Kooperativer Bibliotheksverbund

UID:

Format: XXXI, 478 p. 100 illus., 92 illus. in color. , online resource.

Edition: 1st ed. 2024.

ISBN: 9783031515248

Series Statement: Management for Professionals,

Content: This book chronicles the role of travel intermediaries: global distribution systems (GDS), travel management companies (TMC), and online travel agencies (OTA) in the distribution of travel products. The book covers the historical development of these intermediaries and explores their current state and future prospects. Almost six decades after the introduction of computerized reservations systems and four decades after the introduction of Global Distribution Systems that allowed travel agents to make automated airline bookings, the distribution of air products is amid a major transition. A fundamental change is pricing power, which shifts from the GDSs to the airlines for the indirect channel. These changes are driven by advancements in technology, market economics, and airline cost controls, leading to the emergence of new revenue models that will permanently alter the landscape of air distribution. As a result, travel intermediaries are experiencing the effects of these turbulent times and must adopt innovative approaches and initiatives to adapt and transform their business models rather than maintaining the status quo. In addition to the ongoing transformation, over the next decade, the advancements in emerging technologies like blockchain and decentralized digital identity will further revolutionize the distribution landscape across all sectors of the travel industry.

Note: An Introduction to Travel Intermediaries -- Origins of the Global Distribution Systems (1925 - 1983) -- GDS: Platform Power (1984 - 1995) -- GDS: The Internet, New Channels and Transparency (1996 - 2011) -- Scale Matters: GDS Air Shopping -- GDS: The Turbulent Years (2012 - Present) -- The Impact of Evolving Business Models on Global Distribution Systems -- A Fast Response System: Airline Shopping in a NDC World -- Offer Management, Dynamic Pricing, and Order Management -- Origins of Online Travel Agencies -- Hotel Bookings and the Dominance of the OTAs -- Customer Trust and NDC -- The Impact of Emerging Technologies on Intermediaries -- Future State.

In: Springer Nature eBook

Additional Edition: Printed edition: ISBN 9783031515231

Additional Edition: Printed edition: ISBN 9783031515255

Additional Edition: Printed edition: ISBN 9783031515262

Language: English

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-51524-8

URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-51524-8

URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (500 pages)

Edition: 1st ed.

ISBN: 9783031515248

Series Statement: Management for Professionals Series

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Foreword -- Airline Distribution: Changing Market Structure, Performance, and Conduct -- Preface -- Contents -- Chapter 1: An Introduction to Travel Intermediaries -- 1.1 What Is an Intermediary? -- 1.2 Origins -- 1.3 Types of Intermediaries -- 1.3.1 Global Distribution Systems -- 1.3.2 Travel Management Companies -- 1.3.3 Online Travel Agencies -- 1.3.4 Tour Operators -- 1.3.5 Airline Wholesalers -- 1.3.6 Hotel Wholesalers -- 1.3.7 Metasearch -- 1.3.8 Airbnb -- 1.3.9 Destination Management Companies -- 1.3.10 Tourism Boards -- 1.3.11 NDC Aggregators -- 1.3.12 ARC and BSP -- 1.3.13 Hotel Commissions Payment -- 1.3.14 Crew Accommodations and Passenger Handling During Flight Disruptions -- 1.3.15 Medical Tourism -- 1.4 Why Did Intermediaries Come into Existence? -- 1.5 Intermediary Bookings -- 1.6 The Travel Agency Revenue Model -- 1.7 What Is This Book About? -- Chapter 2: Origins of the Global Distribution Systems (1925-1983) -- 2.1 Origins of Civil Aviation -- 2.2 Origins of the Airline Reservations System -- 2.2.1 The Reservisor -- 2.2.2 The Magnetronic Reservisor -- 2.2.3 The Reserwriter -- 2.2.4 The Chance Encounter -- 2.2.5 Semi-Automatic Ground Equipment (SAGE) -- 2.2.6 The IBM Reservations System -- 2.2.6.1 Sabre Upgrade to PARS -- 2.2.6.2 ACP and TPF -- 2.2.7 Current Airline Reservations Environment -- 2.3 The British Pioneering Work with UNIVAC and IBM -- 2.3.1 The SAS Technology Platform -- 2.3.2 UNIVAC and Airline Reservations Systems -- 2.4 The SITA Reservations System -- 2.5 Key Organizations that Shaped the Airline Industry -- 2.5.1 IATA and ICAO -- 2.5.2 The Civil Aeronautics Board -- 2.5.3 Air Transportation Association of America (ATA) -- 2.5.4 Federal Aviation Agency (FAA) -- 2.5.5 Department of Transportation (DOT) -- 2.5.6 American Society of Travel Advisors (ASTA). , 2.5.7 Global Business Travel Association (GBTA) -- 2.5.8 Business Travel Association (U.K.) -- 2.5.9 Travel Management Coalition -- 2.5.10 Folatur -- 2.6 Airline Paper Tickets -- 2.7 Origins of the GDS -- 2.7.1 Other Multi-Access Initiatives -- 2.7.2 The First GDS -- 2.8 Airline Deregulation -- 2.8.1 CAB and the Imperfect Cartel -- 2.9 Origins of the Frequent Flyer Programs -- 2.9.1 The Ill-Fated AAirPass Program -- 2.9.2 The Runaway Success of Loyalty Programs -- 2.10 GDS Poised for Growth with Co-Host Agreements -- 2.10.1 Co-Host Agreements and the Barrier for Participation for Smaller Carriers -- 2.11 CRS Market Power and Origins of the CRS Rules -- 2.11.1 Marketing Information Data Tapes (MIDT) -- 2.12 The GDS Platform -- 2.12.1 SabreTalk -- 2.13 The Role of the Travel Management Company -- 2.13.1 TMC Pricing Model -- 2.14 Operating a GDS -- 2.15 Reservations System and GDS Basic Terminology -- 2.15.1 GDS Air Segment Bookings -- 2.15.2 GDS Segments for Other Lines of Business -- 2.16 Full-Service Carriers and Low-Cost Carriers -- Chapter 3: GDS: Platform Power (1984-1995) -- 3.1 Intermediaries and Why They Came into Existence -- 3.2 Regulation to Control Screen Bias -- 3.3 Checks and Balances with Negotiated Contracts -- 3.3.1 Airline: GDS Full Content Agreements (FCA) -- 3.3.2 Most Favored Nation (MFN) Clause in GDS: Airline Contracts -- 3.3.3 Most Favored Nation (MFN) Clause in TMC Contracts -- 3.4 Yield Management: The Early Period -- 3.4.1 Impact on Other Travel Verticals -- 3.5 Airline Revenue Management: Leg/Segment Controls and O& -- D Controls -- 3.5.1 Leg/Segment Controls -- 3.5.1.1 Calculation of Leg/Segment Availability -- 3.5.2 O& -- D Controls -- 3.5.2.1 Calculated of O& -- D Seat Availability -- 3.5.2.2 Legacy System Enhancement Versus Open System for O& -- D Booking Class Availability. , 3.5.3 The Last Frontier: Individual Seat Pricing -- 3.5.4 Value Generated by Revenue Management -- 3.5.4.1 First, Second and Third Order Network Effects -- 3.6 The EDIFACT Protocol -- 3.7 Advances in Air Connectivity -- 3.7.1 GDS Connectivity Product Features -- 3.7.1.1 AVS/AVN -- 3.7.1.2 Basic Booking Record (BBR) -- 3.7.1.3 Direct Access Interactive (DAI) -- 3.7.1.4 Seamless Sell and Seamless Availability -- 3.7.1.5 Direct Connect Sell (DCS) -- 3.7.1.6 Direct Connect Availability (DCA) -- 3.7.1.7 Market Restricted Flights -- 3.7.1.8 Married Segments -- 3.7.1.9 Journey Data -- 3.7.1.10 Married to Journey -- 3.7.1.11 Interactive Seat Maps -- 3.7.1.12 Interactive Pre-Reserved Seats -- 3.7.1.13 Point of Sale -- 3.7.1.14 Point of Commencement -- 3.8 Participation Levels in Airline-GDS Contracts -- 3.9 Hotel and Rental Car Connectivity -- 3.10 Continued Growth of the GDSs -- 3.11 DOT´s 1992 Revisions to the CRS Rules -- 3.12 Revenue Streams for Travel Agents -- 3.12.1 Agency GDS Incentives -- 3.12.2 Front-End Commissions -- 3.12.3 Backend (Override) Commissions -- 3.12.4 Net Fare Markup -- 3.12.5 Service Fees -- 3.13 Revenue Management and Airline Reservations -- 3.13.1 Hosted Reservations and the Perceived Halo Effect -- 3.14 Governance, Standards, and Partners -- 3.14.1 Industry Standards and Governance -- 3.14.2 Communications Partners -- 3.14.3 Settlement Partners for Airlines and Agencies -- 3.14.4 Industry Partners for Airline Fares -- 3.14.5 Industry Partners for Airline Schedules -- 3.14.6 GDS and Collaborative Entities -- 3.14.7 Government Oversight -- 3.15 Airline Agent Adoption of QIK -- 3.16 Electronic Tickets -- 3.17 Airline Divestiture -- 3.18 The Origins of Air Shopping -- 3.19 Legacy Technology -- 3.20 What Happened to the Pioneer Airline Central Reservation Systems? -- 3.20.1 Northwest Airlines Stake in PARS -- 3.20.2 System One. , 3.20.3 Apollo -- 3.20.4 The Braniff ``Cowboy´´ System -- 3.20.4.1 Ticketless Travel from Morris Air -- 3.20.5 Navitaire -- 3.21 Platform Power -- 3.21.1 Scalability -- 3.21.2 Travel Agency Productivity -- 3.21.3 Standards for Connectivity -- 3.21.4 Supplier Connectivity and Inter-Operability -- 3.21.5 Security -- 3.21.6 Payment -- Chapter 4: GDS: The Internet, New Channels and Transparency (1996-2011) -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The Origins of Online Channels -- 4.3 Platform Power Revisited -- 4.3.1 Redefining the Distribution Channels -- 4.4 The Travel Value Chain -- 4.5 GDS Discounts, Full Content, and SWABIZ Corporate Direct -- 4.5.1 Carlson Wagonlit Direct Connect Program -- 4.6 Genies and the Threat to the GDS -- 4.6.1 Why Did the GNEs Fail? -- 4.6.2 Lessons Learned -- 4.7 GDS Value Pricing -- 4.8 GDS Deregulation -- 4.8.1 What Does Deregulation of the GDS Mean to Suppliers, GDSs and Consumers? -- 4.8.2 The Travel Management Agreements (TMA) -- 4.8.3 Sabre, Amadeus Content Sharing Agreement -- 4.9 The Regional GDSs -- 4.9.1 Axess and INFINI -- 4.9.2 TOPAS -- 4.9.3 SIRENA -- 4.9.4 Kiu System -- 4.9.5 SITA GETS -- 4.10 The Origins of Preferred Channels and GDS Surcharges -- 4.11 The Direct Connect Program from American Airlines -- 4.12 US Airways and ``Monopoly Power´´ -- 4.13 Merchandising -- 4.13.1 Branded Fare Families -- 4.13.1.1 Branded Fares Example -- 4.13.1.2 Composition of the Branded Fare Products -- 4.13.1.3 Tariff Structure -- 4.13.1.4 Ancillary Services Pricing -- 4.13.1.5 Discount Allocation Control -- 4.13.1.6 Branded Fares and Air Shopping -- 4.13.1.7 Merchandising: The Onward Journey -- 4.13.2 Ancillary Services and Fees Impact on Fare Management and Revenue Management -- 4.13.2.1 Branded Fares Record (S-8) -- 4.14 The Beginning of the End of Full Content Agreements and Most Favored Nation Clauses. , 4.15 Total Itinerary Pricing with Ancillaries -- 4.16 The GDS Travel Agency Desktop -- 4.17 IATA 2011 Initiative -- Chapter 5: Scale Matters: GDS Air Shopping -- 5.1 What Is Air Shopping? -- 5.2 Historical Perspective -- 5.3 Aspects of Air Shopping Complexity -- 5.3.1 The Search Space -- 5.3.2 Growth in Shopping Requests -- 5.3.3 Volatility -- 5.3.4 Response Times -- 5.3.5 Simple Versus Complex Shopping Requests -- 5.3.6 Growth in Air Fares -- 5.3.7 IATA NDC and the Computational Burden on Airlines -- 5.3.8 Doug Laney´s Definition of Big Data -- 5.4 Air Shopping Algorithms -- 5.5 Complexity of Airline Shopping -- 5.5.1 Airline Fare Management Process -- 5.5.2 Booking Class, Fare Category and Fare Basis Code -- 5.5.3 Fare Classes and Booking Classes -- 5.5.4 Classification of Fare Products -- 5.5.4.1 Public Fares -- 5.5.4.2 Private Fares -- 5.5.4.3 Web Fares -- 5.5.5 Fare Rule Categories -- 5.5.6 Journeys -- 5.6 Itinerary Pricing -- 5.7 IATA Traffic Conference Areas -- 5.7.1 Constructed Fares -- 5.8 American´s Value Pricing Initiative -- 5.9 Putting it all Together: Air Shopping Components -- 5.9.1 Dynamic Schedules -- 5.9.2 Itinerary Selection -- 5.9.3 Multi-Itinerary Pricing -- 5.9.4 Booking Class Availability -- 5.9.4.1 Interactive Connectivity -- 5.9.4.2 Availability Cache -- 5.9.4.3 Hosted Carrier Inventory -- 5.9.4.4 Availability Proxy -- 5.9.4.5 Black Box Availability Proxy -- 5.9.4.6 Teletype -- 5.10 Measuring Air Shopping Performance -- 5.10.1 Low Fare Efficacy -- 5.10.2 Diversity -- 5.10.3 Book-Ability, Price Jumps, and Availability Errors -- 5.10.4 Shopping Response Times -- 5.10.5 Cost per Shop -- 5.10.6 Look-to-Book Ratio -- 5.10.7 Conversion Rates -- 5.10.7.1 Dual GDS Strategy, Conversion Rates and Low Fare Efficacy -- 5.10.8 Missing Air Content -- 5.11 Monitoring GDS Shopping Performance -- 5.12 Network Latency and Air Shopping. , 5.13 Storing and Processing GDS Shopping Data for Decision Support Applications.

Additional Edition: Print version: Vinod, Ben Mastering the Travel Intermediaries Cham : Springer,c2024 ISBN 9783031515231

Language: English