Kooperativer Bibliotheksverbund

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (XI, 408 p. 43 illus., 11 illus. in color.)

Edition: 1st ed. 2017.

ISBN: 3-319-51664-7

Content: This book is open access under a CC BY-NC 2.5 license. On April 22, 1915, the German military released 150 tons of chlorine gas at Ypres, Belgium. Carried by a long-awaited wind, the chlorine cloud passed within a few minutes through the British and French trenches, leaving behind at least 1,000 dead and 4,000 injured. This chemical attack, which amounted to the first use of a weapon of mass destruction, marks a turning point in world history. The preparation as well as the execution of the gas attack was orchestrated by Fritz Haber, the director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry in Berlin-Dahlem. During World War I, Haber transformed his research institute into a center for the development of chemical weapons (and of the means of protection against them). Bretislav Friedrich and Martin Wolf (Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, the successor institution of Haber’s institute) together with Dieter Hoffmann, Jürgen Renn, and Florian Schmaltz (Max Planck Institute for the History of Science) organized an international symposium to commemorate the centenary of the infamous chemical attack. The symposium examined crucial facets of chemical warfare from the first research on and deployment of chemical weapons in WWI to the development and use of chemical warfare during the century hence. The focus was on scientific, ethical, legal, and political issues of chemical weapons research and deployment — including the issue of dual use — as well as the ongoing effort to control the possession of chemical weapons and to ultimately achieve their elimination. The volume consists of papers presented at the symposium and supplemented by additional articles that together cover key aspects of chemical warfare from 22 April 1915 until the summer of 2015.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Contents -- 1 Introduction -- Research on and Deployment of Chemical Weapons in World War I -- 2 The Scientist as Expert: Fritz Haber and German Chemical Warfare During the First World War and Beyond -- Abstract -- References -- 3 From Berlin-Dahlem to the Fronts of World War I: The Role of Fritz Haber and His Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in German Chemical Warfare -- Abstract -- 1 The Run-up to Ypres -- 2 Ypres, 22 April, 1915, 1700 GMT -- 3 The Indispensable Fritz Haber -- 4 Haber's Kaiser Wilhelm Institute Under Military Command -- 5 Haber's Views on Chemical Warfare -- 6 The Legacy of Ypres -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Additional Open Access Information -- 4 Clara Immerwahr: A Life in the Shadow of Fritz Haber -- Abstract -- 1 Prolog -- 2 Clara Immerwahr's Background -- 3 The Scientific Work of Clara Immerwahr -- 4 Clara's Husband: Fritz Haber -- 5 Clara Haber's Suicide -- 6 The "Myth of Clara Immerwahr" -- 7 Epilog -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Addition to Open Access Information -- 5 France's Political and Military Reaction in the Aftermath of the First German Chemical Offensive in April 1915: The Road to Retaliation in Kind -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Retaliation in Kind: A Purely Military Decision -- 3 Between Eagerness and Constraints: Organizing the Chemical Response -- 4 Chemical War: Scientific War, Industrial War -- 5 Retaliation in Kind: Towards Total War -- References -- 6 Preparing for Poison Warfare: The Ethics and Politics of Britain's Chemical Weapons Program, 1915-1945 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Ypres 1915 -- 3 Porton Down -- 4 Servants of the Realm -- 5 Crisis of Legitimacy -- 6 Collaboration -- 7 The Geneva Protocol -- 8 Foreboding -- 9 Ethical Relativism -- References. , 7 Challenging the Laws of War by Technology, Blazing Nationalism and Militarism: Debating Chemical Warfare Before and After Ypres, 1899-1925 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction: Chemical Weapons as the Subject of Juridification, Politicization, and Circumvention of Law -- 2 Codifying War Technologies in International Law Around 1900 -- 2.1 Restrictions on the Means and Methods of Warfare: The Regulations in International Law of 1868, 1899, and 1907 -- 2.1.1 The Principle of Humanity: The Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868 -- 2.1.2 The Impotent Model: The Brussels Declaration on Land Warfare of 1874 -- 2.1.3 The First Poison Prohibition in International Treaty Law: The Declaration on the Use of Projectiles with Asphyxiating or Deleterious Gases and the Hague Convention on Land Warfare of 1899 -- 2.2 No Notion of What Lay Ahead: The Intense Legal Discourse on the Hague Convention and Uncontroversial Interpretations of the Prohibition of Poison Prior to 1915 -- 3 Militarization and Circumvention of Law: Debates on International Law During the Continental War with Gas, 1915-1918 -- 3.1 International Law: Alive, but not Kicking -- 3.1.1 Scholarly Publications on International Law During World War I -- 3.1.2 Unclear Motives for and Few Scruples About the Use of Poison: Ex Post Justifications -- 3.1.3 Was the German Employment of Poison Gas a Symptom of General Disdain for International Law? -- 3.2 The Law Comes Later: The Weak Normative Discourse on Gas Warfare After the German Attack -- 3.2.1 The Lack of Protest: Political Voices and Official Reports -- 3.2.2 The Daily Press: Restraint, Disinformation, and Loud Silence -- 3.3 Possible Interpretations: Raison de Guerre as Its Own Form of Normativity? -- 3.3.1 Older Traditions of Disregard for International Law -- 3.3.2 Normative Plurality and Renouncing International Law: The Nature of the Laws of War. , 3.3.3 Cruel, Unmanly, and Unchivalrous: The Military's Aversion to the Use of Poison -- 4 The Continuing Politicization of International Law: The Legal Assessment of War Crimes, 1918-1925 -- 4.1 Crime and Argument: The Intense Discourse After the End of World War I -- 4.2 Self-justifications: The Nationalist Polarization of International Law -- 4.3 Politicized Scholarship: No Mediation Possible -- 4.4 Reforms as Affirmation of the Prohibition of Poison in International Law -- 4.4.1 Asymmetric New Paths: The Prohibitions of the Production and Possession of Weapons in the Paris Peace Treaties of 1919 -- 4.4.2 Pacifist Efforts: Initiatives by the League of Nations -- 4.4.3 An Expression of the General Opinion of the Civilized World: The Washington Treaty of 1922 -- 4.4.4 Reassuring One's Principles: The Geneva Protocol on Poison Gas of 1925 -- 5 Summary: Expectations Regarding International Law -- References -- 8 Military-Industrial Interactions in the Development of Chemical Warfare, 1914-1918: Comparing National Cases Within the Technological System of the Great War -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Western Front as a Technological Meta-System -- 3 Chemical Weapons as an Illustrative Case -- 4 Industrial Mobilization for Chemical Warfare: The Experimental Phase, 1914-15 -- 5 Scaling up, Innovation and Integration, 1915-17 -- 6 Culmination of the Chemical War, 1917-1918 -- 7 Concluding Reflections -- References -- Contexts and Consequences of Chemical Weapons -- 9 The Gas War, 1915-1918: If not a War Winner, Hardly a Failure -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Debate -- 3 Gas: Not a War Winner -- 4 The Challenge of Chemical Warfare -- 5 Effectiveness of the Gas War -- References -- 10 "Gas, Gas, Gaas!" The Poison Gas War in the Literature and Visual Arts of Interwar Europe -- Abstract -- Part I -- Part II -- References. , 11 The Genie and the Bottle: Reflections on the Fate of the Geneva Protocol in the United States, 1918-1928 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Science and the Great War -- 3 The Coming of Geneva -- 4 A Protocol Post-mortem -- 5 Summing up the Senate -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- 12 The Soldier's Body in Gas Warfare: Trauma, Illness, Rentennot, 1915-1933 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Perceptions in the Field -- 3 Gas and Psyche -- 4 Weimar to the Nazi Period-the Need of the Traumatized -- 5 Summary -- References -- 13 Chemical Weapons Research on Soldiers and Concentration Camp Inmates in Nazi Germany -- Abstract -- 1 Organizational Structures of Chemical Warfare Research in Germany -- 2 Chemical Weapons Research on Humans in Military and Academic Institutions -- 3 Experiments in Concentration Camps -- 3.1 Sachsenhausen -- 3.2 Natzweiler -- 3.2.1 The Sulphur Mustard Experiments of August Hirt -- 3.2.2 The Phosgene Experiments of Otto Bickenbach -- 3.2.3 New Series of Phosgene Experiments in June and August 1944 -- 3.3 Neuengamme -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- 14 No Retaliation in Kind: Japanese Chemical Warfare Policy in World War II -- Abstract -- References -- 15 The 1925 Geneva Protocol: China's CBW Charges Against Japan at the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 World War II and the Post-war IMTFE -- 3 Retrieving CBW Evidence from China, 1946 -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Dual Use, Storage and Disposal of Chemical Weapons Today -- 16 The Reconstruction of Production and Storage Sites for Chemical Warfare Agents and Weapons from Both World Wars in the Context of Assessing Former Munitions Sites -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Ammendorf Factory of Orgacid GmbH -- 3 The History of Falkenhagen Factory of Monturon GmbH, Development, the Structure of the Buildings, and Production. , 4 Production at the Falkenhagen Factory -- 4.1 Brief Description of the Facilities at the Factory -- 5 The Development of N-Stoff Production -- 5.1 The Buildings of the N-Stoff Plant at the "Seewerk" Falkenhagen -- 6 The Development of the Nerve Gases Tabun and Sarin -- 7 The Manufacturing Processes for Sarin -- 8 Vereinigte Flussspatgruben GmbH in Stulln -- 9 The Dyhernfurth Factory of Anorgana GmbH -- 10 The Filling and Storage of Chemical Weapons in the Munitions Facilities of the Army and Air Force -- 11 The Chemical Weapons Complex in Munster -- 12 Other Munitions Sites with Filling Plants for Chemical Weapons -- 13 Dismantling Work After the First World War -- 14 Summary and Prospects -- References and Source Materials -- 17 From Charles and Francis Darwin to Richard Nixon: The Origin and Termination of Anti-plant Chemical Warfare in Vietnam -- Abstract -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 18 The Indelible Smell of Apples: Poison Gas Survivors in Halabja, Kurdistan-Iraq, and Their Struggle for Recognition -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction: The Indelible Smell of Apples -- 2 Background -- 3 The Anfal Campaign and the Poison Gas Attack Against Halabja in 1988 -- 4 The Situation of Survivors of the Poison Gas Attacks -- 4.1 Haunting Memories, Enduring Grief -- 4.2 Survivors' Life Conditions Between 1988 and 2003 -- 4.3 Changes After 2003 -- 5 New Threats, New Fear, and Joint Initiatives of Poison Gas Survivors -- References -- Films -- 19 The Use of Chemical Weapons in Syria: Implications and Consequences -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Early Reports of Chemical Weapons Use in the Syrian Civil War -- 3 The Secretary-General's Investigation -- 4 The Elimination of the Syrian Chemical Weapons Program -- 5 Chemical Weapons Destruction at Sea -- 6 New Incidents of Chemical Weapons Uses -- 7 Attribution and Accountability -- 8 Conclusions -- References. , Commemoration Ceremony. , English

Additional Edition: ISBN 3-319-51663-9

Language: English

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-51664-6

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (574 pages)

Edition: 1st ed.

ISBN: 3-476-05892-1

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- List of Figures -- Introduction: Concepts, Corpus and Strategies of Media Network Research -- Recording Criteria of Children's and Youth Film -- Recording Criteria for Children's and Youth Radio Programmes -- Recording Criteria for Children's and Youth Theatre -- Recording Criteria for Print Media, Vinyl, and Advertising Material -- Media Networks: Theoretical Frameworks -- Media as a Compact Concept According to Siegfried J. Schmidt -- Limits of Schmidt's Media System Model -- Popular Culture Network Models -- The Media Convergence Model by Henry Jenkins -- Jenkins' Critical Reception -- Marc Steinberg's Character-Centred Media Networks -- Seriality Theories -- Network Discussion in Children's and Youth Literature Research -- Storytising as Brand Management -- Marketing Science Models -- Media Networks from 1900 to 1945 -- Definition -- Spectrum of Media Networks -- References -- Project Horizons: Introduction and Overview -- Children's and Youth Radio from 1924 to 1945 -- Current State of Research and Desiderata -- Political and Economic Framework of Early Radio Broadcasting -- Technical Requirements of the Reception -- Programme Press -- Offers for Children and Young People in the Radio of the Weimar Republic -- Funk-Stunde AG -- Nordische Rundfunk AG (Norag) -- Südwestdeutscher Rundfunkdienst AG (SWR) -- Süddeutsche Rundfunk A. G. (Sürag) -- Deutsche Stunde in Bayern GmbH -- Ostmarken-Rundfunk AG (Orag) -- Schlesische Funkstunde AG -- Mitteldeutsche Rundfunk AG (Mirag) -- Westdeutsche Funkstunde AG (Wefag): Westdeutsche Rundfunk AG (Werag) -- Deutsche Welle GmbH -- Children's and Youth Broadcasts from Austria and Switzerland -- Children's and Youth Broadcasts from 1933 and until the End of the War -- Summary -- References -- Primary Literature -- Audiography. , Secondary Literature Before 1945 -- Secondary Literature After 1945 -- Children's and Youth Films from 1900 to 1945 -- State of Research and Desiderata -- Children's and Youth Film in the Empire -- Children's and Youth Film in the Weimar Republic -- Children's and Youth Film During the National Socialist Era -- Summary and Outlook -- References -- Filmography -- Secondary Literature Before 1945 -- Secondary Literature After 1945 -- Children's and Youth Theatre from 1900 to 1945 -- References -- Digital Explorations of Historical Media Networks -- Introduction -- Goals and Challenges -- From Theory to Metadata Structure -- Conceptual Considerations -- Technical Realisation -- Search Engine Environment and Visualisation -- Conceptual Considerations -- Technical Realisation -- Application Scenarios -- (Un)conventional Search Queries -- Double Perspectives with Timeline and Navigator -- Media Networks in Profile -- Summary -- References -- Primary Literature -- Secondary Literature Before 1945 -- Secondary Literature After 1945 -- Pioneers Take Over the New Types of Media -- From Children's Theatre to Film -- Introduction -- Historical Framework -- Genschow's Productions -- Stage and Film in the 1930s -- With the Children's Theatre Through Germany (1934) -- Genschow's Studio des Jugendfilms -- General Stift und seine Bande (1937) -- Contemporary Reception of Genschow's Work -- Conclusion -- References -- Primary Literature -- Filmography -- Theatrography -- Secondary Literature Before 1945 -- Secondary Literature After 1945 -- Mickey Mouse -- Introduction and Preliminary Considerations -- Mickey Mouse as a Brand in 1930s Germany -- Disney's Animated Films in the German Trade Press: Typically American! -- Mickey Mouse in the Comic Strips of German Daily Newspapers -- The German Counter-Propaganda -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Primary Literature. , Filmography -- Secondary Literature Before 1945 -- Secondary Literature After 1945 -- Funkheinzelmann -- Preliminary Remarks -- Funkheinzelmann: A Radio Figure Becomes a Brand -- Event Marketing -- Geographical Expansion and Programme Diversification -- Brand Extensions -- The Record -- The Revue -- The Fairy Tale Storybooks -- Merchandising -- Funkheinzelmann: The Children's Magazine -- The Author as the Motor of Seriality -- References -- Primary Literature -- Audiography -- Discography -- Theatrography -- Secondary Literature Before 1945 -- Secondary Literature After 1945 -- Stage Children Migrate to Radio and/or Film -- To the Moon and Back -- Prehistory: Introduction -- The Nursery: Starting Point -- The Starry Meadow: Author and Text -- The Milky Way: Visual Design -- The Castle of the Night Fairy: Sonority and Music -- The Christmas Meadow: Consumer Orientation and Branding -- The Moon: Time and Space -- Back in the Nursery: Theoretical and Methodological Considerations or the Journey to the Media Network -- References -- Primary Literature -- Filmography -- Audiography -- Theatrography -- Other Media -- Secondary Literature Before 1945 -- Secondary Literature After 1945 -- In Never-Never Land -- Introduction -- A Novel for Adults and a Children's Book Consisting of Some of Its Chapters: The Little White Bird (1902) - Kleiner weißer Vogel (2010) and Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens (1906) - Peter Pan im Waldpark (1911) -- James M. Barrie's Peter Pan: The English and the German Stage Play - Peter Pan, or the Boy Who Would Not Grow Up (1904/1928) - Peter Gerneklein (Der Knabe welcher nicht gross werden wollte) (1904/1910) - Peter Pan, oder Das Märchen vom Jungen, -- James M. Barrie's Peter Pan: Prose Versions or Peter Pan in Germany After 1945 -- The First Film Adaptation of Peter Pan (1924) -- Conclusion -- Literature -- Primary Literature. , Filmography -- Audiography -- Theatrography -- Secondary Literature Before 1945 -- Secondary Literature After 1945 -- Urian's Travels Around the World -- Away From the 'Miracle': Lisa Tetzner and the Hans Urian Stoff -- The Hans Urian Project -- The Literary Pretexts -- The First Performance -- Reception as a Laienspiel Play -- From the Play to the Children's Novel -- History of Translation and Editing -- Continuations -- The DEFA Hand Puppet Film -- Is the Hans Urian Project a Medienverbund (Media Network)? -- References -- Primary Literature -- Original Versions Incl. Reprints and Translations -- Literary Pretexts -- Continuations -- Filmography -- Theatrography -- Secondary Literature Before 1945 -- Secondary Literature After 1945 -- Fairy Tales in Film and Radio -- "That Was a Wonderful Fairy Tale!" -- Introduction -- The (Original) Fairy Tale Der fliegende Koffer -- The Dissemination and Processing of the Fairy Tale in Books -- Animated Films and Series Appearances: Der fliegende Koffer on Screen -- Lotte Reiniger's Der fliegende Koffer (1921) -- Der fliegende Koffer (1944): Hohnsteiner Puppenspiele -- Recent Cartoons: The Flying Trunk (Story) (2003 and 2018) -- Der fliegende Koffer and Its Television Appearances: Sandmännchen and Siebenstein -- Der fliegende Koffer Audio Book/Play: From the Radio of the Weimar Republic to MP3 Files -- Suitcase, Art, and Consumption: The Colourful Palette of Merchandising Products -- Conclusion on the Media Network -- References -- Primary Literature -- Audiography -- Filmography -- Other Media/Products -- Secondary Literature Before 1945 -- Secondary Literature After 1945 -- Mutabor! -- Retrospect -- Hauff's Fairy Tales -- Early Films of Hauff's Fairy Tales -- Der kleine Muck -- Kalif Storch -- Das kalte Herz -- Final Thoughts -- References -- Primary Literature -- Filmography -- Other Media. , Secondary Literature Before 1945 -- Secondary Literature After 1945 -- Classics in All Types of Media -- Max und Moritz Across Media -- Wilhelm Busch and the Genesis of the Bubenstreich-Erzählung -- Max und Moritz as a Media Phenomenon (1865-1930) -- The "Buschiade" as a Follow-Up: Imitation - Adaptation - Parody -- Max und Moritz on Stage … -- … and on the Screen -- Max und Moritz as the Initial Spark of the Comic Strip -- The Beginnings of the "Katzenjammer Kids" by Rudolph Dirks -- Transdiegetic Narrative and Characteristic Figure Speech -- The Establishment of the "Kid Strip" and Its Transformations -- Max und Moritz: A Media Network? -- References -- Primary Literature -- Filmography -- Audiography -- Theatrography -- Secondary Literature Before 1945 -- Secondary Literature After 1945 -- Robinsonades between 1900 and 1945 -- Theoretical Framework: On the Significance of Children's and Youth Media -- On the Systematics of Robinson Adaptations and Robinsonades for Children and Adolescents -- Historical Contextualisation I: On the Impact History of the Successful Model of the Robinsonades -- Historical Contextualisation II: On the History of Reception between 1900 and 1945 -- Robinsonades in the Media Network -- Film, Radio, Book: Robinson and Robinsonades in Individual Specific Types of Media -- Movie Versions -- "Robinson" on the Radio -- Tendencies of Modernisation in the Book Reception of the Robinsonades -- Conclusion: Reflections and Theses on the Media Network Discussion -- Literature -- Primary Literature -- Filmography -- Audiography -- Theatrography -- Secondary Literature Before 1945 -- Secondary Literature After 1945 -- School Stories in the Theatre, Book and on the Screen -- Beyond Romy and Lilli -- Preliminary Considerations -- History and Genre Traditions -- Christa Winsloe's Boarding School Story in the Media Network (1930-1936). , Transmedial Narrative Worlds Since the 1950s.

Additional Edition: Print version: Josting, Petra German-Language Children's and Youth Literature in the Media Network 1900-1945 Stuttgart : Palgrave Macmillan,c2023 ISBN 9783476058911

Language: English

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (XI, 408 p. 43 illus., 11 illus. in color.)

Edition: 1st ed. 2017.

ISBN: 3-319-51664-7

Content: This book is open access under a CC BY-NC 2.5 license. On April 22, 1915, the German military released 150 tons of chlorine gas at Ypres, Belgium. Carried by a long-awaited wind, the chlorine cloud passed within a few minutes through the British and French trenches, leaving behind at least 1,000 dead and 4,000 injured. This chemical attack, which amounted to the first use of a weapon of mass destruction, marks a turning point in world history. The preparation as well as the execution of the gas attack was orchestrated by Fritz Haber, the director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry in Berlin-Dahlem. During World War I, Haber transformed his research institute into a center for the development of chemical weapons (and of the means of protection against them). Bretislav Friedrich and Martin Wolf (Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, the successor institution of Haber’s institute) together with Dieter Hoffmann, Jürgen Renn, and Florian Schmaltz (Max Planck Institute for the History of Science) organized an international symposium to commemorate the centenary of the infamous chemical attack. The symposium examined crucial facets of chemical warfare from the first research on and deployment of chemical weapons in WWI to the development and use of chemical warfare during the century hence. The focus was on scientific, ethical, legal, and political issues of chemical weapons research and deployment — including the issue of dual use — as well as the ongoing effort to control the possession of chemical weapons and to ultimately achieve their elimination. The volume consists of papers presented at the symposium and supplemented by additional articles that together cover key aspects of chemical warfare from 22 April 1915 until the summer of 2015.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Contents -- 1 Introduction -- Research on and Deployment of Chemical Weapons in World War I -- 2 The Scientist as Expert: Fritz Haber and German Chemical Warfare During the First World War and Beyond -- Abstract -- References -- 3 From Berlin-Dahlem to the Fronts of World War I: The Role of Fritz Haber and His Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in German Chemical Warfare -- Abstract -- 1 The Run-up to Ypres -- 2 Ypres, 22 April, 1915, 1700 GMT -- 3 The Indispensable Fritz Haber -- 4 Haber's Kaiser Wilhelm Institute Under Military Command -- 5 Haber's Views on Chemical Warfare -- 6 The Legacy of Ypres -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Additional Open Access Information -- 4 Clara Immerwahr: A Life in the Shadow of Fritz Haber -- Abstract -- 1 Prolog -- 2 Clara Immerwahr's Background -- 3 The Scientific Work of Clara Immerwahr -- 4 Clara's Husband: Fritz Haber -- 5 Clara Haber's Suicide -- 6 The "Myth of Clara Immerwahr" -- 7 Epilog -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Addition to Open Access Information -- 5 France's Political and Military Reaction in the Aftermath of the First German Chemical Offensive in April 1915: The Road to Retaliation in Kind -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Retaliation in Kind: A Purely Military Decision -- 3 Between Eagerness and Constraints: Organizing the Chemical Response -- 4 Chemical War: Scientific War, Industrial War -- 5 Retaliation in Kind: Towards Total War -- References -- 6 Preparing for Poison Warfare: The Ethics and Politics of Britain's Chemical Weapons Program, 1915-1945 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Ypres 1915 -- 3 Porton Down -- 4 Servants of the Realm -- 5 Crisis of Legitimacy -- 6 Collaboration -- 7 The Geneva Protocol -- 8 Foreboding -- 9 Ethical Relativism -- References. , 7 Challenging the Laws of War by Technology, Blazing Nationalism and Militarism: Debating Chemical Warfare Before and After Ypres, 1899-1925 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction: Chemical Weapons as the Subject of Juridification, Politicization, and Circumvention of Law -- 2 Codifying War Technologies in International Law Around 1900 -- 2.1 Restrictions on the Means and Methods of Warfare: The Regulations in International Law of 1868, 1899, and 1907 -- 2.1.1 The Principle of Humanity: The Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868 -- 2.1.2 The Impotent Model: The Brussels Declaration on Land Warfare of 1874 -- 2.1.3 The First Poison Prohibition in International Treaty Law: The Declaration on the Use of Projectiles with Asphyxiating or Deleterious Gases and the Hague Convention on Land Warfare of 1899 -- 2.2 No Notion of What Lay Ahead: The Intense Legal Discourse on the Hague Convention and Uncontroversial Interpretations of the Prohibition of Poison Prior to 1915 -- 3 Militarization and Circumvention of Law: Debates on International Law During the Continental War with Gas, 1915-1918 -- 3.1 International Law: Alive, but not Kicking -- 3.1.1 Scholarly Publications on International Law During World War I -- 3.1.2 Unclear Motives for and Few Scruples About the Use of Poison: Ex Post Justifications -- 3.1.3 Was the German Employment of Poison Gas a Symptom of General Disdain for International Law? -- 3.2 The Law Comes Later: The Weak Normative Discourse on Gas Warfare After the German Attack -- 3.2.1 The Lack of Protest: Political Voices and Official Reports -- 3.2.2 The Daily Press: Restraint, Disinformation, and Loud Silence -- 3.3 Possible Interpretations: Raison de Guerre as Its Own Form of Normativity? -- 3.3.1 Older Traditions of Disregard for International Law -- 3.3.2 Normative Plurality and Renouncing International Law: The Nature of the Laws of War. , 3.3.3 Cruel, Unmanly, and Unchivalrous: The Military's Aversion to the Use of Poison -- 4 The Continuing Politicization of International Law: The Legal Assessment of War Crimes, 1918-1925 -- 4.1 Crime and Argument: The Intense Discourse After the End of World War I -- 4.2 Self-justifications: The Nationalist Polarization of International Law -- 4.3 Politicized Scholarship: No Mediation Possible -- 4.4 Reforms as Affirmation of the Prohibition of Poison in International Law -- 4.4.1 Asymmetric New Paths: The Prohibitions of the Production and Possession of Weapons in the Paris Peace Treaties of 1919 -- 4.4.2 Pacifist Efforts: Initiatives by the League of Nations -- 4.4.3 An Expression of the General Opinion of the Civilized World: The Washington Treaty of 1922 -- 4.4.4 Reassuring One's Principles: The Geneva Protocol on Poison Gas of 1925 -- 5 Summary: Expectations Regarding International Law -- References -- 8 Military-Industrial Interactions in the Development of Chemical Warfare, 1914-1918: Comparing National Cases Within the Technological System of the Great War -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Western Front as a Technological Meta-System -- 3 Chemical Weapons as an Illustrative Case -- 4 Industrial Mobilization for Chemical Warfare: The Experimental Phase, 1914-15 -- 5 Scaling up, Innovation and Integration, 1915-17 -- 6 Culmination of the Chemical War, 1917-1918 -- 7 Concluding Reflections -- References -- Contexts and Consequences of Chemical Weapons -- 9 The Gas War, 1915-1918: If not a War Winner, Hardly a Failure -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Debate -- 3 Gas: Not a War Winner -- 4 The Challenge of Chemical Warfare -- 5 Effectiveness of the Gas War -- References -- 10 "Gas, Gas, Gaas!" The Poison Gas War in the Literature and Visual Arts of Interwar Europe -- Abstract -- Part I -- Part II -- References. , 11 The Genie and the Bottle: Reflections on the Fate of the Geneva Protocol in the United States, 1918-1928 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Science and the Great War -- 3 The Coming of Geneva -- 4 A Protocol Post-mortem -- 5 Summing up the Senate -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- 12 The Soldier's Body in Gas Warfare: Trauma, Illness, Rentennot, 1915-1933 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Perceptions in the Field -- 3 Gas and Psyche -- 4 Weimar to the Nazi Period-the Need of the Traumatized -- 5 Summary -- References -- 13 Chemical Weapons Research on Soldiers and Concentration Camp Inmates in Nazi Germany -- Abstract -- 1 Organizational Structures of Chemical Warfare Research in Germany -- 2 Chemical Weapons Research on Humans in Military and Academic Institutions -- 3 Experiments in Concentration Camps -- 3.1 Sachsenhausen -- 3.2 Natzweiler -- 3.2.1 The Sulphur Mustard Experiments of August Hirt -- 3.2.2 The Phosgene Experiments of Otto Bickenbach -- 3.2.3 New Series of Phosgene Experiments in June and August 1944 -- 3.3 Neuengamme -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- 14 No Retaliation in Kind: Japanese Chemical Warfare Policy in World War II -- Abstract -- References -- 15 The 1925 Geneva Protocol: China's CBW Charges Against Japan at the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 World War II and the Post-war IMTFE -- 3 Retrieving CBW Evidence from China, 1946 -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Dual Use, Storage and Disposal of Chemical Weapons Today -- 16 The Reconstruction of Production and Storage Sites for Chemical Warfare Agents and Weapons from Both World Wars in the Context of Assessing Former Munitions Sites -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Ammendorf Factory of Orgacid GmbH -- 3 The History of Falkenhagen Factory of Monturon GmbH, Development, the Structure of the Buildings, and Production. , 4 Production at the Falkenhagen Factory -- 4.1 Brief Description of the Facilities at the Factory -- 5 The Development of N-Stoff Production -- 5.1 The Buildings of the N-Stoff Plant at the "Seewerk" Falkenhagen -- 6 The Development of the Nerve Gases Tabun and Sarin -- 7 The Manufacturing Processes for Sarin -- 8 Vereinigte Flussspatgruben GmbH in Stulln -- 9 The Dyhernfurth Factory of Anorgana GmbH -- 10 The Filling and Storage of Chemical Weapons in the Munitions Facilities of the Army and Air Force -- 11 The Chemical Weapons Complex in Munster -- 12 Other Munitions Sites with Filling Plants for Chemical Weapons -- 13 Dismantling Work After the First World War -- 14 Summary and Prospects -- References and Source Materials -- 17 From Charles and Francis Darwin to Richard Nixon: The Origin and Termination of Anti-plant Chemical Warfare in Vietnam -- Abstract -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 18 The Indelible Smell of Apples: Poison Gas Survivors in Halabja, Kurdistan-Iraq, and Their Struggle for Recognition -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction: The Indelible Smell of Apples -- 2 Background -- 3 The Anfal Campaign and the Poison Gas Attack Against Halabja in 1988 -- 4 The Situation of Survivors of the Poison Gas Attacks -- 4.1 Haunting Memories, Enduring Grief -- 4.2 Survivors' Life Conditions Between 1988 and 2003 -- 4.3 Changes After 2003 -- 5 New Threats, New Fear, and Joint Initiatives of Poison Gas Survivors -- References -- Films -- 19 The Use of Chemical Weapons in Syria: Implications and Consequences -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Early Reports of Chemical Weapons Use in the Syrian Civil War -- 3 The Secretary-General's Investigation -- 4 The Elimination of the Syrian Chemical Weapons Program -- 5 Chemical Weapons Destruction at Sea -- 6 New Incidents of Chemical Weapons Uses -- 7 Attribution and Accountability -- 8 Conclusions -- References. , Commemoration Ceremony. , English

Additional Edition: ISBN 3-319-51663-9

Language: English

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-51664-6

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (XI, 408 p. 43 illus., 11 illus. in color.)

Edition: 1st ed. 2017.

ISBN: 3-319-51664-7

Content: This book is open access under a CC BY-NC 2.5 license. On April 22, 1915, the German military released 150 tons of chlorine gas at Ypres, Belgium. Carried by a long-awaited wind, the chlorine cloud passed within a few minutes through the British and French trenches, leaving behind at least 1,000 dead and 4,000 injured. This chemical attack, which amounted to the first use of a weapon of mass destruction, marks a turning point in world history. The preparation as well as the execution of the gas attack was orchestrated by Fritz Haber, the director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry in Berlin-Dahlem. During World War I, Haber transformed his research institute into a center for the development of chemical weapons (and of the means of protection against them). Bretislav Friedrich and Martin Wolf (Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, the successor institution of Haber’s institute) together with Dieter Hoffmann, Jürgen Renn, and Florian Schmaltz (Max Planck Institute for the History of Science) organized an international symposium to commemorate the centenary of the infamous chemical attack. The symposium examined crucial facets of chemical warfare from the first research on and deployment of chemical weapons in WWI to the development and use of chemical warfare during the century hence. The focus was on scientific, ethical, legal, and political issues of chemical weapons research and deployment — including the issue of dual use — as well as the ongoing effort to control the possession of chemical weapons and to ultimately achieve their elimination. The volume consists of papers presented at the symposium and supplemented by additional articles that together cover key aspects of chemical warfare from 22 April 1915 until the summer of 2015.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Contents -- 1 Introduction -- Research on and Deployment of Chemical Weapons in World War I -- 2 The Scientist as Expert: Fritz Haber and German Chemical Warfare During the First World War and Beyond -- Abstract -- References -- 3 From Berlin-Dahlem to the Fronts of World War I: The Role of Fritz Haber and His Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in German Chemical Warfare -- Abstract -- 1 The Run-up to Ypres -- 2 Ypres, 22 April, 1915, 1700 GMT -- 3 The Indispensable Fritz Haber -- 4 Haber's Kaiser Wilhelm Institute Under Military Command -- 5 Haber's Views on Chemical Warfare -- 6 The Legacy of Ypres -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Additional Open Access Information -- 4 Clara Immerwahr: A Life in the Shadow of Fritz Haber -- Abstract -- 1 Prolog -- 2 Clara Immerwahr's Background -- 3 The Scientific Work of Clara Immerwahr -- 4 Clara's Husband: Fritz Haber -- 5 Clara Haber's Suicide -- 6 The "Myth of Clara Immerwahr" -- 7 Epilog -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Addition to Open Access Information -- 5 France's Political and Military Reaction in the Aftermath of the First German Chemical Offensive in April 1915: The Road to Retaliation in Kind -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Retaliation in Kind: A Purely Military Decision -- 3 Between Eagerness and Constraints: Organizing the Chemical Response -- 4 Chemical War: Scientific War, Industrial War -- 5 Retaliation in Kind: Towards Total War -- References -- 6 Preparing for Poison Warfare: The Ethics and Politics of Britain's Chemical Weapons Program, 1915-1945 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Ypres 1915 -- 3 Porton Down -- 4 Servants of the Realm -- 5 Crisis of Legitimacy -- 6 Collaboration -- 7 The Geneva Protocol -- 8 Foreboding -- 9 Ethical Relativism -- References. , 7 Challenging the Laws of War by Technology, Blazing Nationalism and Militarism: Debating Chemical Warfare Before and After Ypres, 1899-1925 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction: Chemical Weapons as the Subject of Juridification, Politicization, and Circumvention of Law -- 2 Codifying War Technologies in International Law Around 1900 -- 2.1 Restrictions on the Means and Methods of Warfare: The Regulations in International Law of 1868, 1899, and 1907 -- 2.1.1 The Principle of Humanity: The Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868 -- 2.1.2 The Impotent Model: The Brussels Declaration on Land Warfare of 1874 -- 2.1.3 The First Poison Prohibition in International Treaty Law: The Declaration on the Use of Projectiles with Asphyxiating or Deleterious Gases and the Hague Convention on Land Warfare of 1899 -- 2.2 No Notion of What Lay Ahead: The Intense Legal Discourse on the Hague Convention and Uncontroversial Interpretations of the Prohibition of Poison Prior to 1915 -- 3 Militarization and Circumvention of Law: Debates on International Law During the Continental War with Gas, 1915-1918 -- 3.1 International Law: Alive, but not Kicking -- 3.1.1 Scholarly Publications on International Law During World War I -- 3.1.2 Unclear Motives for and Few Scruples About the Use of Poison: Ex Post Justifications -- 3.1.3 Was the German Employment of Poison Gas a Symptom of General Disdain for International Law? -- 3.2 The Law Comes Later: The Weak Normative Discourse on Gas Warfare After the German Attack -- 3.2.1 The Lack of Protest: Political Voices and Official Reports -- 3.2.2 The Daily Press: Restraint, Disinformation, and Loud Silence -- 3.3 Possible Interpretations: Raison de Guerre as Its Own Form of Normativity? -- 3.3.1 Older Traditions of Disregard for International Law -- 3.3.2 Normative Plurality and Renouncing International Law: The Nature of the Laws of War. , 3.3.3 Cruel, Unmanly, and Unchivalrous: The Military's Aversion to the Use of Poison -- 4 The Continuing Politicization of International Law: The Legal Assessment of War Crimes, 1918-1925 -- 4.1 Crime and Argument: The Intense Discourse After the End of World War I -- 4.2 Self-justifications: The Nationalist Polarization of International Law -- 4.3 Politicized Scholarship: No Mediation Possible -- 4.4 Reforms as Affirmation of the Prohibition of Poison in International Law -- 4.4.1 Asymmetric New Paths: The Prohibitions of the Production and Possession of Weapons in the Paris Peace Treaties of 1919 -- 4.4.2 Pacifist Efforts: Initiatives by the League of Nations -- 4.4.3 An Expression of the General Opinion of the Civilized World: The Washington Treaty of 1922 -- 4.4.4 Reassuring One's Principles: The Geneva Protocol on Poison Gas of 1925 -- 5 Summary: Expectations Regarding International Law -- References -- 8 Military-Industrial Interactions in the Development of Chemical Warfare, 1914-1918: Comparing National Cases Within the Technological System of the Great War -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Western Front as a Technological Meta-System -- 3 Chemical Weapons as an Illustrative Case -- 4 Industrial Mobilization for Chemical Warfare: The Experimental Phase, 1914-15 -- 5 Scaling up, Innovation and Integration, 1915-17 -- 6 Culmination of the Chemical War, 1917-1918 -- 7 Concluding Reflections -- References -- Contexts and Consequences of Chemical Weapons -- 9 The Gas War, 1915-1918: If not a War Winner, Hardly a Failure -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Debate -- 3 Gas: Not a War Winner -- 4 The Challenge of Chemical Warfare -- 5 Effectiveness of the Gas War -- References -- 10 "Gas, Gas, Gaas!" The Poison Gas War in the Literature and Visual Arts of Interwar Europe -- Abstract -- Part I -- Part II -- References. , 11 The Genie and the Bottle: Reflections on the Fate of the Geneva Protocol in the United States, 1918-1928 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Science and the Great War -- 3 The Coming of Geneva -- 4 A Protocol Post-mortem -- 5 Summing up the Senate -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- 12 The Soldier's Body in Gas Warfare: Trauma, Illness, Rentennot, 1915-1933 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Perceptions in the Field -- 3 Gas and Psyche -- 4 Weimar to the Nazi Period-the Need of the Traumatized -- 5 Summary -- References -- 13 Chemical Weapons Research on Soldiers and Concentration Camp Inmates in Nazi Germany -- Abstract -- 1 Organizational Structures of Chemical Warfare Research in Germany -- 2 Chemical Weapons Research on Humans in Military and Academic Institutions -- 3 Experiments in Concentration Camps -- 3.1 Sachsenhausen -- 3.2 Natzweiler -- 3.2.1 The Sulphur Mustard Experiments of August Hirt -- 3.2.2 The Phosgene Experiments of Otto Bickenbach -- 3.2.3 New Series of Phosgene Experiments in June and August 1944 -- 3.3 Neuengamme -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- 14 No Retaliation in Kind: Japanese Chemical Warfare Policy in World War II -- Abstract -- References -- 15 The 1925 Geneva Protocol: China's CBW Charges Against Japan at the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 World War II and the Post-war IMTFE -- 3 Retrieving CBW Evidence from China, 1946 -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Dual Use, Storage and Disposal of Chemical Weapons Today -- 16 The Reconstruction of Production and Storage Sites for Chemical Warfare Agents and Weapons from Both World Wars in the Context of Assessing Former Munitions Sites -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Ammendorf Factory of Orgacid GmbH -- 3 The History of Falkenhagen Factory of Monturon GmbH, Development, the Structure of the Buildings, and Production. , 4 Production at the Falkenhagen Factory -- 4.1 Brief Description of the Facilities at the Factory -- 5 The Development of N-Stoff Production -- 5.1 The Buildings of the N-Stoff Plant at the "Seewerk" Falkenhagen -- 6 The Development of the Nerve Gases Tabun and Sarin -- 7 The Manufacturing Processes for Sarin -- 8 Vereinigte Flussspatgruben GmbH in Stulln -- 9 The Dyhernfurth Factory of Anorgana GmbH -- 10 The Filling and Storage of Chemical Weapons in the Munitions Facilities of the Army and Air Force -- 11 The Chemical Weapons Complex in Munster -- 12 Other Munitions Sites with Filling Plants for Chemical Weapons -- 13 Dismantling Work After the First World War -- 14 Summary and Prospects -- References and Source Materials -- 17 From Charles and Francis Darwin to Richard Nixon: The Origin and Termination of Anti-plant Chemical Warfare in Vietnam -- Abstract -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 18 The Indelible Smell of Apples: Poison Gas Survivors in Halabja, Kurdistan-Iraq, and Their Struggle for Recognition -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction: The Indelible Smell of Apples -- 2 Background -- 3 The Anfal Campaign and the Poison Gas Attack Against Halabja in 1988 -- 4 The Situation of Survivors of the Poison Gas Attacks -- 4.1 Haunting Memories, Enduring Grief -- 4.2 Survivors' Life Conditions Between 1988 and 2003 -- 4.3 Changes After 2003 -- 5 New Threats, New Fear, and Joint Initiatives of Poison Gas Survivors -- References -- Films -- 19 The Use of Chemical Weapons in Syria: Implications and Consequences -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Early Reports of Chemical Weapons Use in the Syrian Civil War -- 3 The Secretary-General's Investigation -- 4 The Elimination of the Syrian Chemical Weapons Program -- 5 Chemical Weapons Destruction at Sea -- 6 New Incidents of Chemical Weapons Uses -- 7 Attribution and Accountability -- 8 Conclusions -- References. , Commemoration Ceremony. , English

Additional Edition: ISBN 3-319-51663-9

Language: English

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-51664-6

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (404 pages)

Edition: 1st ed.

ISBN: 9783319516646

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Contents -- 1 Introduction -- Research on and Deployment of Chemical Weapons in World War I -- 2 The Scientist as Expert: Fritz Haber and German Chemical Warfare During the First World War and Beyond -- Abstract -- References -- 3 From Berlin-Dahlem to the Fronts of World War I: The Role of Fritz Haber and His Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in German Chemical Warfare -- Abstract -- 1 The Run-up to Ypres -- 2 Ypres, 22 April, 1915, 1700 GMT -- 3 The Indispensable Fritz Haber -- 4 Haber's Kaiser Wilhelm Institute Under Military Command -- 5 Haber's Views on Chemical Warfare -- 6 The Legacy of Ypres -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Additional Open Access Information -- 4 Clara Immerwahr: A Life in the Shadow of Fritz Haber -- Abstract -- 1 Prolog -- 2 Clara Immerwahr's Background -- 3 The Scientific Work of Clara Immerwahr -- 4 Clara's Husband: Fritz Haber -- 5 Clara Haber's Suicide -- 6 The "Myth of Clara Immerwahr" -- 7 Epilog -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Addition to Open Access Information -- 5 France's Political and Military Reaction in the Aftermath of the First German Chemical Offensive in April 1915: The Road to Retaliation in Kind -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Retaliation in Kind: A Purely Military Decision -- 3 Between Eagerness and Constraints: Organizing the Chemical Response -- 4 Chemical War: Scientific War, Industrial War -- 5 Retaliation in Kind: Towards Total War -- References -- 6 Preparing for Poison Warfare: The Ethics and Politics of Britain's Chemical Weapons Program, 1915-1945 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Ypres 1915 -- 3 Porton Down -- 4 Servants of the Realm -- 5 Crisis of Legitimacy -- 6 Collaboration -- 7 The Geneva Protocol -- 8 Foreboding -- 9 Ethical Relativism -- References. , 7 Challenging the Laws of War by Technology, Blazing Nationalism and Militarism: Debating Chemical Warfare Before and After Ypres, 1899-1925 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction: Chemical Weapons as the Subject of Juridification, Politicization, and Circumvention of Law -- 2 Codifying War Technologies in International Law Around 1900 -- 2.1 Restrictions on the Means and Methods of Warfare: The Regulations in International Law of 1868, 1899, and 1907 -- 2.1.1 The Principle of Humanity: The Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868 -- 2.1.2 The Impotent Model: The Brussels Declaration on Land Warfare of 1874 -- 2.1.3 The First Poison Prohibition in International Treaty Law: The Declaration on the Use of Projectiles with Asphyxiating or Deleterious Gases and the Hague Convention on Land Warfare of 1899 -- 2.2 No Notion of What Lay Ahead: The Intense Legal Discourse on the Hague Convention and Uncontroversial Interpretations of the Prohibition of Poison Prior to 1915 -- 3 Militarization and Circumvention of Law: Debates on International Law During the Continental War with Gas, 1915-1918 -- 3.1 International Law: Alive, but not Kicking -- 3.1.1 Scholarly Publications on International Law During World War I -- 3.1.2 Unclear Motives for and Few Scruples About the Use of Poison: Ex Post Justifications -- 3.1.3 Was the German Employment of Poison Gas a Symptom of General Disdain for International Law? -- 3.2 The Law Comes Later: The Weak Normative Discourse on Gas Warfare After the German Attack -- 3.2.1 The Lack of Protest: Political Voices and Official Reports -- 3.2.2 The Daily Press: Restraint, Disinformation, and Loud Silence -- 3.3 Possible Interpretations: Raison de Guerre as Its Own Form of Normativity? -- 3.3.1 Older Traditions of Disregard for International Law -- 3.3.2 Normative Plurality and Renouncing International Law: The Nature of the Laws of War. , 3.3.3 Cruel, Unmanly, and Unchivalrous: The Military's Aversion to the Use of Poison -- 4 The Continuing Politicization of International Law: The Legal Assessment of War Crimes, 1918-1925 -- 4.1 Crime and Argument: The Intense Discourse After the End of World War I -- 4.2 Self-justifications: The Nationalist Polarization of International Law -- 4.3 Politicized Scholarship: No Mediation Possible -- 4.4 Reforms as Affirmation of the Prohibition of Poison in International Law -- 4.4.1 Asymmetric New Paths: The Prohibitions of the Production and Possession of Weapons in the Paris Peace Treaties of 1919 -- 4.4.2 Pacifist Efforts: Initiatives by the League of Nations -- 4.4.3 An Expression of the General Opinion of the Civilized World: The Washington Treaty of 1922 -- 4.4.4 Reassuring One's Principles: The Geneva Protocol on Poison Gas of 1925 -- 5 Summary: Expectations Regarding International Law -- References -- 8 Military-Industrial Interactions in the Development of Chemical Warfare, 1914-1918: Comparing National Cases Within the Technological System of the Great War -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Western Front as a Technological Meta-System -- 3 Chemical Weapons as an Illustrative Case -- 4 Industrial Mobilization for Chemical Warfare: The Experimental Phase, 1914-15 -- 5 Scaling up, Innovation and Integration, 1915-17 -- 6 Culmination of the Chemical War, 1917-1918 -- 7 Concluding Reflections -- References -- Contexts and Consequences of Chemical Weapons -- 9 The Gas War, 1915-1918: If not a War Winner, Hardly a Failure -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Debate -- 3 Gas: Not a War Winner -- 4 The Challenge of Chemical Warfare -- 5 Effectiveness of the Gas War -- References -- 10 "Gas, Gas, Gaas!" The Poison Gas War in the Literature and Visual Arts of Interwar Europe -- Abstract -- Part I -- Part II -- References. , 11 The Genie and the Bottle: Reflections on the Fate of the Geneva Protocol in the United States, 1918-1928 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Science and the Great War -- 3 The Coming of Geneva -- 4 A Protocol Post-mortem -- 5 Summing up the Senate -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- 12 The Soldier's Body in Gas Warfare: Trauma, Illness, Rentennot, 1915-1933 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Perceptions in the Field -- 3 Gas and Psyche -- 4 Weimar to the Nazi Period-the Need of the Traumatized -- 5 Summary -- References -- 13 Chemical Weapons Research on Soldiers and Concentration Camp Inmates in Nazi Germany -- Abstract -- 1 Organizational Structures of Chemical Warfare Research in Germany -- 2 Chemical Weapons Research on Humans in Military and Academic Institutions -- 3 Experiments in Concentration Camps -- 3.1 Sachsenhausen -- 3.2 Natzweiler -- 3.2.1 The Sulphur Mustard Experiments of August Hirt -- 3.2.2 The Phosgene Experiments of Otto Bickenbach -- 3.2.3 New Series of Phosgene Experiments in June and August 1944 -- 3.3 Neuengamme -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- 14 No Retaliation in Kind: Japanese Chemical Warfare Policy in World War II -- Abstract -- References -- 15 The 1925 Geneva Protocol: China's CBW Charges Against Japan at the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 World War II and the Post-war IMTFE -- 3 Retrieving CBW Evidence from China, 1946 -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Dual Use, Storage and Disposal of Chemical Weapons Today -- 16 The Reconstruction of Production and Storage Sites for Chemical Warfare Agents and Weapons from Both World Wars in the Context of Assessing Former Munitions Sites -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Ammendorf Factory of Orgacid GmbH -- 3 The History of Falkenhagen Factory of Monturon GmbH, Development, the Structure of the Buildings, and Production. , 4 Production at the Falkenhagen Factory -- 4.1 Brief Description of the Facilities at the Factory -- 5 The Development of N-Stoff Production -- 5.1 The Buildings of the N-Stoff Plant at the "Seewerk" Falkenhagen -- 6 The Development of the Nerve Gases Tabun and Sarin -- 7 The Manufacturing Processes for Sarin -- 8 Vereinigte Flussspatgruben GmbH in Stulln -- 9 The Dyhernfurth Factory of Anorgana GmbH -- 10 The Filling and Storage of Chemical Weapons in the Munitions Facilities of the Army and Air Force -- 11 The Chemical Weapons Complex in Munster -- 12 Other Munitions Sites with Filling Plants for Chemical Weapons -- 13 Dismantling Work After the First World War -- 14 Summary and Prospects -- References and Source Materials -- 17 From Charles and Francis Darwin to Richard Nixon: The Origin and Termination of Anti-plant Chemical Warfare in Vietnam -- Abstract -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 18 The Indelible Smell of Apples: Poison Gas Survivors in Halabja, Kurdistan-Iraq, and Their Struggle for Recognition -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction: The Indelible Smell of Apples -- 2 Background -- 3 The Anfal Campaign and the Poison Gas Attack Against Halabja in 1988 -- 4 The Situation of Survivors of the Poison Gas Attacks -- 4.1 Haunting Memories, Enduring Grief -- 4.2 Survivors' Life Conditions Between 1988 and 2003 -- 4.3 Changes After 2003 -- 5 New Threats, New Fear, and Joint Initiatives of Poison Gas Survivors -- References -- Films -- 19 The Use of Chemical Weapons in Syria: Implications and Consequences -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Early Reports of Chemical Weapons Use in the Syrian Civil War -- 3 The Secretary-General's Investigation -- 4 The Elimination of the Syrian Chemical Weapons Program -- 5 Chemical Weapons Destruction at Sea -- 6 New Incidents of Chemical Weapons Uses -- 7 Attribution and Accountability -- 8 Conclusions -- References. , Commemoration Ceremony.

Additional Edition: Print version: Friedrich, Bretislav One Hundred Years of Chemical Warfare: Research, Deployment, Consequences Cham : Springer International Publishing AG,c2017 ISBN 9783319516639

Language: English

Keywords: Electronic books.

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