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Format: 1 Online-Ressource (XXXVIII, 501 S.) , Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.

ISBN: 9783319160061

Series Statement: Regional climate studies

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Language: English

Keywords: Electronic books. ; Aufsatzsammlung

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16006-1

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Format: 1 online resource (515 pages)

ISBN: 9783319160061

Series Statement: Regional Climate Studies

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- The BACC II Author Team -- Abbreviations and Acronyms -- 1 Introduction and Summary -- Abstract -- 1.1 Overview -- 1.1.1 Background -- 1.1.2 Overall Summary -- 1.1.3 The BACC Process -- 1.1.4 Important Terminology -- 1.1.5 Annexes -- 1.2 Executive Summary -- 1.2.1 Long-term Climate Change: From the Holocene to the Little Ice Age -- 1.2.2 Recent Climate Change: The Past 200 Years -- 1.2.2.1 Recent Changes in the Atmosphere -- 1.2.2.2 Recent Changes in Hydrology and the Terrestrial Cryosphere -- 1.2.2.3 Recent Changes in Baltic Sea Hydrography -- 1.2.3 Future Climate Change -- 1.2.3.1 Models and Methodology -- 1.2.3.2 Projections of Future Climate Change -- 1.2.4 Environmental Impacts of Climate Change -- 1.2.4.1 Atmospheric Chemistry -- 1.2.4.2 Coastal Ecosystems, Birds, and Forests -- 1.2.4.3 Freshwater Biogeochemistry -- 1.2.4.4 Marine Biogeochemistry -- 1.2.4.5 Marine Ecosystems -- 1.2.4.6 Coastal Erosion and Coastline Changes -- 1.2.5 Socio-Economic Impacts of Climate Change -- 1.2.5.1 Forestry and Agriculture -- 1.2.5.2 Urban Complexes -- 1.2.6 Drivers of Regional Climate Change: Detecting Anthropogenic Change and Attributing Plausible Causes -- 1.2.6.1 Regional Evidence of Global Warming -- 1.2.6.2 Aerosols -- 1.2.6.3 Land Cover -- References -- Part ILong-term Climate Change -- 2 Climate Change During the Holocene (Past 12,000 Years) -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Causes of Climate Variability During the Holocene -- 2.2.1 External Climate Forcing -- 2.2.1.1 Astronomical Conditions -- 2.2.1.2 Solar Activity -- 2.2.1.3 Volcanic Eruptions -- 2.2.1.4 Greenhouse Gases -- 2.2.2 Climate Modelling of the Holocene in the Baltic Sea Basin -- 2.3 Palaeoclimatic Reconstructions Over the Holocene -- 2.3.1 Sources of Palaeoclimatic Data -- 2.3.2 Methodology for Palaeoclimatic Reconstructions. , 2.4 Climate Variability During the Holocene Relevant for the Baltic Sea Basin -- 2.4.1 Climate at the Boundary of the Younger Dryas/Holocene -- 2.4.2 Early Holocene Oscillations -- 2.4.3 The `8.2 ka Cold Event' -- 2.4.4 The Holocene Thermal Maximum -- 2.4.5 Late Holocene Cooling -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- 3 The Historical Time Frame (Past 1000 Years) -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Data Sources and Methodology -- 3.3 General Features of the Millennial Climate -- 3.4 The Medieval Warm Period (MWP 900--1350) -- 3.5 The Transitional Period (TP 1350--1550) -- 3.6 The Little Ice Age (LIA 1550--1850) -- 3.7 Conclusion -- References -- Part IIRecent Climate Change (Past 200 Years) -- 4 Recent Change---Atmosphere -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Large-Scale Circulation Patterns -- 4.2.1 Circulation Changes in Recent Decades -- 4.2.2 Long-Term Circulation Changes -- 4.2.3 NAO and Blocking -- 4.2.4 Distant Controls of Circulation Changes -- 4.2.5 Controls of the NAO -- 4.2.6 Circulation Changes in Contrast to Global Warming -- 4.3 Surface Pressure and Winds -- 4.3.1 Wind Climate in Recent Decades -- 4.3.2 Long-Term Wind Climate -- 4.3.3 Long-Term Trends Versus Decadal Variability -- 4.3.4 Potential Inconsistencies in Long-Term Trends -- 4.4 Surface Air Temperature -- 4.4.1 Long-term Temperature Climate -- 4.4.2 Temperature Trends in Recent Decades -- 4.4.3 Daily Cycle and Seasonality -- 4.4.4 Temperature Extremes -- 4.5 Precipitation -- 4.5.1 Long-Term Precipitation Climate -- 4.5.2 Precipitation Climate in Recent Decades -- 4.5.3 Precipitation Extremes -- 4.6 Cloudiness and Solar Radiation -- 4.6.1 Cloudiness -- 4.6.2 Sunshine Duration and Solar Radiation -- 4.7 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Recent Change---River Run-off and Ice Cover -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 General Drainage Characteristics of the Baltic Sea Basin. , 5.2 Basin-scale Change in Run-off Patterns -- 5.3 Regional and Seasonal Variations -- 5.3.1 Sub-basin-scale Changes -- 5.3.2 Regional Discharge Patterns by Country -- 5.3.2.1 Estonia -- 5.3.2.2 Finland -- 5.3.2.3 Latvia -- 5.3.2.4 Lithuania -- 5.3.2.5 Poland -- 5.3.2.6 Russia -- 5.3.2.7 Sweden -- 5.4 River Ice Regime -- 5.5 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Recent Change---Terrestrial Cryosphere -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Recent and Present Change in Seasonal Snow Cover -- 6.2.1 Snow Cover Formation, Duration and Melt -- 6.2.2 Snow Depth and Snow Water Equivalent -- 6.2.3 Snow Cover Extent -- 6.2.4 Snow Structure and Properties -- 6.2.5 Extreme Events -- 6.3 Recent and Present Change in Glacier Extent and Mass Balance -- 6.4 Recent and Present Change in Frozen Ground -- 6.4.1 Seasonally Frozen Ground -- 6.4.2 Permafrost -- 6.5 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Recent Change---Marine Circulation and Stratification -- Abstract -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Trends and Variations in Water Temperature -- 7.3 Changes in Salinity, Stratification and Water Exchange -- 7.4 Circulation and Transport Patterns and Processes -- 7.4.1 Surface Circulation and Related Processes---Recent Findings -- 7.4.2 Dynamics in the Bottom Layer -- 7.4.3 Mixing -- 7.5 Sensitivity to Changes in Forcing -- 7.6 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Recent Change---Sea Ice -- Abstract -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Ice Extent -- 8.3 Ice Duration -- 8.4 Ice Thickness -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Recent Change---Sea Level and Wind Waves -- Abstract -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Sea Level Observations -- 9.2.1 Tide Gauges -- 9.2.2 Satellite Altimetry and GPS Measurements -- 9.3 Change in Mean Sea Level -- 9.3.1 Main Factors Driving Sea Level Change -- 9.3.1.1 Large-Scale Factors -- 9.3.1.2 Regional and Local Factors -- Land Movement -- Meteorological Influence. , 9.3.2 Variations Within the Observational Period (Past 200 Years) -- 9.3.2.1 Long-Term Trends and Decadal Variations -- Absolute Sea Level -- Relative Sea Level -- 9.3.2.2 Changes in Seasonal Variability -- 9.3.2.3 Is Sea Level Rise Within the Baltic Sea Accelerating? -- 9.4 Extreme Sea Levels -- 9.4.1 Main Factors Affecting Extreme Sea Levels in the Baltic Sea -- 9.4.2 Statistics and Long-Term Trends in Extreme Sea Levels -- 9.5 Wind Waves -- 9.5.1 Instrumental Measurements -- 9.5.2 Visual Observations -- 9.5.3 Hindcast Simulations -- 9.5.3.1 Long-Term and Extreme Wave Properties -- 9.5.3.2 Spatio-Temporal Variations -- 9.6 Conclusion -- References -- Part IIIFuture Climate Change -- 10 Projected Change---Models and Methodology -- Abstract -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Dynamical Downscaling -- 10.2.1 Methodology for Dynamical Downscaling -- 10.2.2 Performance of RCMs in Reproducing Recent Climate -- 10.2.3 Developing and Extending RCMs -- 10.3 Statistical Downscaling -- 10.3.1 Model Output Statistics -- 10.3.1.1 Bias Correction Method -- 10.3.1.2 Perturbation of Observed Data -- 10.3.2 The`Perfect Prognosis' Approach -- 10.3.2.1 A Brand of Calibration Strategies -- 10.3.2.2 Regression Methods -- 10.3.2.3 Weather Classification Methods -- 10.3.2.4 Weather Generators -- 10.3.2.5 Randomisation -- 10.4 Ensembles, How to Use Them and How to Assess an Error of Projection -- 10.4.1 Different Types of Ensembles -- 10.4.2 Are Ensemble Projections Better Than Those Based on Single Climate Projections? -- 10.4.3 Performance-Based Weighting of Ensembles -- 10.4.4 Design and Use of GCM-RCM Ensemble Regional Climate Projections -- 10.5 Validation Techniques -- 10.5.1 Validation Data -- 10.5.2 Validation Indices -- 10.5.3 Validation Measures -- 10.5.4 Measures for Distribution-Wise Validation -- 10.5.5 Measures for Eventwise Validation. , 10.5.6 Validation in a Climate Change Context -- 10.6 Skill of Downscaling Methods -- 10.7 Added Value of Dynamical Downscaling -- 10.8 Downscaling in the Context of Climate Change Impact Studies -- 10.9 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Projected Change---Atmosphere -- Abstract -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Emission Scenarios -- 11.3 Global Climate Models -- 11.4 Regional Climate Models -- 11.5 Temperature -- 11.6 Precipitation -- 11.7 Wind -- 11.8 Snow -- 11.9 Statistical Downscaling -- 11.10 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Projected Change---Hydrology -- Abstract -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Country-Specific Projections -- 12.2.1 Belarus -- 12.2.2 Denmark -- 12.2.3 Estonia -- 12.2.4 Finland -- 12.2.5 Germany -- 12.2.6 Latvia -- 12.2.7 Lithuania -- 12.2.8 Norway -- 12.2.9 Poland -- 12.2.10 Russia -- 12.2.11 Sweden -- 12.3 Conclusion -- References -- 13 Projected Change---Marine Physics -- Abstract -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Water Temperature -- 13.3 Salinity -- 13.4 Sea Ice -- 13.5 Storm Surges -- 13.6 Wind Waves -- 13.7 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Projected Change---Sea Level -- Abstract -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Sea-level Budget -- 14.3 Steric Expansion -- 14.4 Geoid Changes -- 14.5 Mountain Glaciers and Ice Caps -- 14.6 Greenland Ice Sheet -- 14.7 Antarctic Ice Sheet -- 14.8 Glacial Isostatic Adjustment -- 14.9 The Compiled Budget -- 14.10 Conclusion -- References -- Part IVEnvironmental Impacts of Climate Change -- 15 Environmental Impacts---Atmospheric Chemistry -- Abstract -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Emissions -- 15.2.1 Land-Based Sources -- 15.2.2 Shipping -- 15.2.2.1 Historical Perspective -- 15.2.2.2 Recent Developments -- 15.2.2.3 Future Projections -- 15.2.3 Land and Sea Emissions---Impact of Climate Change -- 15.3 Observed Concentrations and Deposition -- 15.3.1 Sulphur and Nitrogen -- 15.3.2 Ozone. , 15.4 Modelled Concentrations and Deposition.

Additional Edition: Print version: The BACC II Author Team, The Bacc Second Assessment of Climate Change for the Baltic Sea Basin Cham : Springer International Publishing AG,c2015 ISBN 9783319160054

Language: English

Keywords: Electronic books.

URL: Click to View

URL: lizenzpflichtig

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (xxxviii, 501 pages) : , illustrations, maps, charts

Edition: 1st ed. 2015.

ISBN: 3-319-16006-0

Series Statement: Regional Climate Studies,

Content: This book is an update of the first BACC assessment, published in 2008. It offers new and updated scientific findings in regional climate research for the Baltic Sea basin. These include climate changes since the last glaciation (approx. 12,000 years ago), changes in the recent past (the last 200 years), climate projections up until 2100 using state-of-the-art regional climate models and an assessment of climate-change impacts on terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems. There are dedicated new chapters on sea-level rise, coastal erosion and impacts on urban areas. A new set of chapters deals with possible causes of regional climate change along with the global effects of increased greenhouse gas concentrations, namely atmospheric aerosols and land-cover change. The evidence collected and presented in this book shows that the regional climate has already started to change and this is expected to continue. Projections of potential future climates show that the region will probably become considerably warmer and wetter in some parts, but dryer in others. Terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems have already shown adjustments to increased temperatures and are expected to undergo further changes in the near future. The BACC II Author Team consists of 141 scientists from 12 countries, covering various disciplines related to climate research and related impacts. BACC II is a project of the Baltic Earth research network and contributes to the World Climate Research Programme.

Note: Long-term Climate Change: Climatic Change during the Holocene (Past 12,000 Years) -- The Historical Timeframe (Past 1000 Years) -- Recent Climate Change (Past 200 years): Recent Change – Atmosphere -- Recent Change – River Runoff -- Recent Change – Terrestrial Cryosphere -- Recent Change – Marine Circulation and Stratification -- Recent Change – Sea Ice -- Recent Change – Sea Level and Wind Waves -- Future Climate Change: Projected Change – Models and Methodology -- Projected Change – Atmosphere -- Projected Change – Hydrology -- Projected Change – Marine Physics -- Projected Change – Sea Level -- Environmental Impacts of Climate Change: Environmental Impacts – Atmospheric Chemistry -- Environmental Impacts – Coastal Ecosystems, Birds and Forests -- Environmental Impacts – Freshwater Biogeochemistry -- Environmental Impacts – Marine Biogeochemistry -- Environmental Impacts – Marine Ecosystems -- Environmental Impacts – Coastal Erosion and Changing Coastlines -- Socio-Economic Impacts of Climate Change: Socio-Economic Impacts – Forestry and Agriculture -- Socio-Economic Impacts – Urban Settlements -- Drivers of Regional Climate Change: Evidence of Warming -- Regional Change Drivers – Aerosols -- Regional Change Drivers – Land Cover. , Also available in print form. , English

Language: English

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16006-1

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (xxxviii, 501 pages) : , illustrations, maps, charts

Edition: 1st ed. 2015.

ISBN: 3-319-16006-0

Series Statement: Regional Climate Studies,

Content: This book is an update of the first BACC assessment, published in 2008. It offers new and updated scientific findings in regional climate research for the Baltic Sea basin. These include climate changes since the last glaciation (approx. 12,000 years ago), changes in the recent past (the last 200 years), climate projections up until 2100 using state-of-the-art regional climate models and an assessment of climate-change impacts on terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems. There are dedicated new chapters on sea-level rise, coastal erosion and impacts on urban areas. A new set of chapters deals with possible causes of regional climate change along with the global effects of increased greenhouse gas concentrations, namely atmospheric aerosols and land-cover change. The evidence collected and presented in this book shows that the regional climate has already started to change and this is expected to continue. Projections of potential future climates show that the region will probably become considerably warmer and wetter in some parts, but dryer in others. Terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems have already shown adjustments to increased temperatures and are expected to undergo further changes in the near future. The BACC II Author Team consists of 141 scientists from 12 countries, covering various disciplines related to climate research and related impacts. BACC II is a project of the Baltic Earth research network and contributes to the World Climate Research Programme.

Note: Long-term Climate Change: Climatic Change during the Holocene (Past 12,000 Years) -- The Historical Timeframe (Past 1000 Years) -- Recent Climate Change (Past 200 years): Recent Change – Atmosphere -- Recent Change – River Runoff -- Recent Change – Terrestrial Cryosphere -- Recent Change – Marine Circulation and Stratification -- Recent Change – Sea Ice -- Recent Change – Sea Level and Wind Waves -- Future Climate Change: Projected Change – Models and Methodology -- Projected Change – Atmosphere -- Projected Change – Hydrology -- Projected Change – Marine Physics -- Projected Change – Sea Level -- Environmental Impacts of Climate Change: Environmental Impacts – Atmospheric Chemistry -- Environmental Impacts – Coastal Ecosystems, Birds and Forests -- Environmental Impacts – Freshwater Biogeochemistry -- Environmental Impacts – Marine Biogeochemistry -- Environmental Impacts – Marine Ecosystems -- Environmental Impacts – Coastal Erosion and Changing Coastlines -- Socio-Economic Impacts of Climate Change: Socio-Economic Impacts – Forestry and Agriculture -- Socio-Economic Impacts – Urban Settlements -- Drivers of Regional Climate Change: Evidence of Warming -- Regional Change Drivers – Aerosols -- Regional Change Drivers – Land Cover. , Also available in print form. , English

Language: English

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16006-1

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (xxxviii, 501 pages) : , illustrations, maps, charts

Edition: 1st ed. 2015.

ISBN: 3-319-16006-0

Series Statement: Regional Climate Studies,

Content: This book is an update of the first BACC assessment, published in 2008. It offers new and updated scientific findings in regional climate research for the Baltic Sea basin. These include climate changes since the last glaciation (approx. 12,000 years ago), changes in the recent past (the last 200 years), climate projections up until 2100 using state-of-the-art regional climate models and an assessment of climate-change impacts on terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems. There are dedicated new chapters on sea-level rise, coastal erosion and impacts on urban areas. A new set of chapters deals with possible causes of regional climate change along with the global effects of increased greenhouse gas concentrations, namely atmospheric aerosols and land-cover change. The evidence collected and presented in this book shows that the regional climate has already started to change and this is expected to continue. Projections of potential future climates show that the region will probably become considerably warmer and wetter in some parts, but dryer in others. Terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems have already shown adjustments to increased temperatures and are expected to undergo further changes in the near future. The BACC II Author Team consists of 141 scientists from 12 countries, covering various disciplines related to climate research and related impacts. BACC II is a project of the Baltic Earth research network and contributes to the World Climate Research Programme.

Note: Long-term Climate Change: Climatic Change during the Holocene (Past 12,000 Years) -- The Historical Timeframe (Past 1000 Years) -- Recent Climate Change (Past 200 years): Recent Change – Atmosphere -- Recent Change – River Runoff -- Recent Change – Terrestrial Cryosphere -- Recent Change – Marine Circulation and Stratification -- Recent Change – Sea Ice -- Recent Change – Sea Level and Wind Waves -- Future Climate Change: Projected Change – Models and Methodology -- Projected Change – Atmosphere -- Projected Change – Hydrology -- Projected Change – Marine Physics -- Projected Change – Sea Level -- Environmental Impacts of Climate Change: Environmental Impacts – Atmospheric Chemistry -- Environmental Impacts – Coastal Ecosystems, Birds and Forests -- Environmental Impacts – Freshwater Biogeochemistry -- Environmental Impacts – Marine Biogeochemistry -- Environmental Impacts – Marine Ecosystems -- Environmental Impacts – Coastal Erosion and Changing Coastlines -- Socio-Economic Impacts of Climate Change: Socio-Economic Impacts – Forestry and Agriculture -- Socio-Economic Impacts – Urban Settlements -- Drivers of Regional Climate Change: Evidence of Warming -- Regional Change Drivers – Aerosols -- Regional Change Drivers – Land Cover. , Also available in print form. , English

Language: English

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16006-1

UID:

Format: XXXVIII, 501 p. 232 illus., 174 illus. in color. , online resource.

ISBN: 9783319160061

Series Statement: Regional Climate Studies,

Content: This book is an update of the first BACC assessment, published in 2008. It offers new and updated scientific findings in regional climate research for the Baltic Sea basin. These include climate changes since the last glaciation (approx. 12,000 years ago), changes in the recent past (the last 200 years), climate projections up until 2100 using state-of-the-art regional climate models and an assessment of climate-change impacts on terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems. There are dedicated new chapters on sea-level rise, coastal erosion and impacts on urban areas. A new set of chapters deals with possible causes of regional climate change along with the global effects of increased greenhouse gas concentrations, namely atmospheric aerosols and land-cover change. The evidence collected and presented in this book shows that the regional climate has already started to change and this is expected to continue. Projections of potential future climates show that the region will probably become considerably warmer and wetter in some parts, but dryer in others. Terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems have already shown adjustments to increased temperatures and are expected to undergo further changes in the near future. The BACC II Author Team consists of 141 scientists from 12 countries, covering various disciplines related to climate research and related impacts. BACC II is a project of the Baltic Earth research network and contributes to the World Climate Research Programme.

Note: Long-term Climate Change: Climatic Change during the Holocene (Past 12,000 Years) -- The Historical Timeframe (Past 1000 Years) -- Recent Climate Change (Past 200 years): Recent Change – Atmosphere -- Recent Change – River Runoff -- Recent Change – Terrestrial Cryosphere -- Recent Change – Marine Circulation and Stratification -- Recent Change – Sea Ice -- Recent Change – Sea Level and Wind Waves -- Future Climate Change: Projected Change – Models and Methodology -- Projected Change – Atmosphere -- Projected Change – Hydrology -- Projected Change – Marine Physics -- Projected Change – Sea Level -- Environmental Impacts of Climate Change: Environmental Impacts – Atmospheric Chemistry -- Environmental Impacts – Coastal Ecosystems, Birds and Forests -- Environmental Impacts – Freshwater Biogeochemistry -- Environmental Impacts – Marine Biogeochemistry -- Environmental Impacts – Marine Ecosystems -- Environmental Impacts – Coastal Erosion and Changing Coastlines -- Socio-Economic Impacts of Climate Change: Socio-Economic Impacts – Forestry and Agriculture -- Socio-Economic Impacts – Urban Settlements -- Drivers of Regional Climate Change: Evidence of Warming -- Regional Change Drivers – Aerosols -- Regional Change Drivers – Land Cover.

In: Springer eBooks

Additional Edition: Printed edition: ISBN 9783319160054

Language: English

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16006-1

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16006-1

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16006-1

UID:

Format: XXXVIII, 501 p. 232 illus., 174 illus. in color. , online resource.

ISBN: 9783319160061

Series Statement: Regional Climate Studies,

Content: This book is an update of the first BACC assessment, published in 2008. It offers new and updated scientific findings in regional climate research for the Baltic Sea basin. These include climate changes since the last glaciation (approx. 12,000 years ago), changes in the recent past (the last 200 years), climate projections up until 2100 using state-of-the-art regional climate models and an assessment of climate-change impacts on terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems. There are dedicated new chapters on sea-level rise, coastal erosion and impacts on urban areas. A new set of chapters deals with possible causes of regional climate change along with the global effects of increased greenhouse gas concentrations, namely atmospheric aerosols and land-cover change. The evidence collected and presented in this book shows that the regional climate has already started to change and this is expected to continue. Projections of potential future climates show that the region will probably become considerably warmer and wetter in some parts, but dryer in others. Terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems have already shown adjustments to increased temperatures and are expected to undergo further changes in the near future. The BACC II Author Team consists of 141 scientists from 12 countries, covering various disciplines related to climate research and related impacts. BACC II is a project of the Baltic Earth research network and contributes to the World Climate Research Programme.

Note: Long-term Climate Change: Climatic Change during the Holocene (Past 12,000 Years) -- The Historical Timeframe (Past 1000 Years) -- Recent Climate Change (Past 200 years): Recent Change – Atmosphere -- Recent Change – River Runoff -- Recent Change – Terrestrial Cryosphere -- Recent Change – Marine Circulation and Stratification -- Recent Change – Sea Ice -- Recent Change – Sea Level and Wind Waves -- Future Climate Change: Projected Change – Models and Methodology -- Projected Change – Atmosphere -- Projected Change – Hydrology -- Projected Change – Marine Physics -- Projected Change – Sea Level -- Environmental Impacts of Climate Change: Environmental Impacts – Atmospheric Chemistry -- Environmental Impacts – Coastal Ecosystems, Birds and Forests -- Environmental Impacts – Freshwater Biogeochemistry -- Environmental Impacts – Marine Biogeochemistry -- Environmental Impacts – Marine Ecosystems -- Environmental Impacts – Coastal Erosion and Changing Coastlines -- Socio-Economic Impacts of Climate Change: Socio-Economic Impacts – Forestry and Agriculture -- Socio-Economic Impacts – Urban Settlements -- Drivers of Regional Climate Change: Evidence of Warming -- Regional Change Drivers – Aerosols -- Regional Change Drivers – Land Cover.

In: Springer eBooks

Additional Edition: Printed edition: ISBN 9783319160054

Language: English

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16006-1

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16006-1