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Format: 1 online resource (270 pages)

ISBN: 9783319916897

Series Statement: Fascinating Life Sciences Ser.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- References -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Introduction: Studying Birds in Time and Space -- 1.1 Why and How to Study Bird Species -- 1.2 Physical and Behavioral Aspects of Birds -- 1.3 The Spatial Component -- 1.4 Ecology Matters: Bird Species in the Anthropocene -- References -- Chapter 2: Integrative Taxonomy of Birds: The Nature and Delimitation of Species -- 2.1 The Centrality of Species -- 2.2 Why Is There a Species Problem? -- 2.2.1 Monism vs. Pluralism -- 2.2.2 Realism vs. Anti-realism -- 2.2.3 Theoretical vs. Operational -- 2.2.4 Pattern vs. Process -- 2.2.5 Prospective vs. Historical -- 2.2.6 Concerns by End Users -- 2.3 The Lineage Concept -- 2.4 Corollaries of the Lineage Concept -- 2.5 Integrative Taxonomy -- 2.5.1 Why Multiple Data? -- 2.5.2 Why Integrate? -- 2.6 Strengths of Integrative Taxonomy -- 2.7 What Is Not Integrative Taxonomy? -- 2.7.1 Falsification by a ``Defining ́́Species Criterion -- 2.7.2 Standardization of Species Criteria -- 2.8 The Dynamics of Taxonomic Change -- 2.9 The Drivers of Taxonomic Change -- 2.10 Benefits of Integrative Taxonomy to Other Fields -- 2.10.1 Speciation Studies -- 2.10.2 Biogeography -- 2.10.3 Conservation -- 2.11 Remaining Issues -- References -- Suggestion for Further Reading -- Chapter 3: Studying Speciation: Genomic Essentials and Approaches -- 3.1 What Is an Avian Genome? -- 3.1.1 Structure of the Genetic Material -- 3.1.1.1 Noncoding and Coding Regions -- 3.1.1.2 Autosomes Versus Sex Chromosomes -- 3.1.1.3 Nuclear Genome and Mitochondrial Genome -- 3.1.2 The Chicken Model: History and Overview -- 3.2 How Does the Genome ``Work?́́ -- 3.2.1 Replication of the DNA -- 3.2.2 Transcription: RNA Synthesis -- 3.2.3 Translation -- 3.2.4 One Gene: One Function? -- 3.2.5 Categorical vs. Quantitative Traits -- 3.2.6 Phenotypic Plasticity -- 3.3 How Does the Genome Evolve?. , 3.3.1 Modification of the DNA -- 3.3.2 Mutation -- 3.3.3 Selection -- 3.3.4 Genetic Drift -- 3.3.5 Geographic Variation and Dispersal -- 3.3.6 Recombination and Migration -- 3.3.7 Gene Duplication -- 3.4 How to Study Speciation Using Genomic Features? -- 3.4.1 PCR-Based Molecular Markers -- 3.4.1.1 Ribosomal Genes -- 3.4.1.2 Mitochondrial DNA Markers -- 3.4.1.3 Microsatellites -- 3.4.2 Expressed Sequence Tags -- 3.4.3 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms -- 3.4.4 Restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing -- 3.4.5 Genotyping by sequencing -- 3.4.6 Transcriptomics -- 3.4.7 ``Whole ́́Genome Sequencing -- 3.4.7.1 Different Strategies for Sequencing Genomes -- 3.4.7.2 Limitations of Analyzing Genomes -- 3.4.8 Epigenome -- 3.5 Closing Words -- References -- Chapter 4: Morphological Variation in Birds: Plasticity, Adaptation, and Speciation -- 4.1 General Aspects of Phenotypic Variation in Birds -- 4.2 The Historical Role of Morphological Criteria for Species Delimitation -- 4.3 Phenotypic Variation and Plasticity of Characters -- 4.4 Assessing Morphological Variation -- 4.5 Disentangling Phylogenetic and Adaptive Constraints -- 4.6 A Contemporary Perspective on Morphological Variation -- References -- Chapter 5: Song: The Learned Language of Three Major Bird Clades -- 5.1 Eager Birds: The Advanced Learners -- 5.2 Passerine Song -- 5.3 The Best Singer Takes It All: Female Preference and Sexual Selection -- 5.4 How It All Began: A Brief History of Bioacoustic Studies -- 5.5 Telltale Songs: Evolution and Phylogenetic Information of Vocalizations -- 5.6 Vocal Learning as a Pacemaker of Evolution -- 5.7 Dialects: Spatial Variation -- 5.8 Competition for Acoustic Space: The Role of Ecology -- 5.9 Dialects as a Language Barrier and Isolating Mechanism -- 5.10 Sympathy in Sympatry: Bilingual Birds in a Hybrid Zone -- References. , Chapter 6: Timing Matters: Allochronic Contributions to Population Divergence -- 6.1 Timing Is Everything! -- 6.2 Clockworks -- 6.3 Allochrony: Differences in Timing Between Individuals, Populations, and Species -- 6.4 Isolation by the Clock -- 6.5 Conclusions -- Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 7: (Micro)evolutionary Changes and the Evolutionary Potential of Bird Migration -- 7.1 History and Geographic Origins -- 7.2 Regulation -- 7.2.1 Variation in Migratory Strategy -- 7.2.2 Migratory Traits Are Inherited -- 7.2.3 Underlying Genetic Architecture: Simple and Common? -- 7.2.4 Marker-Based Approaches: Candidate Genes for Migration -- 7.2.5 Enhancing Scale and Resolution: Genome-Wide Approaches -- 7.3 Population Differentiation and Speciation -- References -- Chapter 8: Avian Diversity and Distributions and Their Evolution Through Space and Time -- 8.1 Spatiotemporal Diversification of Modern Birds -- 8.2 Global Distribution and Diversity Patterns -- 8.3 Geography of Speciation -- 8.4 Vicariance vs. Dispersal and the Dynamics of Range Evolution in Birds -- References -- Chapter 9: Modeling Avian Distributions and Niches: Insights into Invasions and Speciation in Birds -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 The Conceptual Background of SDMs or What Is a Niche? -- 9.3 How to Build a Species Distribution Model? -- 9.3.1 Occurrence Data -- 9.3.2 Predictor Variables -- 9.3.3 Algorithms -- 9.3.4 Niche Comparisons -- 9.4 Niche Conservatism -- 9.5 Evaluating Avian Invasions -- 9.6 Speciation and Niche Evolution -- 9.7 Assisting Taxonomy -- References -- Chapter 10: Phylogeography and the Role of Hybridization in Speciation -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Some General Observations from Avian Phylogeography: Historical Population Size Changes and Introgression -- 10.3 Phylogeography, Sex Chromosomes, and Speciation. , 10.4 Bird Species with No Known or Very Few Genetic Differences -- 10.5 Hybrid Zones: A Closer Look -- 10.5.1 Suture Zones and Multiple Hybrid Zones -- 10.5.2 Detail Emerging from Single Species and Hybrid Zones: Three Case Studies -- 10.6 Mitonuclear Incompatibility, Hybridization, and Speciation -- 10.7 Ring Species as a Special Case of Divergence with Gene Flow: Are There Any Surviving Examples? -- 10.8 Hybrid Species -- 10.8.1 Hybrid Zones Sometimes Move -- 10.9 A View to the Future -- References -- Chapter 11: Ecological Speciation: When and How Variation Among Environments Can Drive Population Divergence -- 11.1 Approaches Toward the Study of Speciation -- 11.2 Four Ways to Increase Ecological Performance: Which May Each Drive Speciation -- 11.3 Ecological Speciation Driven by Natural Selection -- 11.4 Ecological Speciation Driven by Phenotypic Plasticity -- 11.5 Ecological Speciation Driven by Adjustment of the Environment -- 11.6 Ecological Speciation Driven by Selection of the Environment -- 11.7 Feedbacks Between Plasticity, Adjusting the Environment, Selection of the Environment, and Natural Selection -- References -- Chapter 12: Climate Change Impacts on Bird Species -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Birds and Climate Change: Is There an Impact? -- 12.2.1 Climate Change Indicators -- 12.3 What Are the Consequences of Climate Change for Birds? -- 12.4 Projections of Potential Climate Change Impacts: What Else Is Waiting for Us? -- 12.5 Do Niches and Interactions with Abiotic and Biotic Environment ``Evolve?́́ -- 12.6 Conservation Implications -- References -- Chapter 13: Impact of Urbanization on Birds -- 13.1 A Brief History of Urbanization -- 13.2 Birds and the City -- 13.2.1 Species Vanish from the City -- 13.2.2 Species Flourish or Persist in the City -- 13.2.3 Species Change -- 13.3 Urban Environment as a Barrier for Movement. , 13.4 The Urban Drivers -- 13.5 Phenotypic Changes and Responses as a Result of Urban Life -- 13.5.1 Physiology -- 13.5.1.1 Stress Physiology and Its Implications -- 13.5.1.2 Nutritional Physiology and Its Implications -- 13.5.2 Behavior -- 13.5.2.1 Behavioral Responses to Chemical Pollution -- 13.5.2.2 Behavioral Responses to Noise -- 13.5.2.3 Behavioral Responses to ALAN -- 13.6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Glossary.

Additional Edition: Print version: Tietze, Dieter Thomas Bird Species Cham : Springer International Publishing AG,c2018 ISBN 9783319916880

Language: English

Subjects: Biology

Keywords: Electronic books. ; Electronic books. ; Electronic books. ; Hochschulschrift

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Format: 1 online resource (261 pages)

Edition: 1st ed.

ISBN: 9789819920549

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Author -- 1 Brief Description of Prestressed Concrete Structures -- 1.1 History and Development of PC Structures -- 1.1.1 Reinforced Concrete Structures -- 1.1.2 Prestressed Concrete Structures -- 1.1.3 Main Methods of Prestressing -- 1.1.4 Characteristics of PC Structures -- 1.2 Practical Application of PC Structures -- 1.2.1 Application of Prestressing Technology in Bridges -- 1.2.2 Examples of Prestressing in Bridges -- 1.3 Corrosion of Strand in Prestressed Concrete -- 1.3.1 Mechanisms of Electrochemical Corrosion -- 1.3.2 Mechanisms of Stress Corrosion -- 1.3.3 Influence Factors of Strand Corrosion -- 1.4 Contents of This Book -- References -- 2 Mechanical Behaviors of Corroded Prestressing Strands -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Corrosion Morphology and Microscopic Damage of Strands -- 2.2.1 Corrosion Morphology of Prestressing Strands -- 2.2.2 Microscopic Damage of Corroded Strands -- 2.3 Corrosion Pits of Prestressing Strands -- 2.4 Probability Distribution of Corrosion Pits -- 2.4.1 Frequency Distribution of Corrosion Pits -- 2.4.2 K-S Test of Pit Size Parameters -- 2.5 Mechanical Behavior of Corroded Prestressing Strands -- 2.5.1 Relation Between Load and Displacement -- 2.5.2 Ultimate Strength, Strain, and Elastic Modulus -- 2.6 Constitutive Model of Prestressing Corroded Strands -- 2.7 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Corrosion-Induced Cracking of Prestressed Concrete -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Experimental Study on Corrosion-Induced Cracking -- 3.2.1 Filling of Strand Corrosion Products -- 3.2.2 Concrete Cracking Under Combined Prestress and Strand Corrosion -- 3.3 Prediction of Corrosion-Induced Cracking in PC Beams -- 3.3.1 Model for Corrosion-Induced Cracking -- 3.3.2 Model Validation -- 3.4 Meso-scale Modeling of Strand Corrosion-Induced Concrete Cracking. , 3.4.1 3D Corrosion Expansion Model of Helical Strand -- 3.4.2 Meso-scale Model of Heterogeneous Concrete -- 3.4.3 Model Validation -- 3.4.4 Influencing Parameters for Corrosion-Induced Cracking -- 3.5 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Bond Behavior Between Strand and Concrete with Corrosive Cracking -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Bond Behavior of Strand with Corrosive Cracking in Pull-Out Specimens -- 4.2.1 Corrosion-Induced Concrete Cracking -- 4.2.2 Concrete Strain -- 4.2.3 Twisting of Strands -- 4.2.4 Pull-Out Force and Slip -- 4.2.5 Distribution of Bond Stress -- 4.2.6 Bond Strength of Corroded Strand -- 4.3 Bond Behavior of Corroded Strand in PC Beams -- 4.3.1 Corrosion Loss and Corrosion-Induced Crack -- 4.3.2 Effect of Corrosion on Force-Slip Response of Strand -- 4.3.3 Failure Mode and Bond Strength -- 4.3.4 Degradation of Strand Bond and Tensile Strengths -- 4.4 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Bond-Slip Model of Corroded Strand Considering Rotation Effect -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Bond Strength of Strand Considering Rotation Effect -- 5.2.1 Theoretical Expressions for Bond Strength -- 5.2.2 Model Verification -- 5.3 Model for Bond Strength of Corroded Strand -- 5.3.1 Ultimate Bond Strength of Corroded Strand -- 5.3.2 Corrosion-Induced Pressure at Bond Interface -- 5.3.3 Confining Stress at Bond Failure -- 5.3.4 Model Validation -- 5.4 Model for Bond-Slip Between Corroded Strand and Concrete -- 5.4.1 Method for the Local Bond Characteristics -- 5.4.2 Local Bond-Slip Between Corroded Strand and Concrete -- 5.5 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Prestress Loss and Transfer Length Prediction in Pretensioned Concrete Structures with Corrosive Cracking -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Calculation of Corrosion-Induced Expansive Pressure -- 6.2.1 Prediction Model of Prestress Loss Under Corrosive Cracking -- 6.2.2 Bond Degradation Due to Strand Corrosion. , 6.2.3 Calculation Flow Chart of Prestress Loss -- 6.2.4 Evaluation of Effective Prestress -- 6.2.5 Effective Prestress Evaluation -- 6.2.6 Validation on Prestress Loss Model -- 6.2.7 Prediction of Transfer Length Under Corrosive Cracking -- 6.2.8 Calculation of Transfer Length -- 6.3 Evaluation of the Transfer Length in Corroded PC Beams -- 6.3.1 Specimen Design and Data Analysis -- 6.3.2 Evaluation of Transfer Length Under Corrosive Cracking -- 6.4 Model Validation and Parameter Sensitivity Analysis -- 6.4.1 Verification of Proposed Model -- 6.4.2 Effect of Material Parameters on Expansive Pressure -- 6.4.3 Effect of Material Parameters on Transfer Length -- 6.5 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Secondary Anchorage and Prestress Loss of Fractured Strand in PT Beams -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Literature Review -- 7.2.1 Bonding Properties of Fractured Strand -- 7.2.2 Prestress Loss of Fractured Strand -- 7.3 Secondary Anchorage of Fractured Strand -- 7.3.1 Strand Fracture Test -- 7.3.2 Mechanism of Secondary Anchorage -- 7.3.3 Secondary Transfer Length After Strand Fracture -- 7.3.4 Residual Prestress in Secondary Anchorage of Fractured Strand -- 7.4 Residual Prestress in PT Beams After Strand Fracture -- 7.4.1 Calculation of Residual Prestress -- 7.4.2 Relation Between Residual Prestress and Strand Fracture Position -- 7.5 Numerical Model for Secondary Anchorage of Fractured Strand -- 7.5.1 Numerical Model Generation -- 7.5.2 Interfacial Bond-Slip Simulation -- 7.5.3 Strand Fracture Simulation -- 7.5.4 Model Validation -- 7.6 Evaluation of Damage Control Section and Flexural Capacity After Strand Fracture -- 7.7 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Flexural Behaviors of Corroded Post-tensioned Concrete Beams -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Design of Specimens with Different Defects -- 8.3 Effect of Insufficient Grouting on Flexural Behaviors. , 8.3.1 Design of Insufficient Grouting -- 8.3.2 Cracking Behavior -- 8.3.3 Load-Deflection Response -- 8.3.4 Ultimate Strength and Failure Mode -- 8.4 Effect of Strand Corrosion in Insufficient Grouting on Flexural Behaviors -- 8.4.1 Corrosion Characteristic of Strand -- 8.4.2 Cracking Behavior -- 8.4.3 Load-Deflection Response -- 8.4.4 Failure Mode and Ultimate Strength -- 8.5 Effect of Strand Corrosion in Full Grouting on Flexural Behaviors -- 8.5.1 Corrosion of Prestressed Concrete Beams -- 8.5.2 Cracking Patterns at the Ultimate State -- 8.5.3 Load-Deflection Response -- 8.5.4 Failure Mode and Ultimate Strength -- 8.6 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Bearing Capacity Prediction of Corroded PT Beams Incorporating Grouting Defects and Bond Degradation -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Analytical Model for Flexural Capacity of PT Beams -- 9.2.1 Simplified Calculation Method -- 9.2.2 Calculation Procedure -- 9.3 Model Validation -- 9.4 Quantification of Corrosion-Induced Uncoordinated Deformation in Bond-Slip Zone -- 9.4.1 Quantification Principle of Bond-Slip Zone -- 9.4.2 A Quantitative Method for Uncoordinated Deformation -- 9.5 Bearing Capacity Assessment Considering Bond Degradation -- 9.5.1 Bonding Degradation Model -- 9.5.2 Calculation of Bearing Capacity -- 9.5.3 Model Verification -- 9.5.4 Effect of Corrosion on Uncoordinated Deformation -- 9.6 Conclusions -- References.

Additional Edition: Print version: Wang, Lei Strand Corrosion in Prestressed Concrete Structures Singapore : Springer,c2023 ISBN 9789819920532

Language: English

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Format: 1 online resource (327 pages)

ISBN: 9789813344006

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Committees -- Honorary Advisors -- Organization Committees -- Scientific Committees (list by surname) -- Contents -- Machine Thinking -- Machinic Phylum and Architecture -- 1 Nips and Bites -- 2 Ducks and Rabbits -- References -- Pipes of AI - Machine Learning Assisted 3D Modeling Design -- 1 Principle of CNN -- 1.1 Principle and Applications of Style Transfer -- 1.2 Project Goal -- 2 2D Image Representation of 3D Volume -- 2.1 The Effect of Style Weight in Style Transfer -- 2.2 Transformation of Image to Geometry -- 2.3 Algorithm Analysis of Geometry Generation Between Adjacent Layers -- 3 Result of Section Plans -- 3.1 Result of Perspective View -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Developing a Digital Interactive Fabrication Process in Co-existing Environment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Related Work -- 2.1 Fabrication Process of Maker -- 2.2 Towards Co-existing Environment -- 2.3 Automation Digital Fabrication Tools -- 2.4 Summary -- 3 Methodology -- 4 The Experiment -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Real-Time Defect Recognition and Optimized Decision Making for Structural Timber Jointing -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Defect Recognition and Removal -- 2.1 Pre-process the Image for Segmentation -- 2.2 Preparation of the Classifier -- 2.3 Preparation of the Classifier -- 3 Decision Making for Joining Timber Segments -- 4 User Interface -- 5 Discussion and Future Development -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- On-Site BIM-Enabled Augmented Reality for Construction -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Motivation -- 1.2 Related Work -- 1.3 Our Solution -- 2 AR Application -- 2.1 Model Overlay Using Augmented Reality -- 2.2 Model Interaction as Query System -- 2.3 Abstraction of Drawings -- 2.4 Additional Features -- 3 Data Pipeline -- 3.1 BIM Pre-processing, Custom Parameter Creation and Population. , 3.2 Construction Document Export and Metadata Post-processing -- 4 Unity Reflect -- 5 Results -- 5.1 Case Study/User Testing -- 5.2 Future Development -- 5.3 Connections -- References -- Recycling Construction Waste Material with the Use of AR -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Aims -- 3 Method -- 3.1 Method 1 | Mass Customisation and Working to a Fixed Digital Model -- 3.2 Mass Customized Aggregation Geometry -- 3.3 Holographic Part Nesting -- 3.4 Mixed Reality Interface -- 3.5 Jointing -- 3.6 Fabrication and Fixing Methods -- 3.7 Method 2 | Working to a Flexible Digital Model -- 3.8 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 4.1 Future Development -- References -- Growing Shapes with a Generalised Model from Neural Correlates of Visual Discrimination -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Cyborgian Approach of Eco-interaction Design Based on Machine Intelligence and Embodied Experience -- 1 Tracing Cyborgian Theory and Embodied Cognition -- 1.1 A Hybrid of Part Clock Part Swarm [10] -- 1.2 The Importance of the Presence and the Bodily Experience -- 2 How Cyborgian Approach Activates Plants? -- 2.1 How They Sense -- 2.2 How They Think -- 2.3 How They Actuate -- 3 How Cyborgian Approach Encourages Human Participation? -- 3.1 Experience Level -- 3.2 Experience Assessment -- 4 Design an Interactive Outdoor Environment -- 4.1 Challenges and Opportunities of Outdoor Interaction -- 4.2 A Cyborgian Eco-interaction Design Model -- 5 Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- Machine Seeing -- A Large-Scale Measurement and Quantitative Analysis Method of Façade Color in the Urban Street Using Deep Learning -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 2.1 Urban Color Planning -- 2.2 Façade Color Measurements -- 2.3 Quantitative Analysis of Visual Quality in Urban Street -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Study Area and Workflow -- 3.2 Street View Data Acquisition. , 3.3 Building Façade Segmentation and Data Cleaning -- 3.4 Façade Color Calculation -- 4 Results -- 5 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Suggestive Site Planning with Conditional GAN and Urban GIS Data -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Related Works -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Data Acquisition and Feature Engineering -- 3.2 Machine Learning -- 3.3 Visualization -- 4 Case Study: Taking Boston as Example -- 4.1 Data Acquisition and Feature Engineering -- 4.2 Model Building and Training -- 4.3 Results and Visualization -- 5 Summary -- References -- Understanding and Analyzing the Characteristics of the Third Place in Urban Design: A Methodology for Discrete and Continuous Data in Environmental Design -- 1 Background -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Data and Data Structure for Manipulation -- 2.2 Pixel Structure for Continuous Data and Blending Data with Neighbors -- 2.3 Graph Structure for Discrete Data -- 3 Case Study Implementation -- 3.1 Site Selection -- 3.2 Parse Third Place Data and Visualization -- 3.3 Generate Data Structures and Inspect with Visualizations -- 3.4 Comparisons and Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- 6 Future Work -- References -- Sensing the Environmental Neighborhoods -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Sensing Kit Design -- 1.2 Case Study -- 1.3 Summary -- References -- A Performance-Based Urban Block Generative Design Using Deep Reinforcement Learning and Computer Vision -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 DRL Based Generative Design Framework -- 2.2 DDPG Agent -- 2.3 Hough Transform -- 3 Case Study -- 3.1 Observation, Action and Reward -- 3.2 Site Information -- 4 Results -- 5 Conclusions and Future Work -- References -- The Development of 'Agent-Based Parametric Semiology' as Design Research Program -- 1 Theory Background -- 2 Why We Need Agent-Based Life-Process Crowd Simulation. , 3 The Intelligence Upgrading of Agent-Based Crowd Simulation -- 3.1 Crowd Behaviour Pattern Analysis -- 3.2 Intelligent Agents -- 3.3 Semantic Virtual Environment -- 4 Quantitative Analysis, Evaluation, and Optimization -- 4.1 Methodology and Toolset -- 4.2 Scenario and Example -- 5 Discussion -- References -- Machine Learning -- Machine Learning Aided 2D-3D Architectural Form Finding at High Resolution -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Relative Work -- 3 Method -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Training Data Preparation -- 4.2 Main Network Training -- 4.3 Multiple Network Training -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Exploration of Campus Layout Based on Generative Adversarial Network -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Related Work in the Field of Architectural Layout -- 3 Methods -- 4 Experimental Results and Analysis -- 5 Discussion -- Appendix -- References -- A Preliminary Study on the Formation of the General Layouts on the Northern Neighborhood Community Based on GauGAN Diversity Output Generator -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Research -- 2.1 AI Application in Architecture -- 2.2 Deep Learning Architectural Plan Generator Application -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 GauGAN -- 3.2 Step Training -- 4 Machine Learning for the General Layout Shapes of the Northern Neighborhoods in China -- 4.1 Morphological Analysis -- 4.2 Data Conversion -- 4.3 Model Architecture -- 4.4 Vectorization and 3D Procedural Modeling -- 4.5 Experiment Result -- 5 Conclusion -- 5.1 GauGAN Is More in Line with Architectural Design Needs Than Pix2pix (Pix2pixHD) -- 5.2 The Use of Step Training Can Improve the Clarity of Generated Results and Allow the Later Vectorization to Be More Convenient -- References -- Artificial Intuitions of Generative Design: An Approach Based on Reinforcement Learning -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Contemporary Algorithmic Generative System -- 1.2 Artificial Intuitions -- 2 Background. , 2.1 Machine Learning with Generative Design -- 2.2 Reinforcement Learning -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Intuitive Random Walk Formation -- 3.2 RL Actions Definition -- 3.3 RL Observations Definition -- 3.4 RL Reward Definition -- 4 Discussions -- 4.1 Training Process and Outcomes -- 4.2 Further Research -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Collection to Creation: Playfully Interpreting the Classics with Contemporary Tools -- 1 Introduction: Generations to Generative -- 2 Process: Beyond Codified Interaction -- 3 User Analysis -- 4 Media Creation -- 5 Synthetic Text Descriptions -- 6 Thoughts -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- embedGAN: A Method to Embed Images in GAN Latent Space -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Related Work -- 2.1 Regenerating Data in GAN -- 2.2 GAN Latent Walk -- 3 Method -- 3.1 Principle -- 3.2 Architecture -- 3.3 Training Details -- 4 Application -- 5 Evaluation -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Research on Architectural Form Optimization Method Based on Environmental Performance-Driven Design -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Performance-Driven Design and Its Advantages -- 2.1 Performance-Driven Design Theory -- 2.2 Performance-Driven Design Advantages Compared with Bionic Form Design -- 3 Performance-Driven Architectural Form Optimization Method -- 3.1 Combined with Parametric Design -- 4 Form Optimization Simulation Process Establishment -- 5 Design Practice -- 5.1 Project Background -- 5.2 Design Parameters Selection and Numerical Constraint -- 5.3 Setting Simulation Parameters -- 5.4 Form Optimization Process Diagram -- 5.5 Result Analysis -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Optimization and Prediction of Design Variables Driven by Building Energy Performance-A Case Study of Office Building in Wuhan -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Research Method -- 2.1 Research Objectives -- 2.2 Research Method. , 2.3 Multi-Island Genetic Algorithm (MIGA) and Radial Basis Functions Artificial Neural Networks (RBF-ANNs).

Additional Edition: Print version: Yuan, Philip F. Proceedings of the 2020 DigitalFUTURES Singapore : Springer Singapore Pte. Limited,c2021 ISBN 9789813343993

Language: English

Subjects: Computer Science , Engineering

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Format: 1 online resource (562 pages)

Edition: 1st ed.

ISBN: 9783319732503

Series Statement: Aquatic Ecology Series ; v.8

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Challenges in Riverine Ecosystem Management -- 1.1 Justification of Book -- 1.2 Past and Future Trends -- 1.2.1 Future Trends in River Engineering -- 1.3 Managing River Systems -- 1.3.1 Assessing Degradation -- 1.3.2 Integrating Assessment, Policy, and Action -- 1.3.3 Adaptive Management and Governance -- 1.4 Structure of the Book -- References -- Part I: Human Impacts, Mitigation and Restoration -- Chapter 2: Historic Milestones of Human River Uses and Ecological Impacts -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Historical River Uses and Resulting Impacts -- 2.2.1 General Patterns of River Uses -- 2.2.2 Milestones of Dam Building -- 2.2.3 River Channelization to Secure Transport and Land Use -- 2.2.4 Water Supply from Rivers: Increasing Imprint on Urban Hinterland -- 2.2.5 Pollution of Rivers and Its Legacies -- 2.2.6 Land-Use Change, Hydrology, and Erosion -- 2.2.7 Fisheries: Intended and Unintended Dispersal of Nonnative Species -- 2.3 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: River Morphology, Channelization, and Habitat Restoration -- 3.1 River Channels as One Piece in the Puzzle -- 3.2 River Types: Complex Diversity or Confusing Variety? -- 3.3 A Shifting Balance of Form and Motion -- 3.4 Channelized Rivers -- 3.5 Assessing the Hydromorphological State of Rivers -- 3.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: River Hydrology, Flow Alteration, and Environmental Flow -- 4.1 The Water Cycle and Hydrological Regimes -- 4.2 Flow Determines Habitats and Biotic Communities -- 4.3 Flow Regulation -- 4.4 Human Alteration of Flow Regimes -- 4.5 Ecological Responses to Altered Flow Regime -- 4.6 Environmental Flow -- 4.6.1 The Concept and Definitions of Environmental Flow -- 4.6.2 Assessing and Implementing Environmental Flows -- 4.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Hydropeaking Impacts and Mitigation -- 5.1 Introduction. , 5.2 Detection and Characterization of Flow Fluctuation Intensity and Frequency -- 5.3 Hydropeaking Impacts on Aquatic Biota -- 5.3.1 Flow Velocity, Shear Stress, and Sediment Transport -- 5.3.2 Ramping Rate -- 5.3.3 Frequency, Periodicity, and Timing of Hydropeaking -- 5.3.4 Channel Morphology -- 5.3.5 Water Temperature -- 5.4 Research Application and Hydropeaking Mitigation -- 5.4.1 Potential Hydropeaking Mitigation Measures -- 5.4.2 Integrative Hydropeaking Mitigation and Example of Application -- 5.4.3 Summary and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 6: Dams: Ecological Impacts and Management -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Transforming Rivers to Reservoirs -- 6.3 Downstream Effects -- 6.4 Other Downstream Impacts -- 6.5 Mitigation Measures -- 6.5.1 Reestablishing Longitudinal Continuity -- 6.5.2 Sediment Management -- 6.5.3 Habitat Improvements in Reservoirs -- References -- Chapter 7: Aquatic Habitat Modeling in Running Waters -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Principles of Habitat Modeling -- 7.2.1 Biotic Habitat Modeling -- 7.2.2 Abiotic Habitat Modeling -- 7.2.3 Integrative Habitat Assessment -- 7.3 Managing River Systems Through Habitat Assessment -- 7.3.1 Case Study on Microhabitat Scale: E-Flow Study at River Ybbs, Austria -- 7.3.2 Example at Mesohabitat Scale: Mesohabitat Evaluation Model (MEM) -- References -- Chapter 8: The Role of Sediment and Sediment Dynamics in the Aquatic Environment -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Sediments and River Morphology -- 8.2.1 River Morphology and Substrate Size -- 8.2.2 Sediment Sources -- 8.2.3 Scaling of Sediment Dynamics in the River Environment -- 8.3 Sediment Dynamics and Anthropogenic Alterations of the Sediment Flux: What Aquatic Biota Need and How They React to Altera... -- 8.3.1 Ecological Adaptations of Macroinvertebrates to Sediment Dynamics -- 8.3.2 Ecological Adaptations of Lithophilic Fishes. , 8.4 Sediment Management Options -- 8.5 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 9: River Connectivity, Habitat Fragmentation and Related Restoration Measures -- 9.1 The Importance of Connectivity in Riverine Ecology -- 9.2 River Fragmentation -- 9.3 Restoration of Longitudinal Continuity -- 9.3.1 Large-Scale Concepts -- 9.3.2 Fish Migration Aids -- References -- Chapter 10: Phosphorus and Nitrogen Dynamics in Riverine Systems: Human Impacts and Management Options -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Historic and Current Emission Situation in the Danube River Basin -- 10.3 Forms and Sources of Phosphorus and Nitrogen -- 10.4 Nutrient Cycling in Streams and Rivers -- 10.5 Human Impacts on Nutrient Cycling -- 10.6 Potential and Limitations of Mitigation Measures -- 10.7 Conclusions and Open Questions -- References -- Chapter 11: Climate Change Impacts in Riverine Ecosystems -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Water Temperature -- 11.3 Impacts -- 11.3.1 Climate Change Impacts on Thermal Regimes -- 11.3.2 Climatic Aspects in Hydrology -- 11.3.3 Interactions of Climate Change with Other Stressors -- 11.3.4 Ecological Impacts of Thermal Regimes on Aquatic Fauna -- 11.4 Adaptation and Restoration -- 11.4.1 Case Study BIO_CLIC: Potential of Riparian Vegetation to Mitigate Effects of Climate Change on Biological Assemblages o... -- 11.5 Conclusions, Open Questions, and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 12: Ecotoxicology -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Impacts -- 12.2.1 Propagation of Impacts Across Levels of Biological Organization -- 12.2.2 Relevance of Chemical Input into River Ecosystems -- 12.2.3 Assessing and Predicting Impacts of Chemicals in River Systems -- 12.3 Mitigation -- 12.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13: Land Use -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Land Use and Land Cover Definitions -- 13.3 Methods and Data in Land Use Analysis. , 13.4 Land Use as Human Pressure and Its Impacts on Rivers -- 13.5 Research Outlook -- References -- Chapter 14: Recreational Fisheries: The Need for Sustainability in Fisheries Management of Alpine Rivers -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 The Ybbs Case Study -- 14.3 Managing Impacted Habitats -- 14.3.1 Analyzing Habitat Quality -- 14.3.2 Stocking Fish: Restrictions and Possibilities -- 14.4 Conclusions -- References -- Part II: Management, Methodologies, Governance -- Chapter 15: Restoration in Integrated River Basin Management -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Guiding Principles for River Restoration -- 15.2.1 The Riverine Landscape Perspective: Restoration Strategies Across Spatial Scales -- 15.2.2 Process-Orientated Versus Static Approaches -- 15.2.3 Setting Goals and Benchmarks for River Restoration: The ``Leitbild Concept ́́-- 15.2.4 Socio-political Forces That Restore River Basins -- 15.3 Comprehensive Restoration Planning -- 15.4 Restoration Measures -- 15.4.1 Common Restoration Measures Improving the Morphological Character of the River-Floodplain Systems -- 15.5 Good Practice Examples of Morphological River Restoration -- 15.5.1 River Restoration Drava -- 15.5.2 River Restoration ``Traisen ́́-- 15.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 16: Adaptive Management of Riverine Socio-ecological Systems -- 16.1 Becoming Adaptive in an Increasingly Variable World -- 16.2 Management as an Adaptive Learning Process -- 16.2.1 Fundamentals of Adaptive Management -- 16.2.2 Challenges to the Adoption of Adaptive Management -- 16.2.3 Advances in Adaptive Management -- 16.2.4 Specific Barriers to Different Phases of the Adaptive Management Cycle -- 16.3 Diverse Approaches to Adaptive Water Management -- 16.4 Adaptive Management: The Law and Governance -- 16.4.1 Law -- 16.4.2 Governance -- 16.5 Putting Adaptive Management in Action. , 16.5.1 Case Study: Active Adaptive Governance in Colorado -- 16.6 Comparing Adaptive Management with Other Management Approaches -- References -- Chapter 17: Legislative Framework for River Ecosystem Management on International and European Level -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 International Law -- 17.2.1 International Water Conventions -- 17.2.2 Convention on Wetlands of International Importance -- 17.3 European Union Law -- 17.3.1 Water Framework Directive -- 17.3.2 Birds and Habitats Directives -- 17.4 Challenges for the Future: How Can Modern Water Legislation Address and Adapt to It? -- 17.4.1 Is European Water Law Fit for Future Challenges? -- 17.4.2 Review of European Water Legislation -- 17.5 Conclusions -- References -- Sources of Law -- Bibliography -- Chapter 18: Ensuring Long-Term Cooperation Over Transboundary Water Resources Through Joint River Basin Management -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 The Global Legal Framework for Managing Shared Watercourses -- 18.3 International Water Treaties and River Basin Organizations: Institutionalizing Cooperation Over Shared Watercourses at th... -- 18.4 Specific Mechanisms for River Basin Management: Implementing Cooperation Over Shared Rivers -- 18.4.1 Data and Information Management and Sharing for River Basin Management -- 18.4.2 River Basin Management Plans -- 18.4.2.1 Case Study: Danube River Basin Management Plan -- 18.4.3 Prior Notification and Consultation Mechanisms -- 18.4.3.1 Case Study: Xayaburi Hydropower Project in the Mekong River Basin -- 18.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 19: Biomonitoring and Bioassessment -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 History of Water Quality Assessment -- 19.3 The Saprobic System -- 19.4 Biotic Indices and Scoring -- 19.5 The Multivariate Approach -- 19.6 The Multi-metric Approach -- 19.7 Integrative Assessment Systems -- 19.8 Indicator Groups. , 19.8.1 Periphyton (Contributed by Peter Pfister, ARGE Limnologie, Innsbruck, Austria).

Additional Edition: Print version: Schmutz, Stefan Riverine Ecosystem Management Cham : Springer International Publishing AG,c2018 ISBN 9783319732497

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Note: Intro -- Contents -- Zebrafish, Danio Rerio as a Replacement Alternative Model Useful in CKDu Experiments -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The Concept of Replacement Alternative -- Scientific Importance of Zebrafish (Danio Rerio) -- Scientific Attributes of Zebrafish -- Introduction of Zebrafish Model to Sri Lanka -- Materials and Methods -- Comprehensive Training on Zebrafish Model -- Results -- Discussion and Conclusion -- Scientific Applicability of Zebrafish Model in the Sri Lankan Context -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Testing Method Development and Validation for in Vitro Skin Irritation Testing (SIT) by Using Reconstructed Human Epidermis (RhE) Skin Equivalent - EPiTRI® -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- EPiTRI® Reconstructed Human Epidermis -- Selection of Test Substances -- Cell Viability Measurement by MTT Reduction -- In Vitro Skin Irritation Test (SIT) -- Prediction Model -- Statistical Analysis -- Results and Discussions -- Change of TER and Structural Morphology during the Reconstruction of EPiTRI® -- Quality Control of EPiTRI® -- Protocol Refinements for the Skin Irritation Test of EPiTRI® -- Modification of Washing Method for SIT -- Chemical Exposure Time -- Pre-incubation Time and Post-incubation Volume -- Conclusion -- References -- Development the Technique for the Preparation and Characterization of Reconstructed Human Epidermis (RHE) -- Abstract -- Back Ground -- Structure of Skin Networks -- Epidermis -- Dermis -- Keratinocytes Cells -- Melanocytes Cell -- Fibroblasts Cell -- Reconstruct Ed Human Epiderm is (Rhe) -- Skin Irritation Test -- Examination of Histology Network with Hematoxyline - Eosin Determination -- Immunohistochemical (IHC) -- Result and Discussion -- Cell Culture of Keratinocytes, Melanocytes and Fibroblasts -- Making of Feeder Layer (Dermis Eqivalen). , Making of RHE Tissue (Reconstructed Human Epidermis) -- Measuring of Cell Life Using MTT Method -- Making Histology Preparations of Reconstructed Human Epiderm Using Staining of Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) -- Immunohistochemical (IHC) Examination of RHE Skin Tissue Using Cytokeratin 10 Antibody Marker -- Conclusion -- References -- Alternative Research (3Rs) in the World, Asia and Japan -- The World -- Asia -- Japan -- References -- Approaches to Reducing Animal Use for Acute Toxicity Testing: Retrospective Analyses of Pesticide Data -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Data Quality Evaluation -- Categorization of Data -- Analyses -- Results -- Distribution of Substances Among Hazard Categories -- EPA Hazard Categories -- GHS Hazard Categories -- Concordance of Oral and Dermal Hazard Classifications -- Discussion -- Disclaimer -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Progress in Eliminating One-Year Dog Studies for the Safety Assessment of Pesticides -- Abstract -- Introduction and Objective -- Review of Regulatory Data not in the Public Domain -- Results of the Studies Conducted in Germany -- Results of the Studies Conducted by the US EPA -- Relevance of the One-Year Dog Study in Assessing Human Health Risks for Registration of Pesticides. An Update to Include Pesticides Registered in Japan -- Discussion -- References -- Cosmetic Regulation and Alternatives to Animal Experimentation in India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- History of Ban of Animal Testing of Cosmetics in EU -- Cosmetic Regulation in India -- Ban on Use of Animals in Cosmetic Testing -- Prohibition of Import of Cosmetics Tested on Animals -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Guidance on the Use of Alternative Test Methods for the Safety Assessment of Cosmetics and Quasi-drugs -- Abstract -- MHLW Updates -- JaCVAM Update. , Guidance for Alternative to Animal Testing -- References -- Alternatives and Refinement for Animal Experimentation in Cancer Research -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Alternatives in Cancer Research -- 3R's -- CPCSEA -- Refinement in Cancer Research -- Conclusion -- References -- 3Rs in Quality Control of Human Vaccines: Opportunities and Barriers -- Abstract -- Animal Use in Vaccine Quality Control -- 3Rs History and Vaccine Context -- 3Rs Successes -- Barriers to 3Rs -- Perspectives for the Future -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- The Use of Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs) to Support Chemical Safety Decisions Within the Context of Integrated Approaches to Testing and Assessment (IATA) -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) Framework -- The Use of AOPs to Support Hazard and Risk Assessment -- AOP-Supported IATA Case Study: Skin Sensitization -- Summary -- References -- Mechanism-Based Evaluation System for Hepato- and Nephrotoxicity or Carcinogenicity Using Omics Technology -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Chemicals, Animal Test and Microarray Analysis -- AOP-Based Mechanism of Hepatotoxicity Suggested by Case Study with Carbon Tetrachloride -- AOP-Based Mechanism of Nephrotoxicity Suggested by Case Study with Cisplatin -- Detection System for Hepato- and Nephrotoxicity -- Prediction System for Hepatic and Renal Carcinogenicity: CARCINOscreen® -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Alternative Methods for Developmental Toxicity Testing Using Mouse ESCs -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Results -- Discussion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Futuristic Approach to Alternative Model Organisms: Hydra Stakes Its Claim -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Hydra-Systematics -- Physiology and Anatomy -- Reproduction -- Regeneration -- End Point Analysis. , Morphological Observation in Hydra Following Exposure to Chemicals -- Methodology -- Impact of Chemicals on Hydra Growth Rate -- Methodology -- Impact of Chemicals on Hydra's Regeneration Ability -- Methodology -- Impact of Chemicals on Hydra Cell Cycle -- Methodology -- Assessment of Cell Death in Hydra by ROS Generation and Apoptosis -- Determination of ROS Generation in Hydra by H2-DCFDA Staining -- Determination of Apoptosis by Acridine Orange and DAPI Staining -- Acridine Orange Staining -- 4′-6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole (DAPI) Staining -- Genotoxicity Assessment in Hydra Following Chemical Exposure -- Methodology -- Transcriptional Alterations in Hydra Following Chemicals Exposure -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- The Lush Prize and Young Researcher Asia Awards 2016 -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The Lush Prize Categories -- The Black Box Prize -- The Lush Prize Is a '1R' Initiative -- Launch of Lush Prize 'Young Researcher Asia' Awards in 2016 -- Projects Funded by the Lush Prize to Date -- References -- Author Index.

Additional Edition: Print version: Kojima, Hajime Alternatives to Animal Testing Singapore : Springer Singapore Pte. Limited,c2018 ISBN 9789811324468

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Subjects: Biology

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Series Statement: Research and Perspectives in Endocrine Interactions Series

Note: Intro -- Introduction -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- A Brief Overview of Techniques for Modulating Neuroendocrine and Other Neural Systems -- A Brief View of the Oldest, Most Primitive Approaches -- The Disciplines -- Morphology -- Physiology -- Chemistry -- Genetics, Genomics -- Cognitive Neuroscience -- Computational Approaches -- A Brief Survey of Emerging Techniques for Neuromodulation -- Electrical -- Chemical -- Genetic -- Viral -- Computational -- Special Opportunities for Manipulating the Unique Products of Neuroendocrine Neurons -- This Volume -- Further Reading -- Basics of Stem Cell Biology as Applied to the Brain -- Introduction -- The Basic Biology of Stem Cells -- Preimplantation Development and Embryonic Stem (ES) Cells -- Derivation and Maintenance of Pluripotent Stem Cells: Differences Between Mouse and Human -- How to Test Pluripotency? -- Opportunities and Challenges for Using ES Cells in Medicine -- Obtaining Cells Genetically Matched to Patients: Reprogramming, Cloning, and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells -- Opportunities and Challenges of Producing Hypothalamic Neurons from Stem Cells -- Direct Reprogramming: An Alternative Pathway to Obtaining Patient-Matched Neuron-Like Cells -- Relevance of In Vitro Cell Types to Neuronal Biology -- Outlook -- References -- Human Pluripotent-Derived Lineages for Repairing Hypopituitarism -- Derivation of Human Neural Cell Types for Regenerative Medicine -- Derivation and Application of Human Pituitary Lineages -- Perspectives and Challenges on the Road to Translation -- Conclusion -- References -- Recapitulating Hypothalamus and Pituitary Development Using Embryonic Stem/Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells -- Introduction -- A Need for Hypothalamus and Adenohypophysis Regenerative Medicine -- Mouse ES Cells -- Pituitary Gland Embryology. , Three-Dimensional ES Cell Culture -- Induction of Hypothalamic Neurons from Mouse ES Cells -- Two-Layer Formation In Vitro Is the First Step of Adenohypohysis Differentiation -- Self-Formation of Rathkeś Pouch -- Differentiation Into Hormone-Producing Endocrine Cells -- Functionality of Induced ACTH+ Cells -- Effect of Transplantation Into Hypophysectomized Model Animals -- Adaptation to Human ES/iPS Cell Culture -- Future Perspectives -- References -- Regulation of Body Weight and Metabolism by Tanycyte-Derived Neurogenesis in Young Adult Mice -- Introduction -- Material and Methods -- Animals -- Caloric Restriction -- Reagents -- Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) -- Tissue Processing and Antibodies -- Immunohistochemistry -- Cell Quantification -- Focal Irradiation of Ventrobasal Hypothalamus -- Longitudinal Collection of Weight Data -- Statistical Analysis -- Results -- Dietary Signals Differentially Regulate Neurogenesis and Cell Proliferation in ME and ArcN -- Sex-Specific Differences in Diet-Induced Hypothalamic Neurogenesis -- Blocking Neurogenesis in ME Attenuates HFD-Induced Weight Gain in Young Adult Female, But Not Male, Mice -- Discussion -- References -- Genetic Dissection of the Neuroendocrine and Behavioral Responses to Stressful Challenges -- References -- Pituitary Stem Cells: Quest for Hidden Functions -- Introduction -- Primer on Pituitary Biology and Pathology -- Pituitary Stem Cells: Expanding Molecular Portrayal -- Pituitary Stem Cells: Uncovering the Hidden Functions -- Neonatal Pituitary Maturation -- Basal and Adapting Adult Pituitary -- Pituitary Regeneration and Impact of Aging -- Pituitary Tumorigenesis -- Conclusion and General Perspectives -- References -- Pituitary Stem Cells During Normal Physiology and Disease -- Introduction -- The Long-Term Maintenance of the Anterior Pituitary -- Stem Cells and Pituitary Tumours. , References -- Epigenetic Mechanisms of Pituitary Cell Fate Specification -- Introduction -- Escaping Stemness -- Intermediate Pituitary Identity -- Pax7 Opens a New Enhancer Repertoire -- The Essence of Pioneering -- Succeeding at Multiple Choices or Avoiding Cellular Schizophrenia -- Future Challenges -- References -- Advances in Stem Cells Biology: New Approaches to Understand Depression -- Introduction -- How Can We Best Study Depression? -- The Neurogenesis Theory of Depression -- Experimental Approaches -- Immortalized Human Neural Cell Lines -- Neural Stem Cell Lines -- Modeling the Role of Stress -- Modeling the Role of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress -- Studying Mechanism of Action of Antidepressants -- Tumour-Derived Cell Lines -- Patient-Derived Neural Cells -- IPSCs -- Olfactory Neuroepithelium-Derived Stem Cells -- Conclusions and Limitations of the Cell Models -- References -- Perspective on Stem Cells in Developmental Biology, with Special Reference to Neuroendocrine Systems -- Introduction -- Morphogenesis of the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis (Fig.1) -- Hypothalamus -- Pituitary -- Characterization of AdSC in the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis (Fig.3) -- Hypothalamus -- Pituitary -- In vitro Recapitulation of Ontogenesis in the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis (Fig.3) -- Induction of Hypothalamic Identity from 3D ESC Aggregates -- Generation of Hypothalamic Neurons from 2D ESC Cultures -- Induction of RP from 3D Aggregates -- Perspectives -- Differentiation Strategies -- Implantation in Homotypic Locations -- Conclusion -- References.

Additional Edition: Print version: Pfaff, Donald Stem Cells in Neuroendocrinology Cham : Springer International Publishing AG,c2016 ISBN 9783319416021

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Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- Examples of Indigenous Spoor Interpretation -- On this Book -- References -- Part I: Methodological Diversity in the Analysis of Human Tracks -- Chapter 2: Inferences from Footprints: Archaeological Best Practice -- Introduction -- Digital Capture, Documentation and Stratigraphic Context -- Analytical Tools in Ichnology -- Types of Inference from Human Footprints -- Anatomical Inferences -- Biomechanical Inferences -- Palaeobiological Inferences -- Faunal Sampling -- Problems of Co-association -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Repetition Without Repetition: A Comparison of the Laetoli G1, Ileret, Namibian Holocene and Modern Human Footprint... -- Introduction -- Methods -- Results and Interpretations -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- Supplementary Material -- Detailed Materials and Methods -- Additional Footprint Discussion -- References -- Chapter 4: Reproduce to Understand: Experimental Approach Based on Footprints in Cussac Cave (Southwestern France) -- Introduction -- The Karst Setting -- Formation -- Preservation Context -- Cussac Cave -- Contextual Setting -- Tracks at Cussac and Taphonomy -- Materiel and Methods -- Experimental Protocol -- Descriptions, Metrics and 3D Models -- Results -- Formation Sediment and Flooding Sediment Load -- Formation Sediment -- Flooding Sediment Load -- General Morphology -- Topography -- Original Experimental Footprints -- Footprint Evolution -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Experimental Re-creation of the Depositional Context in Which Late Pleistocene Tracks Were Found on the Pacific Coa... -- Introduction -- Methods -- Results -- Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Reading Spoor -- Introduction -- The Art of Tracking -- Methodological Aspects of Tracking. , Implications for the Archaeology of Prehistoric Human Tracks -- The Wider Potential of Tracking -- Conclusion -- References -- Part II: Case Studies from Around the Globe -- Chapter 7: Perspectives on Pliocene and Pleistocene Pedal Patterns and Protection -- Introduction -- The Tarsometatarsal Skeletons -- The Hallux -- The Lateral Metatarsophalangeal Articulations -- Lateral Proximal Phalanx Lengths and Shafts -- Proximal Pedal Phalanx Diaphyseal Hypertrophy -- Implications for Pliocene and Pleistocene Footprints -- References -- Chapter 8: Frozen in the Ashes -- Forty Years of Research at Laetoli -- The Discovery of Laetoli Site S -- Survey of Laetoli Site S: A Case Study for Photogrammetry Application in Extreme Environments -- Laetoli Site S Footprints: Results and Implications -- Laetoli Footprints: Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 9: Steps from History -- Introduction -- Background to Happisburgh -- Happisburgh Site 3 -- The Footprint Surface -- Implications of the Happisburgh Footprints -- Impact of the Happisburgh Footprints -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Reconsideration of the Antiquity of the Middle Palaeolithic Footprints from Theopetra Cave (Thessaly, Greece) -- Introduction -- Historical Background -- Materials and Methods -- Chronology - Dating -- Archaeology - Lithic Artefacts -- Description of the Footprints -- Results -- Contour Analysis (3D Laser Scanner) -- Sex and Age -- Stature -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11: On the Tracks of Neandertals: The Ichnological Assemblage from Le Rozel (Normandy, France) -- Introduction -- The Neandertal Footprint Record -- The Archaeological Site from Le Rozel -- Material and Methods -- Results -- Preservation and Distribution of the Tracks -- Human Footprints -- Human Handprints -- Animal Tracks -- Discussion -- References. , Chapter 12: Hominin Footprints in Caves from Romanian Carpathians -- Introduction -- Vârtop Cave (Bihor Mountains) -- Room of the Steps and the Vârtop Footprints -- Geochronology -- Ciur Izbuc Cave (Pădurea Craiului Mountains) -- References -- Chapter 13: Episodes of Magdalenian Hunter-Gatherers in the Upper Gallery of Tuc dÁudoubert (Ariège, France) -- Introduction -- Design of the Project -- Participants -- Materials -- The Volp Caves -- The Cave of Tuc dÁudoubert -- Archaeological Context -- Human Tracks -- Methods -- Results -- Galerie des Effondrements -- Galerie des Empreintes -- Western End Section -- Western Centre -- Eastern Centre -- Eastern End Section -- Galerie des Petits Pieds -- Salle des Talons -- Synopsis -- Identity of the Trackmakers -- Identified Events -- Track Details -- Spoor Type, Side and Trackways -- Carrying Additional Weight -- Body Postures and Gait -- Group Configuration -- Axis of Locomotion -- Human Interaction with Cave Bear Bones -- Superimposition of Human Tracks -- General Conditions and Reliability of Identification -- Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 14: Following the Father Steps in the Bowels of the Earth: The Ichnological Record from the Bàsura Cave (Upper Palaeol... -- Introduction -- Human Footprints of the Bàsura Cave: Previous Studies -- Geology of the Bàsura Cave -- Ichnology of Bàsura Cave -- Footprints, Handprints, Finger and Human Body Traces -- Finger Flutings -- Clay Pits and Related Finger Traces -- Animal Traces -- Approaches and Methodologies -- High-Resolution Digital Photogrammetry -- 3D Scanning -- Morphometric Analysis -- The Archaeological Approach and New Absolute Dating -- Charcoal Remains and Insights on the Illumination of Caves -- Inferences from Human Tracks and the Reconstruction of a Scenery -- The Human Trackmaker Identikit -- The Exploration of the Cavity. , Bàsura Cave in the Regional Context -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 15: Prehistoric Speleological Exploration in the Cave of Aldène in Cesseras (Hérault, France): Human Footprint Paths a... -- Introduction -- A Major Natural Cave for the Heritage -- Exceptional Deposit Conditions -- A Problem of Complementary Study -- The Contribution of the Traces of Torches -- Human Footprints -- The Study of the Human Footprints of the Paul Ambert Gallery -- A New Research Program -- References -- Chapter 16: The Mesolithic Footprints Retained in One Bed of the Former Saltmarshes at Formby Point, Sefton Coast, North West ... -- Introduction -- The Palaeoenvironment -- Previous Studies at Formby Point -- Footprint Formation and Preservation Process -- Blundell Path C -- The Footprints in the Bed -- Context 3, the Lowest Layer -- Context 2, the Middle Layer -- Context 1, the Top Layer -- Activity on the Mudflats -- Faunal Behaviour in the Intertidal Zone -- Humans in the Intertidal Zone -- Experience in the Intertidal Zone -- Evidence of Coastal Occupation -- Hunter-Gatherer-Foragers at Formby -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 17: Prehistoric Human Tracks in Ojo Guareña Cave System (Burgos, Spain): The Sala and Galerías de las Huellas -- Introduction -- The Site -- Access to a Complicated Sector -- Materials and Methods -- Footprint Documentation -- Footprints and Trackways -- Estimation of Height and Weight -- Chronology -- Results -- Footprints and Trackways -- Chronology -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Part III: Experiences with Indigenous Experts -- Chapter 18: Tracking with Batek Hunter-Gatherers of Malaysia -- Introduction -- Ethnographic Background -- Tracking Habitats -- Hunting, Animals, Tracks -- Encountering Forest Tracks -- Simple, Systematic, and Speculative Tracking -- Discussion -- References. , Chapter 19: Identify, Search and Monitor by Tracks: Elements of Analysis of Pastoral Know-How in Saharan-Sahelian Societies -- Introduction -- Inspect, Interpret and Follow Tracks: A Common and Essential Activity in the Sahara and Sahel -- Geographical Knowledge Relating to Sandy Soil -- A Shared but Unevenly Distributed Pastoral Know-How -- Footprint Identification Criteria -- Hodological Strategy and Temporalities of Tracks -- The Clues Associated with the Tracks -- Confirm, Secure or Subvert the Social Order -- Tracks as a Reflection of the Social Hierarchy -- How Can You Steal Without Signing Your Crime in the Sand? -- Monitor by Tracks -- The Effects of Sedentarization: Tracks in a World That Closes, Freezes and Fixes Itself -- Tracks in Hunting Practice -- The Increased Difficulties of ``Trace ́́Tracking in a Sedentary World -- References -- Chapter 20: Trackers ́Consensual Talk: Precise Data for Archaeology -- Introduction: Tracking and Talking -- Trackers ́Knowledge as Precise Data for Archaeology -- Tracking the Tracking in Caves Project -- Lesson 1 -- Lesson 2 -- Effects of Lessons -- Science and Memory -- Conclusion: Talk, Narrative, and Consensus as Data -- References -- Chapter 21: An Echo from a Footprint: A Step Too Far -- A New Footprint -- An Old Footprint -- References -- Chapter 22: Walking Together: Ways of Collaboration in Western-Indigenous Research on Footprints -- Introduction -- Western and Indigenous Knowledge Systems -- Differences and Similarities -- Relationality and Validity -- The Networked Space -- Horizontal Structures of Living and Learning -- Horizontal Structures of Power -- Implementing Ethics in Research -- Indigenous Guidelines -- Ethics Guide for Tracking Projects -- Project Preparation -- Project Implementation -- Evaluation and Completion of the Project -- The Common Language. , Indigenous Interpretation and Interview.

Additional Edition: Print version: Pastoors, Andreas Reading Prehistoric Human Tracks Cham : Springer International Publishing AG,c2021 ISBN 9783030604059

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ISBN: 9783030109912

Series Statement: History, Philosophy and Theory of the Life Sciences Series ; v.24

Note: From Assessing to Conserving Biodiversity -- Contents -- About the Contributors -- Part I: Estimating Biodiversity: Data Collection and Monitoring Challenges -- Chapter 1: Biodiversity Healing -- 1.1 Assessing and Diagnosing the Patient. Estimating Biodiversity: Data Collection and Monitoring Challenges -- 1.2 Are We Taking Care of the Right Patient? Characterising Biodiversity: Beyond the Species Approach -- 1.3 Treating the Patient. Conserving Biodiversity: From Science to Policies -- 1.4 The Way Ahead: Interdisciplinary Solutions to Biodiversity Healing -- References -- Chapter 2: The Hidden Biodiversity Data Retained in Pre-Linnaean Works: A Case Study with Two Important XVII Century Italian Entomologists -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Parasitoid and Predatory Wasps -- 2.3 Diacinto Cestoni's Letter -- 2.4 Gall Wasps and Other Gall Insects -- 2.5 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 3: Marine Biodiversity Databanks -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 What Does It Mean and What Does It Take to Know Biodiversity? -- 3.2.1 Our Current Knowledge of Biodiversity and the Difficulties It Faces -- 3.2.2 Improving Our Knowledge of Biodiversity via Cyber-Infrastructures -- 3.2.2.1 A Brief History of Biodiversity Databanks -- 3.2.2.2 Biodiversity Cyber-Infrastructures -- 3.2.2.3 What Are Data in Biodiversity Databanks? -- 3.3 Uses of Biodiversity Databanks -- 3.3.1 What Do Scientists Do with the Data They Retrieve from Biodiversity Databanks? -- 3.3.2 Databanks vs. Catalogs -- 3.3.3 Databanks' Organization and the Dynamics of Biodiversity Knowledge -- 3.4 On the Properties of Useful Biodiversity Databanks: Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 4: Problems and Questions Posed by Cryptic Species. A Framework to Guide Future Studies -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Why It Is Important to Recognize Cryptic Species -- 4.3 How to Detect and Classify Cryptic Species. , 4.3.1 Identification of Genetic Isolation and Biological Species -- 4.3.2 Morphological Differentiation -- 4.4 Identifying the Multiple Causes of Cryptic Species -- 4.4.1 Taxonomic Process -- 4.4.2 Other Causes Besides the Taxonomic Process -- 4.4.2.1 Recent Divergence -- 4.4.2.2 Deceleration in the Accumulation of Diagnostic Morphological Differences or in Morphological Divergence Relative to Genetic Divergence -- 4.4.3 How to Determine If a Cause Is Likely to Explain a CGI Case -- 4.5 Preliminary Results -- 4.6 Concluding Remarks on the Use of Morphospecies for Biodiversity Assessment -- References -- Chapter 5: The Importance of Scaling in Biodiversity -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 An Example from Fractals -- 5.3 Scaling and the Species-Area Relationship -- 5.4 Scaling and Species Abundance Distributions -- 5.5 Final Remarks -- References -- Chapter 6: Measures of Biological Diversity: Overview and Unified Framework -- 6.1 Richness -- 6.2 Entropies and Diversity -- 6.3 Effective Numbers -- 6.4 Parametric Measures of Diversity -- References -- Chapter 7: Essential Biodiversity Change Indicators for Evaluating the Effects of Anthropocene in Ecosystems at a Global Scale -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 The Need for Essential Biodiversity Variables -- 7.1.2 The Challenges of Biodiversity Change Indicators -- 7.1.3 The Need for Surrogates of Biodiversity Change -- 7.1.4 The Importance of Drivers Limiting or Impacting Biodiversity Change -- 7.1.5 The Nature and Intensity of the Drivers from the Past to the Future -- 7.2 Objective and Rationale -- 7.3 How to Choose Biodiversity Change Metrics in Relation to Driver's Intensity -- 7.3.1 Low Intensity Drivers may Change Biodiversity Metrics from Genetic Composition to Species Populations -- 7.3.2 Intermediate Intensity Drivers May Change Biodiversity Metrics from Species Traits to Community's Composition. , 7.3.2.1 Intraspecific Trait Variation -- 7.3.2.2 Functional Trait Metrics -- 7.3.2.3 Multi-trait Metrics -- 7.3.2.4 Taxonomic Diversity Metrics -- 7.3.3 Surrogates of Ecosystem Structure and Functioning Change from Remote Sensing -- 7.4 Final Remarks -- References -- Part II: Characterizing Biodiversity: Beyond the Species Approach -- Chapter 8: Are Species Good Units for Biodiversity Studies and Conservation Efforts? -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Species as the Units of Biodiversity and Conservation -- 8.3 Why Species Are Not Good Units of Biodiversity and Conservation -- 8.4 What to Do with the Species Concept? -- 8.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 9: Why a Species-Based Approach to Biodiversity Is Not Enough. Lessons from Multispecies Biofilms -- 9.1 Microbial Biodiversity and Bacterial Modes of Living -- 9.2 How Multispecies Biofilms Increase Phenotypic and Genetic Diversity -- 9.3 Multispecies Biofilms as Drivers of Evolution -- 9.3.1 The Origin of Biodiversity -- 9.3.2 Are MPB and BSCs Evolutionary Individuals? -- 9.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: Considering Intra-individual Genetic Heterogeneity to Understand Biodiversity -- 10.1 Introduction to Intra-individual Genetic Heterogeneity -- 10.2 Examples of IGH -- 10.2.1 Mosaic Individuals -- 10.2.2 Chimeric Individuals -- 10.2.3 Mosaic vs. Chimeric Individuals -- 10.3 The Importance of IGH in Ecology and Evolution -- 10.3.1 The Metazoan Bias -- 10.3.2 Biological Organization, Hierarchy and Relevance -- 10.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11: Biodiversity, Disparity and Evolvability -- 11.1 A Concern for Biodiversity: Evolution's Products at Risk -- 11.1.1 Beyond Species Number -- 11.1.2 Disparity vs. Diversity -- 11.1.3 Functional Diversity -- 11.1.4 Phylogeny vs. Function -- 11.1.5 Antiquarian Sensibility -- 11.2 Conserving Evolutionary Processes. , 11.3 Evo-Devo: Evolvability, Robustness, Plasticity -- 11.4 A Lesson from Past Mass Extinctions? -- References -- Chapter 12: Probing the Process-Based Approach to Biodiversity: Can Plasticity Lead to the Emergence of Novel Units of Biodiversity? -- 12.1 Entity-Based and Process-Based Approaches Are Complementary -- 12.2 Entity-Based Approaches to Biodiversity Are Deficient -- 12.2.1 The Limits of Conservation Fundamentalism -- 12.2.2 Towards an Entity and Process-Based Approach to Conservation -- 12.3 Does a Process-Based Approach to Biodiversity Make Sense? -- 12.4 Can Phenotypic Plasticity Confer Evolutionary Potential? -- 12.4.1 A Model of Plasticity -- 12.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13: Between Explanans and Explanandum: Biodiversity and the Unity of Theoretical Ecology -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 The Unity of Ecology -- 13.3 The Explanatory Reversibility of Diversity -- 13.4 Diversity as an Explanandum: Conceptual and Historical Aspects of the Ecological Coexistence Issue -- 13.5 Diversity as an Explanans -- 13.6 A "Conceptual Space" Approach to the Diversity Concept -- 13.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 14: Functional Biodiversity and the Concept of Ecological Function -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Ecological Functions and Levels of Selection -- 14.3 Ecological Functions in Functional Ecology -- 14.3.1 Ecological Context vs. Selective History -- 14.3.2 The Explanatory Aim of Ecological Functions -- 14.3.3 By-Products and the Notion of "Functioning as" -- 14.4 What Is an Ecological Function, Then? -- 14.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15: Integrating Ecology and Evolutionary Theory: A Game Changer for Biodiversity Conservation? -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 On the Relationship Between Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services -- 15.2.1 Ecosystem Services in Brief. , 15.2.2 Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity: Epistemological and Ethical Troubles -- 15.2.3 Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity: An Ecologist's Perspective -- 15.3 Eco-Evolutionary Feedback Theory -- 15.3.1 EEFB and Contemporary Evolution: Three Empirical Cases -- 15.3.1.1 Alewives and Zooplankton -- 15.3.1.2 Trinidad Guppies and Nutrients Cycling -- 15.3.1.3 Populus and Soil Nutrients Levels -- 15.3.2 EEFB, Niche Construction, and Ecosystem Engineering -- 15.3.3 EEFB and Environmentally-Mediated Gene-Associations -- 15.4 Eco-Evolutionary Feedback Theory: Some Consequences for Biodiversity Conservation -- 15.4.1 Ecosystem Engineers First? -- 15.4.2 Genetic Diversity: Better Safe than Sorry -- 15.4.3 EEFB Theory and Evolutionary-Enlightened Management -- 15.5 Conclusions -- References -- Part III: Conserving Biodiversity: From Science to Policies -- Chapter 16: On the Impossibility and Dispensability of Defining ''Biodiversity'' -- 16.1 The Integrative Power of 'Biodiversity' -- 16.2 On Defining 'Biodiversity' -- 16.3 Representing Biodiversity -- 16.4 The Hybridization of Facts and Values in 'Biodiversity' -- 16.5 Conclusion: Biodiversity as an Absolute Metaphor -- References -- Chapter 17: The Vagueness of "Biodiversity" and Its Implications in Conservation Practice -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 The False Transparency of the Definition of Biodiversity -- 17.2.1 Diverging Definitions of "Biodiversity" Coexist -- 17.2.2 The Various Disciplinary Studies "of Biodiversity" Do Not Study the Same Things -- 17.2.3 The Various Disciplinary Studies "of Biodiversity" Presuppose that they Study Various Aspects of a Common Entity -- 17.2.4 Defining "Biodiversity" Thanks to the Notions of Diversity or Variety Is Insufficient to Identify such a Common Entity -- 17.3 How False Transparency Creates Concrete Problems for Conservation Science and Action. , 17.3.1 The False Transparency of "Biodiversity" Can Impair the Coordination of Interacting Conservation Actions.

Additional Edition: Print version: Casetta, Elena From Assessing to Conserving Biodiversity Cham : Springer International Publishing AG,c2019 ISBN 9783030109905

Language: English

Subjects: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science , Biology , General works

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Format: 1 online resource (817 p.)

Edition: 2nd ed.

ISBN: 1-281-02003-6 , 9786611020033 , 0-08-049178-2

Content: This is the first book that can be considered a textbook on thin film science, complete with exercises at the end of each chapter. Ohring has contributed many highly regarded reference books to the AP list, including Reliability and Failure of Electronic Materials and the Engineering Science of Thin Films. The knowledge base is intended for science and engineering students in advanced undergraduate or first-year graduate level courses on thin films and scientists and engineers who are entering or require an overview of the field.Since 1992, when the book was first publi

Note: Description based upon print version of record. , Front Cover; Materials Science of Thin Films: Deposition and Structure; Copyright Page; Contents; Foreword to First Edition; Preface; Acknowledgments; A Historical Perspective; Chapter 1. A Review of Materials Science; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Structure; 1.3 Defects in Solids; 1.4. Bonds and Bands in Materials; 1.5. Thermodynamics of Materials; 1.6. Kinetics; 1.7. Nucleation; 1.8. An Introduction to Mechanical Behavior; 1.9. Conclusion; Exercises; References; Chapter 2. Vacuum Science and Technology; 2.1. Introduction; 2.2. Kinetic Theory of Gases; 2.3. Gas Transport and Pumping , 2.4. Vacuum Pumps2.5. Vacuum Systems; 2.6. Conclusion; Exercises; References; Chapter 3. Thin-Film Evaporation Processes; 3.1. Introduction; 3.2. The Physics and Chemistry of Evaporation; 3.3. Film Thickness Uniformity and Purity; 3.4. Evaporation Hardware; 3.5. Evaporation Processes and Applications; 3.6. Conclusion; Exercises; References; Chapter 4. Discharges, Plasmas, and Ion-Surface Interactions; 4.1. Introduction; 4.2. Plasmas, Discharges, and Arcs; 4.3. Fundamentals of Plasma Physics; 4.4. Reactions in Plasmas; 4.5. Physics of Sputtering , 4.6. Ion Bombardment Modification of Growing Films4.7. Conclusion; Exercises; References; Chapter 5. Plasma and Ion Beam Processing of Thin Films; 5.1. Introduction; 5.2. DC, AC, and Reactive Sputtering Processes; 5.3. Magnetron Sputtering; 5.4. Plasma Etching; 5.5. Hybrid and Modified PVD Processes; 5.6. Conclusion; Exercises; References; Chapter 6. Chemical Vapor Deposition; 6.1. Introduction; 6.2. Reaction Types; 6.3. Thermodynamics of CVD; 6.4. Gas Transport; 6.5. Film Growth Kinetics; 6.6. Thermal CVD Processes; 6.7. Plasma-Enhanced CVD Processes; 6.8. Some CVD Materials Issues , 6.9. Safety6.10. Conclusion; Exercises; References; Chapter 7. Substrate Surfaces and Thin-Film Nucleation; 7.1. Introduction; 7.2. An Atomic View of Substrate Surfaces; 7.3. Thermodynamic Aspects of Nucleation; 7.4. Kinetic Processes in Nucleation and Growth; 7.5. Experimental Studies of Nucleation and Growth; 7.6. Conclusion; Exercises; References; Chapter 8. Epitaxy; 8.1. Introduction; 8.2. Manifestations of Epitaxy; 8.3. Lattice Misfit and Defects in Epitaxial Films; 8.4. Epitaxy of Compound Semiconductors; 8.5. High-Temperature Methods for Depositing Epitaxial Semiconductor Films , 8.6. Low-Temperature Methods for Depositing Epitaxial Semiconductor Films8.7. Mechanisms and Characterization of Epitaxial Film Growth; 8.8. Conclusion; Exercises; References; Chapter 9. Film Structure; 9.1. Introduction; 9.2. Structural Morphology of Deposited Films and Coatings; 9.3. Computational Simulations of Film Structure; 9.4. Grain Growth, Texture, and Microstructure Control in Thin Films; 9.5. Constrained Film Structures; 9.6. Amorphous Thin Films; 9.7. Conclusion; Exercises; References; Chapter 10. Characterization of Thin Films and Surfaces; 10.1. Introduction , 10.2. Film Thickness

Additional Edition: ISBN 1-4933-0172-1

Additional Edition: ISBN 0-12-524975-6

Language: English

Subjects: Engineering , Physics

Keywords: Electronic books. ; Electronic books ; Electronic books. ; Electronic books

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Format: XVII, 429 S. : Noten.

Series Statement: Columbia University 〈New York, NY〉: Columbia University studies in musicology 7

Language: English

Subjects: Musicology

Keywords: Serbokroatisch ; Volkslied

Author information: Bartók, Béla 1881-1945