with the International Fluid Academy (IFA, www.fluidacademy.org), explores rationalized intravenous fluid therapy for critically ill patients. Despite being commonly prescribed in inpatient settings, intravenous fluids are often administered without evidence-based guidelines, neglecting essential considerations such as the fact they are drugs, that need proper dosing, duration, indications, contraindications, side effects, and de-escalation. This book fills this knowledge gap. Each chapter starts with a clinical vignette and a related question, followed by a concise summary abstract, key learning points, main text, and a conclusion that addresses the clinical question and provides relevant take-home messages. Additionally, every chapter includes an IFA commentary referencing the latest literature and evidence. The book begins with an introductory chapter that provides definitions and terminology, followed by four sections. The first section covers the fundamentals of intravenous fluid therapy, including fluid compartments in sick patients, fluid bolus dynamics, heart-lung interactions, fluid challenge, fluid responsiveness, arterial blood gas analysis based on traditional and Stewart concepts, and electrolyte physiology relevant to clinical issues. The second section discusses commercially available intravenous fluids, while the third section focuses on fluid therapy in specific clinical situations. The final section introduces the concepts of fluid stewardship and appropriate fluid prescription. Aligned with the International Fluid Academy's mission to enhance education and promote research on fluid management and monitoring, ultimately improving patient survival rates, this book contributes significantly to establishing fluid stewardship at the bedside. It provides valuable support for physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and other healthcare professionals across various clinical disciplines working in emergency rooms, operating rooms, or intensive care units, aiding their everyday clinical practice

Anmerkung: English

Sprache: Unbestimmte Sprache

URL: kostenfrei

UID:

Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (598 p.)

ISBN: 9783031422058 , 9783031422041

Inhalt: This open access book, published by Springer under the Open Access CC BY 4.0 Licence in collaboration with the International Fluid Academy (IFA, www.fluidacademy.org), explores rationalized intravenous fluid therapy for critically ill patients. Despite being commonly prescribed in inpatient settings, intravenous fluids are often administered without evidence-based guidelines, neglecting essential considerations such as the fact they are drugs, that need proper dosing, duration, indications, contraindications, side effects, and de-escalation. This book fills this knowledge gap. Each chapter starts with a clinical vignette and a related question, followed by a concise summary abstract, key learning points, main text, and a conclusion that addresses the clinical question and provides relevant take-home messages. Additionally, every chapter includes an IFA commentary referencing the latest literature and evidence. The book begins with an introductory chapter that provides definitions and terminology, followed by four sections. The first section covers the fundamentals of intravenous fluid therapy, including fluid compartments in sick patients, fluid bolus dynamics, heart-lung interactions, fluid challenge, fluid responsiveness, arterial blood gas analysis based on traditional and Stewart concepts, and electrolyte physiology relevant to clinical issues. The second section discusses commercially available intravenous fluids, while the third section focuses on fluid therapy in specific clinical situations. The final section introduces the concepts of fluid stewardship and appropriate fluid prescription. Aligned with the International Fluid Academy's mission to enhance education and promote research on fluid management and monitoring, ultimately improving patient survival rates, this book contributes significantly to establishing fluid stewardship at the bedside. It provides valuable support for physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and other healthcare professionals across various clinical disciplines working in emergency rooms, operating rooms, or intensive care units, aiding their everyday clinical practice

Anmerkung: English

Sprache: Unbestimmte Sprache

URL: kostenfrei

UID:

Umfang: 1 online resource (600 pages)

Ausgabe: First edition.

ISBN: 3-031-42205-8

Anmerkung: Intro -- Foreword 1 -- Foreword 2 -- Foreword 3 -- Foreword 4 -- Foreword 5 -- Foreword 6 -- Foreword 7 -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I: Fundamentals of Intravenous Fluid Therapy -- 1: Terms and Definitions of Fluid Therapy -- Introduction -- Terms and Definitions -- Conclusions -- References -- 2: Fluid Physiology Part 1: Volume and Distribution of Water and Its Major Solutes Between Plasma, the Interstitium and Intracellular Fluid -- Introduction -- Total Body Water -- Clinical Use of Total Body Water Estimation and Modified Body Weights -- Water Absorption -- Plasma Volume -- The Starling Principle and Microvessel Heterogeneity -- Exceptions to the No-Absorption Rule -- The Current Understanding of Starling Forces -- Starling Forces -- Steady State Variations Versus Abrupt Disequilibrium -- Interstitium and Lymphatics -- The Triphasic Interstitium -- Collagen Phase -- The Triphasic Interstitium -- Hyaluronan Gel Phase -- The Triphasic Interstitium -- Aqueous Phase -- Gel Swelling Pressure -- Interstitial Starling Forces -- Lymphatic Vascular System -- Interstitial Fluid Dynamics -- Lymphatics and the Interstitial Storage of Sodium -- Interstitial Fluid and Lymph in Critical Illness -- Pulmonary Starling Forces and the Extravascular Lung Water -- Cell Fluid and Extracellular Fluid -- Starling Forces Between Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids -- Maintenance of the Extracellular-Intracellular Solute Balance is Energy-Dependent -- Double Donnan Effect -- Potassium and Magnesium Ions -- Cell Volume Regulation and Intracranial Pressure -- Cell Volume Regulation beyond the Brain -- Hessels' Alternative Model of Water, Sodium and Potassium Distribution -- Water Excretion -- References -- 3: Fluid Physiology Part 2: Regulation of Body Fluids and the Distribution of Infusion Fluids -- Introduction -- Fluid Balance -- Fluid Intake. , Fluid Losses -- Fluid Movement and Edema Formation -- Cell Membrane -- Capillary Membrane -- The Starling Equation -- Edema Formation -- The Importance of Organ Function -- The Kidneys -- Nervous Control -- Hormones -- Cardiac Response to Fluid -- Electrolytes -- Crystalloid Fluid Solutions -- Ringer's Solution -- Other Crystalloid Fluids -- Colloid Fluid Solutions -- Measurement of Body Fluid Volumes -- Fluid Efficiency -- Volume Kinetics, Basic Concepts -- Crystalloids Versus Colloids -- Goals of Fluid Therapy -- References -- 4: Fluid Dynamics During Resuscitation: From Frank-Starling to the Reappraisal of Guyton -- Introduction -- What Are the Factors That Determine Flow of Blood from Peripheral Circulation to Heart? -- What Are the Factors That Determine Mean Systemic Pressure? -- Guyton's Experiment and Venous Return Curve -- Starling's Experiment -- Effect of Fluid Bolus on Venous Return Curve -- Cardiac Function Curve -- Integrating the Return Function with Cardiac Function -- Overall Effect of Fluid Bolus on Circulation -- Validation of Guytonian Model in Human Studies -- Conclusion -- References -- 5: Understanding Heart-Lung Interactions: Concepts of Fluid Responsiveness -- Introduction -- Basics of Respiratory and Cardio-Circulatory Physiology -- Effects of Mechanical Ventilation on Intrathoracic Pressure -- The Pump -- Venous Return and Ventricular Preload -- Ventricular Afterload -- Left Ventricular Afterload -- Right Ventricular Afterload -- Ventricular Interdependence -- Heart-Lung Interactions: Clinical Application -- Functional Hemodynamic Monitoring -- Concept of Fluid Responsiveness -- Dynamic Indicators for Fluid Responsiveness -- Invasive Assessment of Respiratory Changes in LV Stroke Volume -- Pulse Pressure Variation -- Non-invasive Assessment of Respiratory Changes in LV Stroke Volume. , Other Clinically Significant Clinical Interactions -- Cardiopulmonary Changes in Prone Positioning -- Conclusions -- References -- 6: Acid-Base Homeostasis: Traditional Approach -- Introduction -- Definitions -- Acid-Base Homeostasis -- High AG Metabolic Acidosis -- Normal AG Metabolic Acidosis -- Metabolic Alkalosis -- Some More Illustrative Cases -- Conclusion -- Reference -- 7: Acid Base Homeostasis: Stewart Approach at the Bedside -- Introduction -- Physicochemical Perspective -- SID and Acid Base Balance -- Total Nonvolatile Acid Anion (Atot) and Acid Base Balance -- Total CO2 -- Stewart at Bedside: Fencl-Stewart Approach -- Fencl-Stewart: Putting It All Together -- Stewart at Bedside: Using Standard Base Excess -- Effect of Different IV Fluids on Acid-Base Balance -- Some More Illustrative Case -- Conclusion -- References -- 8: The 4-indications of Fluid Therapy: Resuscitation, Replacement, Maintenance and Nutrition Fluids, and Beyond -- Introduction -- The Four Indications -- Resuscitation Fluids -- Maintenance Fluids -- Replacement Fluids -- Nutrition Fluids -- The Four Questions -- When to Start IV Fluids? -- When to Stop IV Fluids? -- When to Start Fluid Removal? -- When to Stop Fluid Removal? -- The Four (or Six) D's -- Diagnosis -- Drug -- Dose -- Duration -- De-escalation -- Discharge -- The Four Hits -- First Hit: Initial Insult -- Second Hit: Ischemia-Reperfusion -- Third Hit: Global Increased Permeability Syndrome -- Fourth Hit: Hypoperfusion -- The Four Phases (ROSE Concept) -- Resuscitation -- Optimization -- Stabilization -- Evacuation -- The Other Fours -- The Four Compartments -- The Four Spaces -- The Four Losses -- Conclusions -- References -- Part II: Available Intravenous Fluids -- 9: The Place of Crystalloids -- Introduction -- Fluid Physiology -- Types of Crystalloids -- Isotonic Crystalloids. , Isotonic Saline or 0.9% Saline -- Balanced Crystalloids -- Clinical Evidence: 0.9% Saline Vs Balanced -- Observational Studies -- Randomized Controlled Studies -- Hypotonic Crystalloids -- Hypertonic Crystalloids -- Hypertonic Saline -- Sodium Bicarbonate Solution -- Conclusion -- References -- 10: The Case for Albumin as Volume Expander and beyond -- Introduction -- Albumin in Health -- Albumin in Critical Illness -- Evidence on Albumin as a Plasma Expander -- Timing of Albumin Administration during Resuscitation -- Comparison of Different Strengths of Albumin -- Albumin beyond Resuscitation -- Patients with Liver Disease -- Treatment of Hypoalbuminemia with Peripheral Oedema -- Deresuscitation -- Other Indications -- Caution with the Use of Albumin -- Conclusion -- References -- 11: The Place for Starches and Other Colloids -- Introduction -- Hydroxyethyl Starch -- Pharmacology -- Is Hydroxyethyl Starch Beneficial? -- Evidence in Critically Ill Patients -- Perioperative Use of HES -- Controversies and Restrictions on HES -- Gelatins -- Dextrans -- Conclusion -- References -- 12: How to Use Blood and Blood Products -- Introduction -- Anemia and Red Cell Administration -- Age of RBC and Transfusion Outcomes -- Thrombocytopenia and Platelet Transfusion -- Coagulopathy and Plasma Transfusion -- Adverse Transfusion Reactions in Critical Care -- Alternatives to Transfusion -- Conclusion -- References -- 13: Nutrition Delivery in Critically Ill Patients -- Introduction -- Goals of Nutrition in the ICU -- Nutrition Assessment -- Assessment of Energy Needs -- Initiate Early EN -- Dosing of EN -- Monitoring Tolerance and Adequacy of EN -- Selection of Appropriate Enteral Formulation -- When to Use PN -- When Indicated, Maximize Efficacy of PN -- Special Situations -- Pulmonary Failure -- Renal Failure -- Hepatic Failure -- Acute Pancreatitis -- Trauma. , Burns -- Sepsis -- Postoperative Major Surgery -- Obese Patients -- Fluid Therapy and Nutrition -- Conclusion -- References -- Part III: Fluid Therapy in Special Conditions -- 14: Fluid Management in Septic Shock -- Introduction -- Septic Shock: Pathophysiology -- Septic Shock: Diagnosis -- Septic Shock: Management -- Resuscitation -- Which Fluid? -- Dose of Fluid -- Interaction with Vasopressors -- Septic Shock: Monitoring -- Limiting Cumulative Fluid Balance -- Conclusion -- References -- 15: Fluid Management in Cardiogenic Shock -- Introduction -- Fluid Management of Left-Ventricular Failure -- How Should Fluid Responsiveness Be Assessed and Fluid Therapy Titrated in these Patients? -- Fluid Management in Right-Ventricular Failure -- How to Assess Fluid Responsiveness and Titrate Fluids in RV Failure? -- Conclusion -- References -- 16: Fluid Management in Trauma -- Introduction -- Goals of Early Resuscitation -- Initial Choice of Fluid for Trauma Resuscitation -- Crystalloids -- Colloids -- Hypertonic Solutions -- Penetrating Versus Blunt Injury Versus Head Injuries -- Initial Trauma Resuscitation Fluid Volume -- Practical Approach to Initial Fluid Resuscitation and Pattern of Responses -- Completion of Resuscitation -- Post-Resuscitation Fluid Management -- Deresuscitation -- Conclusion -- References -- 17: Fluid Management in Neurocritical Care -- Introduction -- Physiological Considerations -- What Kind of Fluid Is Appropriate in NIC Patients? -- Does Tonicity of the IV Fluids Matter in NIC Patients? -- Hyperosmolar Therapy in NIC Patients -- End Points of Fluid Therapy Management in Neurocritical Care: How Much Fluid Is Enough? -- Monitoring Fluid Therapy in NIC Patients -- A Note on Common Electrolyte Disturbances in NIC Patients -- General Considerations -- Hyponatraemia -- Hypernatremia -- Hyperchloraemia -- Other Electrolyte Disturbances. , Fluid Therapy Management in Neurocritical Care: Clinical Practice Recommendations.

Weitere Ausg.: ISBN 3-031-42204-X

Sprache: Englisch

UID:

Umfang: 1 online resource (600 pages)

Ausgabe: First edition.

ISBN: 3-031-42205-8

Anmerkung: Intro -- Foreword 1 -- Foreword 2 -- Foreword 3 -- Foreword 4 -- Foreword 5 -- Foreword 6 -- Foreword 7 -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I: Fundamentals of Intravenous Fluid Therapy -- 1: Terms and Definitions of Fluid Therapy -- Introduction -- Terms and Definitions -- Conclusions -- References -- 2: Fluid Physiology Part 1: Volume and Distribution of Water and Its Major Solutes Between Plasma, the Interstitium and Intracellular Fluid -- Introduction -- Total Body Water -- Clinical Use of Total Body Water Estimation and Modified Body Weights -- Water Absorption -- Plasma Volume -- The Starling Principle and Microvessel Heterogeneity -- Exceptions to the No-Absorption Rule -- The Current Understanding of Starling Forces -- Starling Forces -- Steady State Variations Versus Abrupt Disequilibrium -- Interstitium and Lymphatics -- The Triphasic Interstitium -- Collagen Phase -- The Triphasic Interstitium -- Hyaluronan Gel Phase -- The Triphasic Interstitium -- Aqueous Phase -- Gel Swelling Pressure -- Interstitial Starling Forces -- Lymphatic Vascular System -- Interstitial Fluid Dynamics -- Lymphatics and the Interstitial Storage of Sodium -- Interstitial Fluid and Lymph in Critical Illness -- Pulmonary Starling Forces and the Extravascular Lung Water -- Cell Fluid and Extracellular Fluid -- Starling Forces Between Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids -- Maintenance of the Extracellular-Intracellular Solute Balance is Energy-Dependent -- Double Donnan Effect -- Potassium and Magnesium Ions -- Cell Volume Regulation and Intracranial Pressure -- Cell Volume Regulation beyond the Brain -- Hessels' Alternative Model of Water, Sodium and Potassium Distribution -- Water Excretion -- References -- 3: Fluid Physiology Part 2: Regulation of Body Fluids and the Distribution of Infusion Fluids -- Introduction -- Fluid Balance -- Fluid Intake. , Fluid Losses -- Fluid Movement and Edema Formation -- Cell Membrane -- Capillary Membrane -- The Starling Equation -- Edema Formation -- The Importance of Organ Function -- The Kidneys -- Nervous Control -- Hormones -- Cardiac Response to Fluid -- Electrolytes -- Crystalloid Fluid Solutions -- Ringer's Solution -- Other Crystalloid Fluids -- Colloid Fluid Solutions -- Measurement of Body Fluid Volumes -- Fluid Efficiency -- Volume Kinetics, Basic Concepts -- Crystalloids Versus Colloids -- Goals of Fluid Therapy -- References -- 4: Fluid Dynamics During Resuscitation: From Frank-Starling to the Reappraisal of Guyton -- Introduction -- What Are the Factors That Determine Flow of Blood from Peripheral Circulation to Heart? -- What Are the Factors That Determine Mean Systemic Pressure? -- Guyton's Experiment and Venous Return Curve -- Starling's Experiment -- Effect of Fluid Bolus on Venous Return Curve -- Cardiac Function Curve -- Integrating the Return Function with Cardiac Function -- Overall Effect of Fluid Bolus on Circulation -- Validation of Guytonian Model in Human Studies -- Conclusion -- References -- 5: Understanding Heart-Lung Interactions: Concepts of Fluid Responsiveness -- Introduction -- Basics of Respiratory and Cardio-Circulatory Physiology -- Effects of Mechanical Ventilation on Intrathoracic Pressure -- The Pump -- Venous Return and Ventricular Preload -- Ventricular Afterload -- Left Ventricular Afterload -- Right Ventricular Afterload -- Ventricular Interdependence -- Heart-Lung Interactions: Clinical Application -- Functional Hemodynamic Monitoring -- Concept of Fluid Responsiveness -- Dynamic Indicators for Fluid Responsiveness -- Invasive Assessment of Respiratory Changes in LV Stroke Volume -- Pulse Pressure Variation -- Non-invasive Assessment of Respiratory Changes in LV Stroke Volume. , Other Clinically Significant Clinical Interactions -- Cardiopulmonary Changes in Prone Positioning -- Conclusions -- References -- 6: Acid-Base Homeostasis: Traditional Approach -- Introduction -- Definitions -- Acid-Base Homeostasis -- High AG Metabolic Acidosis -- Normal AG Metabolic Acidosis -- Metabolic Alkalosis -- Some More Illustrative Cases -- Conclusion -- Reference -- 7: Acid Base Homeostasis: Stewart Approach at the Bedside -- Introduction -- Physicochemical Perspective -- SID and Acid Base Balance -- Total Nonvolatile Acid Anion (Atot) and Acid Base Balance -- Total CO2 -- Stewart at Bedside: Fencl-Stewart Approach -- Fencl-Stewart: Putting It All Together -- Stewart at Bedside: Using Standard Base Excess -- Effect of Different IV Fluids on Acid-Base Balance -- Some More Illustrative Case -- Conclusion -- References -- 8: The 4-indications of Fluid Therapy: Resuscitation, Replacement, Maintenance and Nutrition Fluids, and Beyond -- Introduction -- The Four Indications -- Resuscitation Fluids -- Maintenance Fluids -- Replacement Fluids -- Nutrition Fluids -- The Four Questions -- When to Start IV Fluids? -- When to Stop IV Fluids? -- When to Start Fluid Removal? -- When to Stop Fluid Removal? -- The Four (or Six) D's -- Diagnosis -- Drug -- Dose -- Duration -- De-escalation -- Discharge -- The Four Hits -- First Hit: Initial Insult -- Second Hit: Ischemia-Reperfusion -- Third Hit: Global Increased Permeability Syndrome -- Fourth Hit: Hypoperfusion -- The Four Phases (ROSE Concept) -- Resuscitation -- Optimization -- Stabilization -- Evacuation -- The Other Fours -- The Four Compartments -- The Four Spaces -- The Four Losses -- Conclusions -- References -- Part II: Available Intravenous Fluids -- 9: The Place of Crystalloids -- Introduction -- Fluid Physiology -- Types of Crystalloids -- Isotonic Crystalloids. , Isotonic Saline or 0.9% Saline -- Balanced Crystalloids -- Clinical Evidence: 0.9% Saline Vs Balanced -- Observational Studies -- Randomized Controlled Studies -- Hypotonic Crystalloids -- Hypertonic Crystalloids -- Hypertonic Saline -- Sodium Bicarbonate Solution -- Conclusion -- References -- 10: The Case for Albumin as Volume Expander and beyond -- Introduction -- Albumin in Health -- Albumin in Critical Illness -- Evidence on Albumin as a Plasma Expander -- Timing of Albumin Administration during Resuscitation -- Comparison of Different Strengths of Albumin -- Albumin beyond Resuscitation -- Patients with Liver Disease -- Treatment of Hypoalbuminemia with Peripheral Oedema -- Deresuscitation -- Other Indications -- Caution with the Use of Albumin -- Conclusion -- References -- 11: The Place for Starches and Other Colloids -- Introduction -- Hydroxyethyl Starch -- Pharmacology -- Is Hydroxyethyl Starch Beneficial? -- Evidence in Critically Ill Patients -- Perioperative Use of HES -- Controversies and Restrictions on HES -- Gelatins -- Dextrans -- Conclusion -- References -- 12: How to Use Blood and Blood Products -- Introduction -- Anemia and Red Cell Administration -- Age of RBC and Transfusion Outcomes -- Thrombocytopenia and Platelet Transfusion -- Coagulopathy and Plasma Transfusion -- Adverse Transfusion Reactions in Critical Care -- Alternatives to Transfusion -- Conclusion -- References -- 13: Nutrition Delivery in Critically Ill Patients -- Introduction -- Goals of Nutrition in the ICU -- Nutrition Assessment -- Assessment of Energy Needs -- Initiate Early EN -- Dosing of EN -- Monitoring Tolerance and Adequacy of EN -- Selection of Appropriate Enteral Formulation -- When to Use PN -- When Indicated, Maximize Efficacy of PN -- Special Situations -- Pulmonary Failure -- Renal Failure -- Hepatic Failure -- Acute Pancreatitis -- Trauma. , Burns -- Sepsis -- Postoperative Major Surgery -- Obese Patients -- Fluid Therapy and Nutrition -- Conclusion -- References -- Part III: Fluid Therapy in Special Conditions -- 14: Fluid Management in Septic Shock -- Introduction -- Septic Shock: Pathophysiology -- Septic Shock: Diagnosis -- Septic Shock: Management -- Resuscitation -- Which Fluid? -- Dose of Fluid -- Interaction with Vasopressors -- Septic Shock: Monitoring -- Limiting Cumulative Fluid Balance -- Conclusion -- References -- 15: Fluid Management in Cardiogenic Shock -- Introduction -- Fluid Management of Left-Ventricular Failure -- How Should Fluid Responsiveness Be Assessed and Fluid Therapy Titrated in these Patients? -- Fluid Management in Right-Ventricular Failure -- How to Assess Fluid Responsiveness and Titrate Fluids in RV Failure? -- Conclusion -- References -- 16: Fluid Management in Trauma -- Introduction -- Goals of Early Resuscitation -- Initial Choice of Fluid for Trauma Resuscitation -- Crystalloids -- Colloids -- Hypertonic Solutions -- Penetrating Versus Blunt Injury Versus Head Injuries -- Initial Trauma Resuscitation Fluid Volume -- Practical Approach to Initial Fluid Resuscitation and Pattern of Responses -- Completion of Resuscitation -- Post-Resuscitation Fluid Management -- Deresuscitation -- Conclusion -- References -- 17: Fluid Management in Neurocritical Care -- Introduction -- Physiological Considerations -- What Kind of Fluid Is Appropriate in NIC Patients? -- Does Tonicity of the IV Fluids Matter in NIC Patients? -- Hyperosmolar Therapy in NIC Patients -- End Points of Fluid Therapy Management in Neurocritical Care: How Much Fluid Is Enough? -- Monitoring Fluid Therapy in NIC Patients -- A Note on Common Electrolyte Disturbances in NIC Patients -- General Considerations -- Hyponatraemia -- Hypernatremia -- Hyperchloraemia -- Other Electrolyte Disturbances. , Fluid Therapy Management in Neurocritical Care: Clinical Practice Recommendations.

Weitere Ausg.: ISBN 3-031-42204-X

Sprache: Englisch

UID:

Umfang: 1 online resource (600 pages)

Ausgabe: First edition.

ISBN: 3-031-42205-8

Anmerkung: Intro -- Foreword 1 -- Foreword 2 -- Foreword 3 -- Foreword 4 -- Foreword 5 -- Foreword 6 -- Foreword 7 -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I: Fundamentals of Intravenous Fluid Therapy -- 1: Terms and Definitions of Fluid Therapy -- Introduction -- Terms and Definitions -- Conclusions -- References -- 2: Fluid Physiology Part 1: Volume and Distribution of Water and Its Major Solutes Between Plasma, the Interstitium and Intracellular Fluid -- Introduction -- Total Body Water -- Clinical Use of Total Body Water Estimation and Modified Body Weights -- Water Absorption -- Plasma Volume -- The Starling Principle and Microvessel Heterogeneity -- Exceptions to the No-Absorption Rule -- The Current Understanding of Starling Forces -- Starling Forces -- Steady State Variations Versus Abrupt Disequilibrium -- Interstitium and Lymphatics -- The Triphasic Interstitium -- Collagen Phase -- The Triphasic Interstitium -- Hyaluronan Gel Phase -- The Triphasic Interstitium -- Aqueous Phase -- Gel Swelling Pressure -- Interstitial Starling Forces -- Lymphatic Vascular System -- Interstitial Fluid Dynamics -- Lymphatics and the Interstitial Storage of Sodium -- Interstitial Fluid and Lymph in Critical Illness -- Pulmonary Starling Forces and the Extravascular Lung Water -- Cell Fluid and Extracellular Fluid -- Starling Forces Between Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids -- Maintenance of the Extracellular-Intracellular Solute Balance is Energy-Dependent -- Double Donnan Effect -- Potassium and Magnesium Ions -- Cell Volume Regulation and Intracranial Pressure -- Cell Volume Regulation beyond the Brain -- Hessels' Alternative Model of Water, Sodium and Potassium Distribution -- Water Excretion -- References -- 3: Fluid Physiology Part 2: Regulation of Body Fluids and the Distribution of Infusion Fluids -- Introduction -- Fluid Balance -- Fluid Intake. , Fluid Losses -- Fluid Movement and Edema Formation -- Cell Membrane -- Capillary Membrane -- The Starling Equation -- Edema Formation -- The Importance of Organ Function -- The Kidneys -- Nervous Control -- Hormones -- Cardiac Response to Fluid -- Electrolytes -- Crystalloid Fluid Solutions -- Ringer's Solution -- Other Crystalloid Fluids -- Colloid Fluid Solutions -- Measurement of Body Fluid Volumes -- Fluid Efficiency -- Volume Kinetics, Basic Concepts -- Crystalloids Versus Colloids -- Goals of Fluid Therapy -- References -- 4: Fluid Dynamics During Resuscitation: From Frank-Starling to the Reappraisal of Guyton -- Introduction -- What Are the Factors That Determine Flow of Blood from Peripheral Circulation to Heart? -- What Are the Factors That Determine Mean Systemic Pressure? -- Guyton's Experiment and Venous Return Curve -- Starling's Experiment -- Effect of Fluid Bolus on Venous Return Curve -- Cardiac Function Curve -- Integrating the Return Function with Cardiac Function -- Overall Effect of Fluid Bolus on Circulation -- Validation of Guytonian Model in Human Studies -- Conclusion -- References -- 5: Understanding Heart-Lung Interactions: Concepts of Fluid Responsiveness -- Introduction -- Basics of Respiratory and Cardio-Circulatory Physiology -- Effects of Mechanical Ventilation on Intrathoracic Pressure -- The Pump -- Venous Return and Ventricular Preload -- Ventricular Afterload -- Left Ventricular Afterload -- Right Ventricular Afterload -- Ventricular Interdependence -- Heart-Lung Interactions: Clinical Application -- Functional Hemodynamic Monitoring -- Concept of Fluid Responsiveness -- Dynamic Indicators for Fluid Responsiveness -- Invasive Assessment of Respiratory Changes in LV Stroke Volume -- Pulse Pressure Variation -- Non-invasive Assessment of Respiratory Changes in LV Stroke Volume. , Other Clinically Significant Clinical Interactions -- Cardiopulmonary Changes in Prone Positioning -- Conclusions -- References -- 6: Acid-Base Homeostasis: Traditional Approach -- Introduction -- Definitions -- Acid-Base Homeostasis -- High AG Metabolic Acidosis -- Normal AG Metabolic Acidosis -- Metabolic Alkalosis -- Some More Illustrative Cases -- Conclusion -- Reference -- 7: Acid Base Homeostasis: Stewart Approach at the Bedside -- Introduction -- Physicochemical Perspective -- SID and Acid Base Balance -- Total Nonvolatile Acid Anion (Atot) and Acid Base Balance -- Total CO2 -- Stewart at Bedside: Fencl-Stewart Approach -- Fencl-Stewart: Putting It All Together -- Stewart at Bedside: Using Standard Base Excess -- Effect of Different IV Fluids on Acid-Base Balance -- Some More Illustrative Case -- Conclusion -- References -- 8: The 4-indications of Fluid Therapy: Resuscitation, Replacement, Maintenance and Nutrition Fluids, and Beyond -- Introduction -- The Four Indications -- Resuscitation Fluids -- Maintenance Fluids -- Replacement Fluids -- Nutrition Fluids -- The Four Questions -- When to Start IV Fluids? -- When to Stop IV Fluids? -- When to Start Fluid Removal? -- When to Stop Fluid Removal? -- The Four (or Six) D's -- Diagnosis -- Drug -- Dose -- Duration -- De-escalation -- Discharge -- The Four Hits -- First Hit: Initial Insult -- Second Hit: Ischemia-Reperfusion -- Third Hit: Global Increased Permeability Syndrome -- Fourth Hit: Hypoperfusion -- The Four Phases (ROSE Concept) -- Resuscitation -- Optimization -- Stabilization -- Evacuation -- The Other Fours -- The Four Compartments -- The Four Spaces -- The Four Losses -- Conclusions -- References -- Part II: Available Intravenous Fluids -- 9: The Place of Crystalloids -- Introduction -- Fluid Physiology -- Types of Crystalloids -- Isotonic Crystalloids. , Isotonic Saline or 0.9% Saline -- Balanced Crystalloids -- Clinical Evidence: 0.9% Saline Vs Balanced -- Observational Studies -- Randomized Controlled Studies -- Hypotonic Crystalloids -- Hypertonic Crystalloids -- Hypertonic Saline -- Sodium Bicarbonate Solution -- Conclusion -- References -- 10: The Case for Albumin as Volume Expander and beyond -- Introduction -- Albumin in Health -- Albumin in Critical Illness -- Evidence on Albumin as a Plasma Expander -- Timing of Albumin Administration during Resuscitation -- Comparison of Different Strengths of Albumin -- Albumin beyond Resuscitation -- Patients with Liver Disease -- Treatment of Hypoalbuminemia with Peripheral Oedema -- Deresuscitation -- Other Indications -- Caution with the Use of Albumin -- Conclusion -- References -- 11: The Place for Starches and Other Colloids -- Introduction -- Hydroxyethyl Starch -- Pharmacology -- Is Hydroxyethyl Starch Beneficial? -- Evidence in Critically Ill Patients -- Perioperative Use of HES -- Controversies and Restrictions on HES -- Gelatins -- Dextrans -- Conclusion -- References -- 12: How to Use Blood and Blood Products -- Introduction -- Anemia and Red Cell Administration -- Age of RBC and Transfusion Outcomes -- Thrombocytopenia and Platelet Transfusion -- Coagulopathy and Plasma Transfusion -- Adverse Transfusion Reactions in Critical Care -- Alternatives to Transfusion -- Conclusion -- References -- 13: Nutrition Delivery in Critically Ill Patients -- Introduction -- Goals of Nutrition in the ICU -- Nutrition Assessment -- Assessment of Energy Needs -- Initiate Early EN -- Dosing of EN -- Monitoring Tolerance and Adequacy of EN -- Selection of Appropriate Enteral Formulation -- When to Use PN -- When Indicated, Maximize Efficacy of PN -- Special Situations -- Pulmonary Failure -- Renal Failure -- Hepatic Failure -- Acute Pancreatitis -- Trauma. , Burns -- Sepsis -- Postoperative Major Surgery -- Obese Patients -- Fluid Therapy and Nutrition -- Conclusion -- References -- Part III: Fluid Therapy in Special Conditions -- 14: Fluid Management in Septic Shock -- Introduction -- Septic Shock: Pathophysiology -- Septic Shock: Diagnosis -- Septic Shock: Management -- Resuscitation -- Which Fluid? -- Dose of Fluid -- Interaction with Vasopressors -- Septic Shock: Monitoring -- Limiting Cumulative Fluid Balance -- Conclusion -- References -- 15: Fluid Management in Cardiogenic Shock -- Introduction -- Fluid Management of Left-Ventricular Failure -- How Should Fluid Responsiveness Be Assessed and Fluid Therapy Titrated in these Patients? -- Fluid Management in Right-Ventricular Failure -- How to Assess Fluid Responsiveness and Titrate Fluids in RV Failure? -- Conclusion -- References -- 16: Fluid Management in Trauma -- Introduction -- Goals of Early Resuscitation -- Initial Choice of Fluid for Trauma Resuscitation -- Crystalloids -- Colloids -- Hypertonic Solutions -- Penetrating Versus Blunt Injury Versus Head Injuries -- Initial Trauma Resuscitation Fluid Volume -- Practical Approach to Initial Fluid Resuscitation and Pattern of Responses -- Completion of Resuscitation -- Post-Resuscitation Fluid Management -- Deresuscitation -- Conclusion -- References -- 17: Fluid Management in Neurocritical Care -- Introduction -- Physiological Considerations -- What Kind of Fluid Is Appropriate in NIC Patients? -- Does Tonicity of the IV Fluids Matter in NIC Patients? -- Hyperosmolar Therapy in NIC Patients -- End Points of Fluid Therapy Management in Neurocritical Care: How Much Fluid Is Enough? -- Monitoring Fluid Therapy in NIC Patients -- A Note on Common Electrolyte Disturbances in NIC Patients -- General Considerations -- Hyponatraemia -- Hypernatremia -- Hyperchloraemia -- Other Electrolyte Disturbances. , Fluid Therapy Management in Neurocritical Care: Clinical Practice Recommendations.

Weitere Ausg.: ISBN 3-031-42204-X

Sprache: Englisch