Umfang:
1 Online-Ressource (xviii, 280 pages)
ISBN:
1306473845
,
3527649360
,
3527649395
,
3527327614
,
3527649387
,
3527649379
,
9783527649396
,
9783527649365
,
9783527327614
,
9781306473842
,
9783527649389
,
9783527649372
Inhalt:
"Clearly divided into three parts, this practical book begins by dealing with all fundamental aspects of calorimetry. The second part looks at the equipment used and new developments. The third and final section provides measurement guidelines in order to obtain the best results. The result is optimized knowledge for users of this technique, supplemented with practical tips and tricks."--
Inhalt:
List of quantities and units -- Calorimetry: definition, application fields and units -- Fundamentals of calorimetry. Methods of calorimetry -- Measuring instruments -- Fundamentals of thermodynamics -- Heat transport phenomena -- Surroundings and operating conditions -- Measurements and evaluation -- Practice of calorimetry. Calorimeters -- Recent developments -- Calorimetric measurements: guidelines and applications -- Index.
Inhalt:
Machine generated contents note:Definition of Calorimetry --Application Fields for Calorimetry --First Example from Life Sciences --Second Example from Material Science --Third Example from Legal Metrology --Units --Further Reading --References --pt. OneFundamentals of Calorimetry --1.Methods of Calorimetry --1.1.Compensation of the Thermal Effect --1.1.1.Compensation by a Phase Transition --1.1.2.Compensation by Electric Effects --1.2.Measurement of Temperature Differences --1.2.1.Measurement of Time-Dependent Temperature Differences --1.2.2.Measurement of Local Temperature Differences --1.2.2.1.First Example: Flow Calorimeter --1.2.2.2.Second Example: Heat Flow Rate Calorimeter --1.3.Summary of Measuring Principles --References --2.Measuring Instruments --2.1.Measurement of Amount of Substance --2.1.1.Weighing --2.1.2.Volume Measurement --2.1.3.Pressure Measurement --2.1.4.Flow Measurement --2.2.Measurement of Electric Quantities --2.3.Measurement of Temperatures --2.3.1.Thermometers --2.3.1.1.Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers --2.3.1.2.Gas Thermometers --2.3.1.3.Vapor Pressure Thermometers --2.3.1.4.Resistance Thermometers --2.3.1.5.Semiconductors --2.3.1.6.Pyrometers --2.3.2.Thermocouples --2.4.Chemical Composition --References --3.Fundamentals of Thermodynamics --3.1.States and Processes --3.1.1.Thermodynamic Variables (Functions of State) --3.1.2.Forms of Energy, Fundamental Form, and Thermodynamic Potential Function --3.1.2.1.Fundamental Form --3.1.2.2.Thermodynamic Potential Function --3.1.3.Equilibrium --3.1.4.Reversible and Irreversible Processes --3.1.5.Laws of Thermodynamics --3.1.5.1.Zeroth Law --3.1.5.2.First Law --3.1.5.3.Second Law --3.1.5.4.Third Law --3.1.6.Measurement of Thermodynamic State Functions --3.2.Phases and Phase Transitions --3.2.1.Multiphase Systems --3.2.2.Phase Transitions --3.2.3.Gibbs Phase Rule --3.2.4.Measurement of Variables of State during Phase Transitions --References --4.Heat Transport Phenomena --4.1.Heat Conduction --4.2.Convection --4.3.Heat Radiation --4.4.Heat Transfer --4.5.Entropy Increase during Heat Exchange --4.6.Conclusions Concerning Calorimetry --References --5.Surroundings and Operating Conditions --5.1.Isothermal Condition --5.2.Isoperibol Condition --5.3.Adiabatic Condition --5.4.Scanning Condition --Reference --6.Measurements and Evaluation --6.1.Consequences of Temperature Relaxation within the Sample --6.1.1.First Example: Chemical Reaction --6.1.2.Second Example: Biological System --6.1.3.Third Example: First-Order Phase Transitions --6.2.Typical Results from Different Calorimeters --6.2.1.Adiabatic Calorimeters --6.2.2.Isoperibol Calorimeters --6.2.3.Differential Scanning Calorimeters --6.3.Reconstruction of the True Sample Heat Flow Rate from the Measured Function --6.3.1.Reconstruction of the Temperature Field for Negative Times --6.3.2.Convolution Integral and Its Validity --6.3.3.Solution of the Convolution Integral --6.3.4.Obtaining the Apparatus Function --6.3.5.Application Limits and Estimation of Uncertainty --6.4.Special Evaluations --6.4.1.Determination of the Specific Heat Capacity --6.4.2.Determination of the Kinetic Parameters of a Chemical Reaction --6.4.3.Determination of Phase Transition Temperatures --6.4.4.Determination of Heats of Transition --6.4.5.Determination of the Purity of a Substance --6.5.Determination of the Measurement Uncertainty --References --pt. TwoPractice of Calorimetry --7.Calorimeters --7.1.Functional Components and Accessories --7.2.Heating Methods --7.3.Cooling Methods --7.4.Comments on Control Systems --7.5.Thermostats --7.6.On the Classification of Calorimeters --7.7.On the Characterization of Calorimeters --7.8.Isothermal Calorimeters --7.8.1.Phase Transition Calorimeters --7.8.1.1.First Example: Ice Calorimeter --7.8.1.2.Second Example: Calorimeter with Liquid--Gas Phase Transition --7.8.2.Isothermal Calorimeters with Electrical Compensation --7.8.2.1.First Example: Calorimeter according to Tian --7.8.2.2.Second Example: Isothermal Titration Calorimeter --7.8.2.3.Third Example: Isothermal Flow Calorimeter --7.9.Calorimeters with Heat Exchange between the Sample and Surroundings --7.9.1.Isoperibol Calorimeters with Uncontrolled Heat Exchange --7.9.1.1.First Example: Classic Liquid (or Mixing) Calorimeter --7.9.1.2.Second Example: Combustion Calorimeter --7.9.1.3.Third Example: Drop Calorimeter --7.9.2.Isoperibol Calorimeter with Controlled Heat Exchange --7.9.2.1.First Example: Activity Monitor --7.9.2.2.Second Example: Large-Volume Battery Calorimeter --7.9.2.3.Third Example: Calvet Calorimeter --7.9.2.4.Fourth Example: Whole-Body Calorimeter --7.9.3.Isoperibol Flow Calorimeter --7.9.3.1.First Example: The Picker Calorimeter --7.9.3.2.Second Example: Flow Calorimeter for High-Pressure and High-Temperature Measurements --7.9.3.3.Third Example: Gas Combustion Calorimeter --7.9.3.4.Fourth Example: Microchip Flow Calorimeter --7.9.4.Calorimeters with Linear Temperature Change of the Surroundings --7.9.4.1.First Example: Heat Flow Differential Scanning Calorimeter --7.9.4.2.Second Example: Power-Compensated Differential Scanning Calorimeter --7.9.4.3.Third Example: Privalov Calorimeter --7.9.5.Calorimeters with Nonlinear Temperature Change of the Surroundings --7.9.5.1.First Example: Temperature-Modulated DSC --7.9.5.2.Second Example: Stepscan Differential Scanning Calorimetry --7.9.5.3.Third Example: Advanced Multifrequency TMDSC --7.10.Adiabatic Calorimeters --7.10.1.Calorimeters with a Thermally Isolated Sample --7.10.1.1.First Example: Nernst Calorimeter --7.10.1.2.Second Example: Low-Temperature Calorimeter --7.10.1.3.Third Example: AC Calorimeter --7.10.1.4.Fourth Example: 3ω Technique --7.10.1.5.Nernst's Method with a Contactless Energy Supply --7.10.2.Calorimeters with Zero Temperature Difference against the Surroundings --7.10.2.1.First Example: Adiabatic Reaction Calorimeter --7.10.2.2.Second Example: Adiabatic Flow Calorimeter --7.10.2.3.Third Example: Adiabatic Whole-Body Calorimeter --7.10.2.4.Fourth Example: Adiabatic Scanning Calorimeter --7.10.3.Quasi-adiabatic Calorimetry by Sudden Heat Events --7.10.3.1.Example: Pulse Heating Calorimeter --7.11.Other Calorimeters --7.11.1.Reaction Calorimeters --7.11.1.1.First Example: Reaction Calorimeter --7.11.1.2.Second Example: Accelerating Rate Calorimeter (ARC) --7.11.2.Special Calorimeters --7.11.2.1.Photocalorimeters --7.11.2.2.Pressure Calorimeters --7.11.2.3.Pressure Perturbation Calorimeter --7.11.2.4.Cement Calorimeter --References --8.Recent Developments --8.1.Microchip Calorimetry --8.1.1.First Example: Thin-Film Differential Scanning Calorimeter --8.1.2.Second Example: Low-Temperature AC Nanocalorimeter --8.2.Ultrafast Calorimetry --8.2.1.First Example: Ultrafast Nanocalorimeter --8.2.2.Second Example: Flash Differential Scanning Calorimeter --8.3.Extreme Ranges of State --8.3.1.High Pressure --8.3.1.1.Example: Power-Compensated High-Pressure DSC --8.3.2.High Temperature --8.3.2.1.Example: Levitation Calorimetry on Nickel, Iron, Vanadium, and Niobium --8.3.3.Strong Magnetic Fields --8.3.3.1.Example: Influence of Magnetic Fields on Point Defects --8.3.4.Plasma Surroundings --8.3.4.1.Example: Calibration Using a Laser Beam --8.4.Calorimetry as an Analytical and Diagnostic Tool --8.4.1.First Example: "Artificial Nose" --8.4.2.Second Example: Infection Diagnostics --References --9.Calorimetric Measurements: Guidelines and Applications --9.1.General Considerations --9.1.1.Sensitivity (δX/Q)or δX/δφ) --9.1.2.Noise (δQ or δΦ) --9.1.3.Linearity (Xout = K · Xin) and Linearity Error (δK/K) --9.1.4.Apparatus Function (fapp(t)) --9.1.5.Accuracy and Total Error ({Qmeasured--Qtrue}/Qtrue) --9.1.6.Repeatability and Random Uncertainty (±ΔQ/Q) --Conclusion --9.2.Guidelines to Calorimetric Experiments --9.2.1.Definition of the Problem to be Investigated --9.2.2.Selection of the Proper Calorimeter --9.2.2.1.Calorimeter Requirements --9.2.2.2.Selection of the Calorimeter --9.2.3.Testing of the Calorimeter --9.2.3.1.Calibration --9.2.3.2.Other Testing --9.2.4.Performing the Experiment --9.2.4.1.Preparation of the Sample --9.2.4.2.Calorimetric Measurement --9.2.4.3.Evaluation of the Measurement --9.2.5.Interpretation of the Results --9.2.6.Uncertainty Estimation --9.3.Calorimetric Applications --9.3.1.Example from Material Science --9.3.1.1.Definition of the Problem to be Investigated --9.3.1.2.Selection of the Calorimeter --9.3.1.3.Calorimetric Experiments --9.3.1.4.Evaluation of the Measurements --9.3.1.5.Interpretation of the Results --9.3.1.6.Uncertainty Estimation --9.3.2.Examples from Biology --9.3.2.1.Definition of the Problem to be Investigated --9.3.2.2.Selection of the Proper Calorimeter --9.3.2.3.Calorimetric Experiments --9.3.2.4.Evaluation of the Results --9.3.2.5.Calorimetry on Hornets --9.3.2.6.Uncertainty Estimation --9.3.3.Example from Medicine.
Anmerkung:
Includes bibliographical references and index
,
Text in English
Weitere Ausg.:
ISBN 9783527327614
Weitere Ausg.:
Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Sarge, Stefan M Calorimetry Weinheim, Germany : Wiley-VCH, 2014 ISBN 9783527327614
Sprache:
Englisch
DOI:
10.1002/9783527649365
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