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Format: xxiv, 245 pages : , illustrations ; , 24 cm.

Edition: 1st ed.

ISBN: 1-280-08501-0 , 9786610085019 , 0-8213-5681-X

Series Statement: World Bank regional and sectoral studies

Note: Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph , Intro -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and Acronyms -- Executive Summary -- Understanding the Labor Market Context and Developments -- Making Reforms Work in Public Training -- Opening Markets for Nongovernment Training Institutions -- Recognizing Formal Sector Enterprises as Trainers -- Building Skills for the Informal Economy -- Promoting Training Reforms with Financing -- Moving Forward with Reforms -- Note -- 1. Introduction and Background -- Introduction -- The Rationale for Training -- Importance of Training in Sub-Saharan Africa Today -- Issues Surrounding TVET -- Highlights of Developments in the 1990s -- International Assistance for Skills Development -- Highlights of the Literature -- Modeling Training Decisions -- Questions of Particular Relevance to Sub-Saharan Africa -- The Africa Regional Review of Skills Development -- Notes -- 2. Labor Market Context and Developments -- Introduction -- Income and Poverty -- Labor Supply -- Labor Demand -- The Informal Sector -- Labor Market Information -- Notes -- 3. Making Reforms Work In Public Training -- Introduction -- An Assessment of State-Sponsored Training -- Making Reforms Work -- Priorities and Policy Issues -- 4. Opening Markets for Nongovernment Training Institutions -- Introduction -- Scope and Characteristics of Nongovernment Training -- Financing and Costs -- Effectiveness -- Regulation of Nongovernment Training Providers -- Issues -- Notes -- 5. Recognizing Formal-Sector Enterprises as Trainers -- Introduction -- Background -- Importance of Enterprise-Based Training -- Pattern and Determinants of Enterprise-Based Training -- Benefits of Enterprise-Based Training -- Recruitment Practices -- Types of Training -- Public-Private Partnerships -- Collective Support Services -- Coping with HIV/AIDS -- Notes. , 6. Building Skills for the Informal Economy -- Introduction -- Traditional Apprenticeship Training -- Initiatives to Support Training Markets -- Policies -- Training Strategies for the Informal Sector -- Toward a Strategy to Improve Traditional Apprenticeship Training -- Issues -- Role of External Agencies -- Notes -- 7. Promoting Reforms with Training Finance -- Introduction -- Resource Mobilization -- Sale of Goods and Services -- Allocation Mechanisms -- Notes -- 8. Moving Forward with Reforms -- The Assessment -- Government's Role -- Role of International Partners -- A Research Agenda -- Appendixes -- Guide to Appendixes -- A. Mali and Senegal: Rationale for Private Provision of Technical-Vocational Education -- B. Mali: Private Technical-Vocational Training- Main Findings -- C. Senegal: Private TVE-Main Findings -- D. Benin: BAA-Improving Traditional Apprenticeship Training -- E. Cameroon: APME-Micro Enterprise Support and Promotion Program -- F. Cameroon: GIPA-One Association's Approach to Improving Traditional Apprenticeship Training -- G. Kenya: Jua Kali Project: Micro and Small Enterprise Training and Technology -- H. Kenya: SITE Project: Improving Traditional Apprenticeship Training -- I. Senegal: FEDNAPH-A Trade Association Providing Skills Training -- J. Tanzania: VETA/GTZ Project: Pilot Programs for Informal Sector Training -- K. Uganda: UNIDO/DANIDA/JICA Project: Master Craftspersons Training -- L. Zimbabwe: ISTARN-Traditional Apprenticeship Program -- M. Training Funds in Selected Sub-Saharan African Countries -- Principal Sources -- References and Selected Bibliography -- Tables -- 1.1 Distribution of Country and Case Studies -- 2.1 African Firms That Ranked the AIDS Epidemic as Having a Moderate or Major Impact on the Costs of Running Their Businesses -- 2.2 Labor Force Participation Rates, by Gender, 1980 and 1997. , 2.3 Benin: Time Use, by Women and Men -- 2.4 Adult Literacy Rates, Selected African Countries, 1985 and 1995 -- 2.5 Gross Enrollment Rates in Africa, 1960-97 -- 2.6 Education Levels of Household Heads, Selected African Countries, 1993-97 -- 2.7 Public Sector Wage-Employment, Selected African Countries, 1993-99 -- 3.1 Secondary Enrollments in Technical-Vocational Subjects -- 4.1 Obstacles to Nongovernment Technical-Vocational Training and Solutions -- 4.2 Annual Salaries of Public and Nongovernment TVE Instructors in CFA Francs, Mali and Senegal -- 4.3 Regulatory Frameworks for Nongovernment Technical-Vocational Training, Mali and Senegal -- 5.1 Determinants of Enterprise Efficiency (percentage increase in value added) -- 6.1 Training Needs in the Informal Sector -- 6.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Traditional Apprenticeship as a Means of Skills Development -- 7.1 Revenue-Generating Payroll Taxes in Sub-Saharan Africa -- 7.2 Tanzania: Sources of Incomes and Training Costs, Selected Church-Owned Training Centers -- 7.3 Mechanisms for Funding Diversification: Advantages and Risks -- 7.4 Income Sources of National Training Funds, Selected Sub-Saharan African Countries -- 7.5 Key Conditions for Training Fund Success -- 7.6 National Levy-Grant Schemes in Selected Sub-Saharan African Countries -- 7.7 Weaknesses Common to Levy-Grant Schemes -- 7.8 Strengths and Weaknesses of Enterprise Training Schemes -- 8.1 Strengths and Weaknesses by Type of Training Provider -- Figures -- 1.1 World Bank Lending for TVET, Total and Africa Region -- 1.2 TVET Lending as a Percentage of Total Education Lending -- 1.3 World Bank Education and Training Projects with Training Investments -- 1.4 Studies Included in the Review -- 2.1. Sub-Saharan Africa: Estimated Proportions of Formal and Informal Sector Employment. , 2.2. Labor Force Structure, by Major Economic Sector, Selected African Countries, 1997 -- 2.3. Informal Sector Employment as a Share of Nonagricultural Employment, Selected African Countries (1990s) -- 2.4. Structure of the Urban Informal Sector, Selected Francophone Countries, 1980s/1990s -- 2.5. Steps in the Training Process -- 3.1 The Range of Public Training Provision by Ownership -- 3.2a Relevance -- 3.2b Quality (Effectiveness) -- 3.2c Internal Efficiency -- 4.1 Diversity in Nongovernment Institution-Based Training -- 4.2 Tanzania: Vocational Training Places by Ownership -- 4.3 Zambia: Training Institutions by Ownership -- 4.4 Costs per Trainee, Nonpublic and Public TVE Institutions in CFA Francs -- 4.5 Mali: Examination Results, Nonpublic and National Totals, by Type of Diploma (1999-2000) -- 4.6 Senegal: Success Rates for State Diplomas, 2000 -- 4.7 Zambia: Examination Passes in Nonpublic Institutions by Type of Examination, 1998-2001 -- 4.8 Zambia: Training Institutions by Type Ranked by Level of Standards, 2001 -- 5.1 Incidence of Formal Training by Industry: Kenya, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, 1995 -- 5.2 Incidence of Informal Training by Industry: Kenya, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, 1995 -- 5.3 International Comparison of Incidence of Informal and Formal Training: Selected Countries -- 5.4 African Enterprises Providing Informal Training by Firm Size, 1995 -- 5.5 African Enterprises Providing Formal Training by Firm Size, 1995 -- 5.6 Percentage of African Firms Providing Formal Training by Ownership, 1995 -- 5.7 Percentage of African Firms Providing Informal Training by Ownership, 1995 -- 5.8 Informal and External Training by Exporting and Nonexporting Firms -- 5.9 Workers Receiving Training by Type and Job Category: Kenya and Zimbabwe, 1995 -- Boxes -- 2.1 Cameroon: Pathways to Entrepreneurship in the Informal Sector. , 2.2 Constraints on Informal Sector Enterprises -- 2.3 Namibia: Using Labor Market Information for Flexible Training Delivery -- 3.1 Kenya: Evaluation of Public TVET -- 3.2 CONFEMEN Conference on TVET in Bamako, 1998 -- 3.3 Employer-Owned and -Managed Training in Brazil -- 3.4 Zambia: Granting Autonomy to Public Training Institutions -- 3.5 Plans for the Ghanaian National Qualifications Framework -- 4.1 Forms of Regulation -- 4.2 Zambia: Playing Field Slanted against Nongovernment Providers -- 6.1 Senegal: Views on the Position of an Apprentice -- 6.2 The Role of Informal Sector Associations -- 6.3 Main Findings from Study on Literacy for Livelihood Skills -- 6.4 Training Follow-Up in Ghana -- 6.5 Role of Government in Informal Sector Training -- 7.1 Zambia: A Tale of Two Community-Based Trade Schools and Their Fee Policies -- 7.2 Senegal: Introduction of Extra Courses on a Fee-Paying Basis -- 7.3 Togo: Income Mobilization by Renting Institutional Premises -- 7.4 Zambia: Traditional Budgeting -- 7.5 South Africa: Normative Financing Experiment with Technical Colleges -- 7.6 Mauritius: Vouchers for Small Enterprise Training -- 7.7 Malawi: Apprenticeship Allowances. , English

Additional Edition: ISBN 0-8213-5680-1

Language: English

Subjects: Economics

URL: http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/book/10.1596/0-8213-5680-1

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Format: xx, 156 pages : , illustrations, map ; , 23 cm.

Edition: 1st ed.

ISBN: 1-280-09081-2 , 9786610090815 , 1-4175-7628-6

Series Statement: Directions in development

Note: Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph , Intro -- Table of Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- About the Authors -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- Executive Summary -- 1. Introduction -- Main features of Mali -- Main features of the Office du Niger -- Physical resources -- Infrastructure and water management -- Governance and management of people and resources -- Production before the reforms -- Summary -- Notes -- 2. Reaching a Diagnosis, 1978-82 -- Mali's funding request to the World Bank -- The Segu multidonor meeting -- Deterioration of ON finances: The cost of Costes -- The outcomes of donor explorations -- Restructuring the rice market -- Donors and government narrowly escape stalemate -- Summary -- Notes -- 3. Reform Steps That Shifted the Power Balance, 1982-92 -- A pragmatic pilot at KL2 -- Encountering another set of constraints -- ARPON's policy of technical interventions and pragmatic support -- High-grade modernization, intensification, and innovative institutions -- The role of farmers -- Responses to the partial reforms: World Bank, KfW, and EDF -- Liberalization and protection of the domestic rice market -- Malian government-donor dialogue -- Results -- Summary -- Notes -- 4. Piecing Reforms into a Comprehensive Framework, 1993-96 -- A window of opportunity -- Agency restructuring and sector reforms -- Land-tenure consolidation -- Privatization of assets and activities -- Overhaul of the agricultural credit system -- Results -- Summary -- Notes -- 5. Monitoring Performance and Adjusting Institutions, 1996-2002 -- The development impact of ON reforms -- A chain reaction in institutions -- The ON's future: risks and challenges -- Summary -- Notes -- 6. Relevance of the ON Experience to Other Countries -- The political economy of the reform process at the ON -- The political economy of irrigation reforms -- Building support -- Implementation and consolidation. , User funding of O& -- M as normal practice -- Summary -- Notes -- Appendix A: Summaries of Major Official Documents -- Appendix A.1: Terms of Reference of the Government General Delegate in Charge of Office du Niger Reform -- Appendix A.2: Financing Reform of the Office du Niger -- Appendix A.3: Act No. 94-004 Reforming the Office du Niger -- Appendix A.4: Decree No. 94-142 on Office du Niger Organization and Operation -- Appendix A.5: Decree No. 96-188 on Land Administration and Management of Operation and Maintenance -- Appendix A.6: 2002-2004 Performance Contract -- Appendix A.7: Management of Staff Redundancy -- Notes -- Appendix B: Concepts and Institutional Options in Irrigation Reform -- Governance -- Institutional options -- Effects of reforms -- Private sector incentives in irrigation management -- Triggering and feeding "out-of-the-box" thinking -- Transparency and financial accountability -- Window of opportunity -- Notes -- Appendix C: Toward Political Feasibility: Five Country Histories -- Australia -- Indonesia -- Madagascar -- Mexico -- The Philippines -- Notes -- Appendix D: Office du Niger Area -- References -- Index. -- Boxes -- 1.1 Origin, features, and development of the inner delta of the Niger River -- 1.2 History of the Office du Niger from founding to first donor meeting -- 3.1 Walking backward into progress: From seed broadcasting to transplantation -- 4.1 Reaching consensus on paddy production costs -- 4.2 How farmers' representatives are elected -- 4.3 Small hulling machines make large mills obsolete -- 5.1 A farmer-leader investing in comanagement -- 6.1 From agency to user management in the American West -- Figures -- 1.1 Hydraulic units in the Office du Niger canal system -- 5.1 Producer responses to minimum and maximum hydraulic improvement -- 5.2 Dynamics of performance contract negotiations. , 5.3 Post-reform accountability of the ON -- Tables -- 1.1 Changes in farmer involvement in the Office du Niger irrigation scheme, 1978-82 and 1996-2003 -- 1.2 Changes in business processes in the Office du Niger irrigation scheme, 1978-82 and 1996-2003 -- 1.3. Land development in hectares, 1934-2002 -- 3.1 Adoption of transplanting, 1982-83-2001-02 -- 3.2 Wet season rice crops, 1982-93 -- 4.1 Devolution of assets and activities relinquished by the ON -- 4.2 Performance of the ON, 1992-93 through 1995-96 -- 4.3 Water fee collection and infrastructure maintenance (current terms), 1992-93 through 1995-96 -- 5.1 ON agronomic performance, 1995-96 through 2001-02 -- 5.2 Evolution of demographic and agronomic benchmarks, 1982-2002 -- 5.3 Household strategies related to farm size per person of working age -- 5.4 Nominal water fees over time, according to land development class and season -- 5.5 Fee collection and share used for maintenance, 1995-96 through 2000-01 -- 5.6 Sources and uses of funds by the ON, calendar year 2000. -- 5.7 Performance of the savings and loan associations, 1996-2001 -- 5.8 Typology of hydraulic hardware -- 6.1 Evolution of stakeholder positions between 1978-82 and 1993-96 -- 6.2 Timeline for switch from government to user funding of O& -- M -- A.1 Budget and funding of the reform unit, April 1993-March 1996 -- A.2 Cost and financing of severance allowances -- B.1 Institutions current in the management of multiuser schemes -- B.2 Private participation in water utilities and irrigation management -- C.1 Evolution of the area under command in the Philippines, 1964-99. , English

Additional Edition: ISBN 0-8213-5942-8

Language: English

URL: http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/book/10.1596/0-8213-5942-8

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Format: 1 online resource (242 pages)

ISBN: 9782876148048 , 2876148048

Series Statement: Colloques Series.

Content: This book presents the proceedings of a seminar focused on the role and impact of research in the development of evolving cotton sectors in Africa. It explores historical perspectives, current contributions, and future challenges of agricultural research in enhancing productivity and sustainability in cotton production. The text discusses the perceptions of various stakeholders, including farmers, researchers, and policymakers, on the influence of research in contemporary cotton farming. It also addresses market demands, environmental factors, and the need for sustainable agricultural practices. The book is intended for researchers, policymakers, and agricultural developers interested in the advancement of cotton industries in African regions.

Note: Sommaire -- Discours d'ouverture -- Un séminaire sur le rôle et la place de la recherche cotonnière en Afrique : pour quelles raisons ? Dans quels buts ? Comment ? J.-P. DEGUINE -- Session 1. Repères historiques sur la place et le rôle de la recherche dans la production cotonnière en Afrique -- La place de la recherche dans l'organisation des filières cotonnières. Son impact sur les gains de productivité. F. BEROUD -- Histoire du développement de la filière cotonnière au Mali. Rôle et place des innovations institutionnelles. M. FOK A. C. -- Questions-réponses -- Session 2. Portées et limites de la place et du rôle de la recherche dans l'évolution contemporaine de la production cotonnière en Afrique -- Place et rôle de la recherche dans l'évolution contemporaine de la production cotonnière en Afrique. Y. DOUMBIA -- Perception par les paysans béninois de la recherche cotonnière. D. TAKPARA -- Les organisations cotonnières d'Afrique zone franc face à la recherche. J.-JD. ELLO -- Portée et limites de la place et du rôle de la recherche. B. SOUMARE -- La recherche et le développement de la filière cotonnière au Mali. S. DEMBELE, A. YATT ARA -- Restructuration des institutions rurales et rôle de la recherche dans la filière coton en République du Bénin. A. KATARY -- Evolution et nouveaux enjeux pour la recherche en appui aux filières cotonnières en Afrique. G. FAURE -- Contributions de la recherche thématique en zones cotonnières : portée et limites. C. GABOREL -- Questions-réponses -- La perception du ministère des affaires étrangères français. P. DECESSE -- Questions-réponses -- L'intrant d'engrais. J. JOFFRE -- Regard de l'Uniphyto sur la recherche cotonnière en Afrique de l'Ouest. K.R. YEBOUE -- Questions-réponses -- Pas de développement durable sans agriculteurs responsables. D. CORNET -- L’approche biologique : un défi pour la recherche cotonnière. D. MYERS -- Questions-réponses -- Session 3. Les facteurs déterminants de la place et du rôle de la recherche en zones cotonnières dans le futur -- Les exigences du marché : compétitivité, prix,qualité et image. M. FOK A.C. -- Les tendances dans la standardisation du coton sur le marché mondial. J.-P. GOURLOT -- L’évolution des pluies en Afrique de l'Ouest et du Centre non-sahélienne. E. SERVAT -- L’évolution de la fertiIité des sols. Sous les systèmes de culture cotonniers d'Afrique de l'Ouest et du Centre. M. CRETENET

Additional Edition: ISBN 9782876143838

Language: French

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Format: 1 online resource (362 pages)

Edition: 1st ed.

ISBN: 9789240060760

Series Statement: WHO Food Additives Series

Content: This book, prepared by the ninety-first meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), presents a comprehensive evaluation of certain contaminants in food. It contains detailed monographs summarizing the data reviewed by the Committee on selected food contaminants, based on unpublished proprietary data. The primary focus is on safety assessments and dietary exposure evaluations of contaminants like cadmium and ergot alkaloids. The publication serves as a scientific advisory resource to international bodies like the Codex Alimentarius Commission and provides insights into the safety of food additives and residues of veterinary drugs. It is intended for regulatory authorities, researchers, and policymakers involved in food safety and public health.

Note: Cover -- Title page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- SAFETY EVALUATIONS OF SPECIFIC CONTAMINANTS IN FOOD -- Cadmium: dietary exposure assessment -- 1. Explanation -- 2. Food consumption and dietary exposure assessment -- 2.1 Concentrations in food used in the dietary exposure estimates -- 2.2 Food consumption data used in the dietary exposure estimates -- 2.3 National estimates of chronic dietary exposure from the literature -- (a) Australia -- (b) Bangladesh -- (c) Benin -- (d) Brazil -- (e) Cameroon -- (f) Canada -- (g) Chile -- (h) China -- (i) Denmark -- (j) Europe -- (k) France -- (l) French Polynesia -- (m) Germany -- (n) Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), China -- (o) Iran, Islamic Republic of -- (p) Ireland -- (q) Italy -- (r) Japan -- (s) Korea, Republic of -- (t) Mali -- (u) Netherlands (Kingdom of the) -- (v) New Zealand -- (w) Nigeria -- (x) Poland -- (y) Serbia -- (z) Spain -- (aa) Sri Lanka -- (bb) Sweden -- (cc) Thailand -- (dd) United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland -- (ee) United States of America -- (ff) Viet Nam -- (gg) Summary -- 2.4 International estimates of chronic dietary exposure -- 2.4.1 Temporal trends in dietary cadmium exposure -- 2.4.2 Impact of cocoa product source on dietary cadmium exposure -- 2.4.3 Impact of proposed maximum limits for cadmium on cocoa product rejection rates and dietary cadmium exposure -- 3. Evaluation -- 4. References -- 5. Appendix -- Ergot alkaloids -- 1. Explanation -- 2. Biological data -- 2.1 Biochemical aspects -- 2.1.1 Absorption, distribution and excretion -- 2.1.2 Biotransformation -- 2.1.3 Effects on enzymes and other biochemical parameters -- 2.1.4 Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling -- 2.1.5 Transfer from feed to food -- 2.2 Toxicological studies -- 2.2.1 Acute toxicity -- 2.2.2 Short-term studies of toxicity. , 2.2.3 Long-term studies of toxicity and carcinogenicity -- 2.2.4 Genotoxicity -- 2.2.5 Reproductive and developmental toxicity -- 2.2.6 Special studies -- 2.3 Observations in domestic animals/veterinary toxicology -- 2.4 Observations in humans -- 2.4.1 Biomarkers of exposure -- 2.4.2 Biomarkers of effect -- 2.4.3 Clinical observations -- 2.4.4 Epidemiological studies -- 3. Analytical methods -- 3.1 Chemistry -- 3.2 Description of analytical methods -- 3.2.1 Introduction -- 3.2.2 Screening tests -- 3.2.3 Quantitative methods -- 4. Sampling protocols -- 5. Effects of processing -- 5.1 Sorting, cleaning and milling -- 5.2 Thermal and chemical food processing -- 5.3 Fermentation -- 6. Prevention and control -- 6.1 Preharvest control -- 6.2 Postharvest control -- 6.3 Decontamination -- 7. Levels and patterns of contamination in food commodities -- 7.1 Surveillance data -- 7.1.1 African Region -- 7.1.2 Region of the Americas -- 7.1.3 Eastern Mediterranean and South-East Asia regions -- 7.1.4 European Region -- 7.1.5 Western Pacific Region -- 7.2 Conclusions -- 8. Food consumption and dietary exposure estimates -- 8.1 Concentrations in food used in the dietary exposure estimates -- 8.2 Food consumption data used in the dietary exposure estimates -- 8.3 Assessments of dietary exposure -- 8.3.1 National or regional estimates of chronic dietary exposure from the published literature -- 8.3.2 National or regional estimates of chronic dietary exposure derived by the Committee -- 8.3.3 International estimates of chronic dietary exposure derived by the Committee -- 8.3.4 Dietary chronic exposures summary -- 8.4 Assessments of acute dietary exposure -- 8.4.1 National estimates of acute dietary exposure from the published literature -- 8.4.2 National estimates of acute dietary exposure derived by the Committee -- 8.5 Summary of global dietary exposure estimates. , 9. Dose-response analysis and estimation of toxicity/ carcinogenic risk -- 9.1 Identification of key data for risk assessment -- 9.1.1 Pivotal data from biochemical and toxicological studies -- 9.1.2 Pivotal data from human clinical/epidemiological studies -- 9.2 General modelling considerations -- 9.2.1 Selection of data -- 9.2.2 Measure of exposure -- 9.2.3 Measure of response -- 9.2.4 Selection of mathematical model -- 9.3 BMD analysis -- 10. Comments -- 10.1 Biochemical aspects -- 10.2 Toxicological studies -- 10.3 Observations in domestic animals/veterinary toxicology -- 10.4 Observations in humans -- 10.4.1 Biomarkers -- 10.4.2 Clinical observations -- 10.4.3 Epidemiology -- 10.5 Analytical methods -- 10.6 Sampling protocols -- 10.7 Effects of processing -- 10.8 Prevention and control -- 10.9 Levels and patterns of contamination in food commodities -- 10.10 Food consumption and dietary exposure estimates -- 10.10.1 Transfer from feed to food -- 10.11 Dose-response analysis -- 10.11.1 Dose-response data in humans -- 10.11.2 Dose-response data in animals -- 11. Evaluation -- 11.1 Recommendations -- 12. References -- Previous cargoes - solvents and reactants -- A. ASSESSMENT OF SUBSTANCES PROPOSED AS PREVIOUS CARGOES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Background -- 2.1 Global production and consumption of fats and oils -- 2.2 Regulations affecting fats and oils -- 2.3 Global transport of fats and oils -- 2.4 The interrelationship of national, regional and trade interests -- 2.5 Development of the Codex Code of Practice for Storage and Transport of Edible Fats and Oils in Bulk -- 3. Development of criteria -- 4. Basis of evaluation -- 4.1 Chemistry/reactivity -- 4.2 Methods of analysis -- 4.3 Dietary exposure assessment for previous cargo chemical substances -- 4.3.1 Exposure estimates in the 2006 criteria document. , 4.3.2 Exposure estimates based on up-to-date consumption data for adults -- 4.3.3 Exposure estimates for infants and young children -- 4.3.4 Exposure from other dietary sources -- 4.3.5 Conclusion -- 4.4 Approach to toxicological evaluation -- 5. Recommendations -- B. EVALUATION OF SOLVENTS AND REACTANTS -- I. Acetic anhydride -- 1. Explanation -- 2. Chemical and technical considerations -- 2.1 Manufacture and uses of acetic anhydride -- 2.1.1 Acetic acid process (ketene process) -- 2.1.2 Acetaldehyde oxidation process -- 2.1.3 Carbonylation of methyl acetate process -- 2.2 Impurities and secondary contaminants -- 2.3 Reactivity and reactions with fats and oils -- 2.4 Methods of analysis -- 3. Biological data -- 3.1 Biochemical aspects -- 3.2 Toxicity in experimental animals -- 3.2.1 Acute toxicity -- 3.2.2 Short-term and long-term studies of toxicity and carcinogenicity -- 3.2.3 Reproductive and developmental toxicity -- 3.2.4 Genotoxicity -- 3.2.5 Allergenicity -- 3.2.6 Impurities -- 3.3 Observations in humans -- 4. Occurrence and exposure -- 5. Comments -- 5.1 Chemical and technical considerations -- 5.2 Biochemical aspects -- 5.3 Toxicological studies -- 5.4 Allergenicity -- 5.5 Impurities -- 5.6 Assessment of dietary exposure -- 6. Evaluation -- II. sec-Butyl acetate -- 1. Explanation -- 2. Chemical and technical considerations -- 2.1 Manufacture and uses of sec-butyl acetate -- 2.2 Impurities and secondary contaminants -- 2.3 Reactivity and reactions with fats and oils -- 2.4 Methods of analysis -- 3. Biological data -- 3.1 Biochemical aspects -- 3.2 Toxicological studies -- 3.2.1 Acute toxicity -- 3.2.2 Short-term and long-term studies of toxicity and carcinogenicity -- 3.2.3 Reproductive and developmental toxicity -- 3.2.4 Genotoxicity -- 3.2.5 Allergenicity -- 3.2.6 Impurities -- 3.3 Observations in humans -- 4. Occurrence and exposure. , 5. Comments -- 5.1 Chemical and technical considerations -- 5.2 Biochemical aspects -- 5.3 Toxicological studies -- 5.4 Allergenicity -- 5.5 Impurities -- 5.6 Assessment of dietary exposure -- 6. Evaluation -- III. Tert-butyl acetate -- 1. Explanation -- 2. Chemical and technical considerations -- 2.1 Manufacture and uses of tert-butyl acetate -- 2.2 Impurities and secondary contaminants -- 2.3 Reactivity and reactions with fats and oils -- 2.4 Methods of analysis -- 3. Biological data -- 3.1 Biochemical aspects -- 3.2 Toxicological studies -- 3.2.1 Acute toxicity -- 3.2.2 Short-term and long-term studies of toxicity and carcinogenicity -- 3.2.3 Reproductive and developmental toxicity -- 3.2.4 Genotoxicity -- 3.2.5 Allergenicity -- 3.3 Observations in humans -- 4. Occurrence and exposure -- 5. Comments -- 5.1 Chemical and technical considerations -- 5.2 Biochemical aspects -- 5.3 Toxicological studies -- 5.4 Allergenicity -- 5.5 Impurities -- 5.6 Assessment of dietary exposure -- 6. Evaluation -- IV. n-Pentane -- 1. Explanation -- 2. Chemical and technical considerations -- 2.1 Manufacture and uses of n-pentane -- 2.2 Impurities and secondary contaminants -- 2.3 Reactivity and reactions with fats and oils -- 2.4 Methods of analysis -- 3. Biological data -- 3.1 Biochemical aspects -- 3.2 Toxicological studies -- 3.2.1 Acute toxicity -- 3.2.2 Short-term and long-term studies of toxicity and carcinogenicity -- 3.2.3 Reproductive and developmental toxicity -- 3.2.4 Genotoxicity -- 3.2.5 Allergenicity -- 3.2.6 Impurities -- 3.3 Observations in humans -- 4. Occurrence and exposure -- 5. Comments -- 5.1 Chemical and technical considerations -- 5.2 Biochemical aspects -- 5.3 Toxicological studies -- 5.4 Allergenicity -- 5.5 Impurities -- 5.6 Assessment of dietary exposure -- 6. Evaluation -- V. Cyclohexane -- 1. Explanation. , 2. Chemical and technical considerations.

Additional Edition: Print version: Safety Evaluation of Certain Contaminants in Food Geneva : World Health Organization,c2023

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Series Statement: Private Sector Development, Privatization, and Industrial Policy

Content: Until the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (SARS-CoV2) COVID-19 pandemic and despite the deteriorating security situation, Mali's economic growth averaged five percent since 2014, on par with its long-term potential. Mali's fragile state status has also taken a toll on economic activity and social welfare by reducing access to markets, threatening food security, and degrading human capital indicators. With an increasing debt burden resulting in limited fiscal space to address persistent security risks and to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, the government of Mali is compelled to refocus the role of the state and unleash the potential of the private sector to boost productivity growth, to diversify the economy away from a narrow base, and to ensure inclusive economic and social welfare for all Malians. The growth model will be readdressed around energizing investment, creating resilient markets, and building back better for a more resilient recovery via (a) improving the business environment; (b) crowding-in private participation in the delivery of infrastructure and certain public services; (c) ensuring that remaining state-owned enterprises and private firms compete on equal terms - that is, upholding competitive neutrality principles; (d) expanding public-private partnerships in key sectors, through transparent and competitive procurement; and (e) leveraging digital solutions by further enhancing digital infrastructure that would, in turn, increase the uptake of digital financial services and digital platforms for key sectors of the economy, such as agriculture, and digitize government services (e-government).

Language: English

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Format: 1 online resource (52 pages)

Edition: 1st ed.

ISBN: 9789240055070

Content: This publication by the World Health Organization details the initiative to engage civil society organizations in the response to the COVID-19 pandemic. It highlights best practices and experiences from various regions, including Africa, the Americas, South-East Asia, the Eastern Mediterranean, Europe, and the Western Pacific. The initiative aimed to connect communities to services and foster participatory governance, focusing on empowering vulnerable groups such as migrants, refugees, persons with disabilities, and indigenous communities. The WHO's Country Readiness Strengthening Department led this effort, emphasizing the 3Es: enable, empower, and engage, to strengthen health systems and community resilience. This work serves as a resource for organizations and policymakers involved in global health and community engagement.

Note: Cover -- ISBN 978-92-4-005507-0 -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- Best practice experiences -- WHO AFRICAN REGION -- Burkina Faso - Protecting health workers from attacks -- Kenya - Kisumu and Nairobi youth fighting the pandemic -- Mali - Protecting health workers against the COVID-19 pandemic -- WHO REGION OF THE AMERICAS -- Ecuador - Indigenous communities at the forefront of responding to the pandemic -- Guatemala - Nothing about us without us:getting persons with disabilities involved inhealth emergencies -- WHO SOUTH-EAST ASIA REGION -- Bangladesh - Harnessing collective strengths for a wider reach -- India - How a COVID-19 response partnership is developing migrant health traction in CSO work -- Nepal - Nothing about us without us: advancing a disability-inclusive emergency response -- Sri Lanka - Community-powered solutions for COVID-19 prevention -- WHO EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION -- Iraq - Accessing services in IDP camps -- Lebanon and Yemen - Emergency preparedness plans for harm reduction -- WHO EUROPEAN REGION -- Israel - The role of religious leaders in promoting health -- North Macedonia - Roma communities building resilience to emergencies -- Serbia - Civil society building bridges between migrants and health workers -- WHO WESTERN PACIFIC REGION -- References -- Back Cover.

Additional Edition: Print version: Community Assets and Civil Society Outreach in Critical Times Geneva : World Health Organization,c2022

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Format: 1 online resource (520 pages)

Edition: 1st ed.

Series Statement: World Bank e-Library.

Content: Desde Detroit hasta Lahore, la mayoria de las ciudades del mundo enfrentan problemas financieros, y aun asi se espera que lleven a cabo sus funciones cada vez mas complejas. Finanzas municipales - Manual para los gobiernos locales toma partido. Se pone del lado de los alcaldes y de los responsables de los asuntos municipales. Son escasas las publicaciones sobre este tema dirigidas tan directa y pragmaticamente a las autoridades decisorias y al personal financiero a nivel local. El contenido y los mensajes principales procuran responder a las inquietudes y a las cuestiones que enfrentan diariamente las ciudades y los municipios en la administracion de sus finanzas. Finanzas municipales - Manual para los gobiernos locales asume una posicion. En ocho capitulos, en esta obra se pasa revista a las lecciones aprendidas sobre relaciones intergubernamentales; finanzas de las areas metropolitanas; gestion financiera, de los ingresos, de los gastos y de los activos publicos; financiamiento externo, y medicion del desempeno de las finanzas municipales. Abarca temas tales como la descentralizacion, la transparencia y la rendicion de cuentas, y aborda temas menos explorados como la gestion de activos, la capacidad crediticia, la respuesta frente a crisis financieras y los mecanismos de presentacion de informes a los diversos niveles de gobierno y a la ciudadania. Finanzas municipales - Manual para los gobiernos locales hace un llamado a la accion. No solo aporta conocimientos de avanzada en muchas cuestiones tecnicas, sino que tambien guia a los gobiernos locales en el laberinto de los instrumentos existentes. En particular, la autoevaluacion de las finanzas municipales que se propone en el capitulo 8 deberia ayudar a los municipios a evaluar su propia situacion y a avanzar en la senda de las reformas.

Note: Cover -- Contenido -- Prólogo -- Agradecimientos -- Acerca de los editores -- Principales colaboradores -- Introducción -- Capítulo 1. Finanzas intergubernamentales en un mundo descentralizado -- Capítulo 2. Gobierno y finanzas de las áreas metropolitanas -- Capítulo 3. Gestión financiera municipal -- Capítulo 4. Gestión de los ingresos locales -- Capítulo 5. Gestión de gastos locales -- Capítulo 6. Gestión de activos locales -- Capítulo 7. Gestión de recursos externos -- Capítulo 8. Logro de una mayor transparencia y rendición de cuentas: Medición del desempeño de las finanzas municipales y cimiento de las bases para las reformas -- Lecturas adicionales -- El camino a seguir -- Índice -- Recuadro -- 1.1 Economía política de la reforma de descentralización: Nepal -- 1.2 Polonia: La descentralización política en un sistema de múltiples niveles -- 1.3 Egipto: Desconcentración con autoridad limitada -- 1.4 Confederación de Bosnia y Herzegovina -- 1.5 La construcción de la nación mediante la descentralización en Sudán y Sudán del Sur -- 1.6 Transferencias intergubernamentales -- 1.7 Fórmulas de las transferencias fiscales de Sudáfrica y Arabia Saudita -- 1.8 Medición de condiciones mínimas y del desempeño -- 1.9 Objetivos de los contratos municipales -- 1.10 El proceso de los contratos municipales -- 1.11 Contratos municipales: Ejemplos de mejores prácticas -- 2.1 Terminología relacionada con las áreas metropolitanas -- 2.2 El surgimiento del corredor de Tbilisi -- 2.3 Riesgos y pérdida de oportunidades debido a la falta de un sistema de gobierno metropolitano -- 2.4 Preguntas que deben formularse al examinar la estructura de gobierno de un área metropolitana. , 2.5 Razones financieras comunes para la cooperación regional o el establecimiento de entidades regionales de prestación de servicios -- 2.6 El proyecto del corredor de Dulles del tren metropolitano -- 2.7 La U.S. Association of Contract Cities -- 2.8 Gestión de los desechos sólidos en el municipio de Shanghái -- 2.9 El Consejo de los Gobiernos del Área Metropolitana de Washington -- 2.10 La Región ABC de São Paulo -- 2.11 El sistema de gobierno metropolitano de Dar es Salaam -- 2.12 Toronto: Evolución de un sistema de gobierno de un nivel a uno de dos niveles, y restablecimiento de un sistema de un solo nivel -- 2.13 Londres: Evolución de un sistema de gobierno de dos niveles a uno de un solo nivel, y restablecimiento del sistema de dos niveles -- 2.14 Abidján: Evolución de un gobierno local de dos niveles a un gobierno regional -- 2.15 Formación del Gobierno Metropolitano de Portland -- 2.16 El Área Metropolitana de las Ciudades Gemelas (Minneapolis y St. Paul), estado de Minnesota (Estados Unidos) -- 2.17 Etapas del gobierno metropolitano de Manila (Filipinas) -- 2.18 Evolución de los modelos de gobierno metropolitano en Ciudad del Cabo (Sudáfrica) -- 2.19 El cambio de estructura de gobierno en Johannesburgo (Sudáfrica) -- 3.1 Principios de un buen presupuesto -- 3.2 Planificación participativa en Kerala (India) -- 3.3 Presupuestación participativa en Porto Alegre -- 3.4 Ejemplos de dotación, asignación y compromisos -- 3.5 Perspectiva histórica de la contabilidad -- 3.6 Teneduría de libros manual en Pakistán -- 3.7 La estructura de fondos de los gobiernos estatales y locales en Estados Unidos -- 3.8 PROOF, una campaña para la transparencia y la rendición de cuentas en Bangalore -- 3.9 Ley de gestión financiera municipal de Sudáfrica -- 3.10 Uso de los servicios de los auditores del sector privado para auditar a los gobiernos locales en Bangladesh. , 4.1 Un impuesto local adecuado -- 4.2 ¿Qué fuentes de recursos deben definirse en el ámbito central y no en el local? -- 4.3 Principales fuentes de ingresos de los gobiernos locales -- 4.4 El impuesto a la tierra en la antigua China -- 4.5 Actualizar el catastro para incrementar los ingresos fiscales: El caso de Colombia -- 4.6 Cómputo de la base imponible de un edificio en la ciudad X -- 4.7 Elaboración de un modelo de valuación masiva asistida por computadora -- 4.8 El impuesto a la propiedad en la Ribera Occidental -- 4.9 Los impuestos locales sobre las empresas en el mundo -- 4.10 Tarifa por abastecimiento de agua: Ejemplo de cargos al usuario -- 4.11 Cobrar a los abonados -- 4.12 Recargo en favor del ahorro energético -- 4.13 Cómputo de la valorización de los terrenos -- 4.14 Ingresos basados en la tierra, especulación y desarrollo de a saltos -- 4.15 El paradigma del beneficiario oportunista y la necesidad de fijar impuestos locales -- 4.16 Motivos por los que los contribuyentes no pagan los impuestos: Encuesta realizada en Tanzanía -- 4.17 Cómo estimar los ingresos potenciales -- 4.18 Cómo se logró incrementar los ingresos propios en Maputo -- 4.19 Creación de registros impositivos en Senegal -- 4.20 Participación del Departamento de Impuestos en los ejercicios de nomenclatura y numeración urbanas en Níger -- 4.21 Qué hacer en situaciones de restricción financiera -- 4.22 Plan de Acción para la Recuperación Financiera de Kampala (Uganda) -- 4.23 Principales pasos de los programas para incrementar los ingresos -- 4.24 Métodos para calcular las tasas de crecimiento y realizar previsiones sobre ingresos para los años siguientes -- 4.25 Técnicas para formular previsiones sobre ingresos -- 4.26 Estrategia de optimización de los recursos: El municipio de Sutton, en Londres -- 4.27 Folleto informativo para los ciudadanos, Kenya. , 4.28 Mejorar el impuesto sobre la propiedad en Ghana -- 4.29 Benin incrementa su capacidad de generar ingresos -- 4.30 Criterios para la elección de los impuestos 210 -- 5.1 Reforma de la gestión del gasto -- 5.2 Deficiencias en la asignación y el uso de los recursos -- 5.3 Puente a la nada en Alaska -- 5.4 Desajuste entre los objetivos de política y las asignaciones de gastos en Guinea -- 5.5 Resúmenes de presupuestos de gastos -- 5.6 Pasos principales del proceso de fijación de nuevas tarifas -- 5.7 Respaldo de empresas de servicios públicos en una ciudad de Croacia -- 5.8 Experiencias en materia de fijación de tarifas en la Federación de Rusia -- 5.9 La nomenclatura y numeración urbanas como medio para respaldar la gestión de los desechos domésticos en Conakry (Guinea) -- 5.10 Subsidios al agua en Delhi (India) -- 5.11 Incorporación del uso de franquicias otorgadas mediante licitación pública en Uzbekistán -- 5.12 Principales elementos de una gestión de contratos satisfactoria -- 5.13 Elusión de los controles de un sistema integrado de información sobre gestión financiera con la finalidad de malversar fondos públicos -- 5.14 Beneficios derivados de una gestión de caja eficiente -- 5.15 Resumen de los resultados de contratos municipales en Senegal y Malí -- 5.16 Presupuesto basado en el desempeño para mejorar los servicios de guardería infantil en Sunnyvale (California) -- 5.17 Certificados de la Organización Internacional de Normalización: Mejoramiento del desempeño municipal y del control de costos -- 5.18 Impacto potencial de intereses especiales -- 6.1 Ejemplo de cambio del estado de bienes municipales en Hungría -- 6.2 Elementos esenciales del marco para la planificación de la gestión de bienes de infraestructura -- 6.3 Ciudades croatas: Modelo inicial de gestión de activos. , 6.4 Gestión de activos destinados a campañas: Ensanchamiento de carreteras en Katmandú -- 6.5 Inventario y valuación de activos construidos: La auditoría urbana -- 6.6 El poder de la transparencia de la información -- 6.7 ¿Qué método de valuación conviene utilizar? -- 6.8 Estado de rendimiento económico de activos para una unidad de gestión de la vivienda -- 6.9 ¿Son los gobiernos locales propietarios calificados de inmuebles que generan ingresos? -- 7.1 Harrisburg, Pensilvania: Una ciudad en quiebra -- 7.2 San Francisco: El plan de inversiones de capital de 10 años, ejercicios de 2012 a 2021 -- 7.3 Participación ciudadana en los planes de inversiones de la ciudad -- 7.4 Falta de planes coordinados -- 7.5 Análisis de costos y beneficios, tasa interna de rentabilidad y valor neto actualizado: Un ejemplo -- 7.6 Endeudamiento de gobiernos locales de América del Norte y Europa occidental -- 7.7 Suscripción -- 7.8 Bonos municipales en países en desarrollo o de ingreso mediano -- 7.9 Emisión de bonos de obligación general en la ciudad de Novi Sad -- 7.10 Emisión de bonos a largo plazo en la ciudad de Johannesburgo -- 7.11 Calificaciones en las economías emergentes -- 7.12 Comparación entre bonos y financiamiento de bancos -- 7.13 Calificación nacional en México -- 7.14 Modernización del financiamiento de las inversiones locales en México -- 7.15 Ley de Responsabilidad Fiscal de Brasil -- 7.16 Controles de la deuda municipal en países seleccionados -- 7.17 El condado de Jefferson solicita la protección por quiebra -- 7.18 Préstamos a un gobierno local sin garantía soberana -- 7.19 El Fondo de Abastecimiento de Agua y Saneamiento de Tamil Nadu -- 7.20 El financiamiento híbrido de Uagadugú -- 7.21 Los problemas que conlleva el endeudamiento en moneda extranjera -- 7.22 La experiencia de San Petersburgo con la gestión de la deuda. , 7.23 La formación de un consorcio y el acceso al mercado: Fondo Conjunto de Abastecimiento de Agua y Saneamiento.

Additional Edition: ISBN 9781464806919

Additional Edition: ISBN 1464806918

Additional Edition: ISBN 9781464806957

Additional Edition: ISBN 1464806950

Language: Spanish

URL: http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/book/10.1596/978-1-4648-0691-9

URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)

UID:

Format: XII, 38 S.

ISBN: 0821334352

Series Statement: World Bank technical paper 302. Series on river blindness control in West Africa

Language: English

URL: Volltext

URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)

URL: Volltext

UID:

Format: 355 S.

Edition: 1. - 5. Tsd.

ISBN: 3455091342

Series Statement: Programm Wissenschaft

In: 2,1

Language: German

Author information: Nohlen, Dieter 1939-

UID:

Format: 301 S. : , Ill.

Edition: Lizenzausg.

ISBN: 978-3-8389-0495-5

Series Statement: Schriftenreihe / Bundeszentrale für Politische Bildung 1495

Note: Lizenz d. Pantheon-Verl., München

Language: German

Subjects: Political Science

Keywords: 1954- Wiedemann, Charlotte ; Soziale Situation ; Reisebericht ; Erlebnisbericht ; Reisebericht

URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis

Author information: Wiedemann, Charlotte 1954-