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Format: 1 online resource (147 pages)

Edition: 1st ed.

ISBN: 9783031281549

Series Statement: SpringerBriefs in Mathematical Physics Series ; v.48

Note: Intro -- Contents -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Background -- 1.2 Results -- 1.3 Structure -- 2 2d Sigma-Models and DAHA -- 2.1 Higgs Bundles and Flat Connections -- 2.2 DAHA of Rank One and Its Spherical Algebra -- 2.3 Canonical Coisotropic Branes in A-models -- 2.3.1 Spherical DAHA as the Algebra of (mathfrakBcc,mathfrakBcc)-Strings -- 2.4 Lagrangian A-Branes and Modules of mathscrOq(mathfrakX) -- 2.5 (A,B,A)-Branes for Polynomial Representations -- 2.6 Branes with Compact Supports and Finite-Dimensional Representations: Object Matching -- 2.6.1 Generic Fibers of the Hitchin Fibration -- 2.6.2 Irreducible Components in Singular Fibers of Type I2 -- 2.6.3 Moduli Space of G-Bundles -- 2.6.4 Exceptional Divisors -- 2.7 Bound States of Branes and Short Exact Sequences: Morphism Matching -- 2.7.1 At Singular Fiber of Type I2 -- 2.7.2 At Global Nilpotent Cone of Type I0* -- 3 3d Theories and Modularity -- 3.1 DAHA and Modularity -- 3.1.1 SU(2): Refined Chern-Simons and TQFT Associated to Argyres-Douglas Theory -- 3.1.2 SU(N): Higher Rank Generalization -- 3.2 Relation to Skein Modules and MTC[M3] -- 4 4d Theories, Fivebranes, and M-Theory -- 4.1 Coulomb Branches of 4d N=2* Theories of Rank One -- 4.2 Algebra of Line Operators -- 4.3 Including Surface Operator -- Appendix A Glossary of Symbols -- Appendix B Basics of DAHA -- B.1 DAHA -- B.1.1 Double Affine Braid Group and Double Affine Weyl Group -- B.1.2 PBW Theorem for DAHA -- B.1.3 Spherical Subalgebra -- B.1.4 Braid Group and SL(2,mathbbZ) Action -- B.1.5 Polynomial Representation of DAHA -- B.1.6 Symmetric Bilinear Form -- B.1.7 Degenerations -- B.2 DAHA of Type A1 -- B.2.1 Polynomial Representation -- B.2.2 Functional Representation -- B.2.3 Trigonometric Cherednik Algebra of Type A1 -- B.2.4 Rational Cherednik Algebra of Type A1 -- Appendix C Quantum Torus Algebra. , C.1 Representations of Quantum Torus Algebra -- C.1.1 Unitary Representations -- C.1.2 Non-unitary Representations -- C.1.3 Geometric Viewpoint -- C.2 Branes for Quantum Torus Algebra -- C.2.1 Cyclic Representations -- C.2.2 Polynomial Representations -- C.3 Symmetrized Quantum Torus -- C.3.1 Representation Theory -- C.3.2 Corresponding Branes -- Appendix D 3d mathcalN=4 Theories and Cherednik Algebras -- D.1 Coulomb Branches of 3d mathcalN=4 Theories -- D.2 3d mathcalN=4 Coulomb Branches and Cherednik Algebras -- Appendix References.

Additional Edition: Print version: Gukov, Sergei Branes and DAHA Representations Cham : Springer,c2023 ISBN 9783031281532

Language: English

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Format: 1 online resource (xiii, 347 pages) : , illustrations, diagrams

ISBN: 1-281-76366-7 , 9786611763664 , 0-08-087316-2

Series Statement: Pure and applied mathematics ; 8

Content: Homotopy theory

Note: Description based upon print version of record. , Front Cover; Homotopy Theory, Volume 8; Copyright Page; Contents; PREFACE; LIST OF SPECIAL SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS; CHAPTER I. MAIN PROBLEM AND PRELIMINARY NOTIONS; 1. Introduction; 2. The extension problem; 3. The method of algebraic topology; 4. The retraction problem; 5. Combined maps; 6. Topological identification; 7. The adjunction space; 8. Homotopy problem and classification problem; 9. The homotopy extension property; 10. Relative homotopy; 11. Homotopy equivalences; 12. The mapping cylinder; 13. A generalization of the extension problem; 14. The partial mapping cylinder , 15. The deformation problem; 16. The lifting problem; 17. The most general problem; Exercises; CHAPTER II. SOME SPECIAL CASES OF THE MAIN PROBLEMS; 1. Introduction; 2. The exponential map p: R ? S1; 3. Classification of the maps S1 ? S1; 4. The fundamental group; 5. Simply connected spaces; 6. Relation between p1(X, x0) and H1 ( X ); 7. The Bruschlinsky group; 8. The Hopf theorems; 9. The Hurewicz theorem; Exercises; CHAPTER III. FIBER SPACES; 1. Introduction; 2. Covering homotopy property; 3. Definition of fiber space; 4. Bundle spaces; 5. Hopf fiberings of spheres , 6. Algebraically trivial maps X ? S27. Liftings and cross-sections; 8. Fiber maps and induced fiber spaces; 9. Mapping spaces; 10. The spaces of paths; 11. The space of loops; 12. The path lifting property; 13. The fibering theorem for mapping spaces; 14. The induced maps in mapping spaces; 15. Fiberings with discrete fibers; 16. Covering spaces; 17. Construction of covering spaces; Exercises; CHAPTER IV. HOMOTOPY GROUPS; 1. Introduction; 2. Absolute homotopy groups; 3. Relative homotopy groups; 4. The boundary operator; 5. Induced transformations; 6. The algebraic properties , 7. The exactness property; 8. The homotopy property; 9. The fibering property; 10. The triviality property; 11. Homotopy systems; 12. The uniqueness theorem; 13. The group structures; 14. The role of the basic point; 15. Local system of groups; 16. n-Simple spaces; Exercises; CHAPTER V. THE CALCULATION OF HOMOTOPY GROUPS; 1. Introduction; 2. Homotopy groups of the product of two spaces; 3. The one-point union of two spaces; 4. The natural homomorphisms from homotopy groups to homology groups; 5. Direct sum theorems; 6. Homotopy groups of fiber spaces; 7. Homotopy groups of covering spaces , 8. The n-connective fiberings; 9. The homotopy sequence of a triple; 10. The homotopy groups of a triad; 11. Freudenthal's suspension; Exercises; CHAPTER VI. OBSTRUCTION THEORY; 1. Introduction; 2. The extension index; 3. The obstruction cn+1 (g); 4. The difference cochain; 5. Eilenberg's extension theorem; 6. The obstruction sets for extension; 7. The homotopy problem; 8. The obstruction dn(f, g; ht); 9. The group Rn(K,L; f); 10. The obstruction sets for homotopy; 11. The general homotopy theorem; 12. The classification problem; 13. The primary obstructions; 14. Primary extension theorems; 15. Primary homotopy theorems , English

Additional Edition: ISBN 0-12-358450-7

Language: English

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Format: 1 online resource (xxviii, 926 pages) : , illustrations.

Edition: 1st ed.

ISBN: 3-446-43373-2

Series Statement: Progress in polymer processing

Content: Surveys the state of the science and technology of the injection molding process. The book presents a comprehensive, balanced mix of practical and theoretical aspects for a wide range of injection molding applications. The authors are experts and leaders in their respective areas of specialization in the injection molding field.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Part I: Background and Overview -- 1 Injection Molding: Introduction and General Background -- 1.1 Scope -- 1.2 Introduction -- 1.2.1 Polymer Processing -- 1.2.1.1 The Plastics Processing System -- 1.2.1.2 Processing Properties of Polymers and Their Compounds -- 1.2.2 Injection Molding -- 1.2.2.1 Introduction -- 1.2.2.2 General Injection Molding Process Sequence -- 1.3 Injection Molding Process Characteritics -- 1.3.1 The Plastication Stage -- 1.3.1.1 The Melting Zone -- 1.3.1.2 Temperature distribution in the nozzle -- 1.3.2 The Filling Stage -- 1.3.2.1 Flow Lines and Weld Lines -- 1.3.2.2 Jetting -- 1.3.2.3 Fountain Flow -- 1.3.3 Heat Transfer in the Cavity -- 1.3.3.1 Measurement of Temperature Distribution in the Cavity -- 1.3.3.2 Numerical Simulation of Heat Transfer in Injection Molding -- 1.3.3.3 Crystallization Kinetics -- 1.4 Microstructure of Injection Molded Parts -- 1.4.1 Crystallinity -- 1.4.1.1 Effect of Crystallinity and Orientation on Birefringence and Tensile Modulus -- 1.4.2 Morphology -- 1.4.3 Residual Stresses -- 1.4.3.1 Calculation of Residual Stresses -- 1.4.4 Microstructure of Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastics -- 1.4.4.1 Fiber Length and Concentration Distributions -- 1.4.4.2 Matrix Crystallinity -- 1.4.4.3 Fiber and Matrix Orientation -- 1.4.4.4 Composites Incorporating Conductive Fibers -- 1.4.5 Distribution of Cure in Thermosets -- 1.5 Properties of Injection Molding Compounds and Products -- Symbol List -- References -- Part II: Injection Molding Machinery and Systems -- 2 Injection Molding Machines, Tools, and Processes -- 2.1 Injection Molding Machines -- 2.1.1 Types of Injection Molding Machines -- 2.1.1.1 Horizontal Injection Molding Machines -- 2.1.1.2 Vertical Injection Molding Machines -- 2.1.1.3 Hybrid Injection Molding Machine Composed of Vertical and Horizontal Units. , 2.1.2 Screw and Barrel Unit -- 2.1.2.1 In-Line Screw Type Injection Molding Machines -- 2.1.2.2 Screw Design for Injection Molding Machines -- 2.1.2.3 Barrels for Injection Molding Machines -- 2.1.3 Driving Principles -- 2.1.3.1 Hydraulic Injection Molding Machines -- 2.1.3.2 Electric Injection Molding Machines -- 2.1.3.2.1 Control Systems for an Electric Injection Molding Machine -- 2.1.3.2.2 Injection Mechanism for an Electric Machine -- 2.1.3.2.3 Nozzle Contact Mechanism for an Electric Injection Molding Machine -- 2.1.3.2.4 Electric Clamping Mechanism -- 2.1.3.2.5 Electric Ejection Mechanism -- 2.1.3.3 Man-Machine Interface and Communication Control -- 2.1.3.3.1 Man-Machine Interface for an Injection Molding Machine -- 2.1.3.3.2 Communication Control -- 2.1.4 Process Control -- 2.1.4.1 Control of the Filling Process -- 2.1.4.2 Control of the Hold-Pressure Switching Process -- 2.1.4.3 Control of the Hold-Pressure Process -- 2.1.4.4 Control of the Metering Process -- 2.1.4.5 Control of the Mold Opening/Closing Process -- 2.1.4.6 Temperature Control of Each Barrel And Nozzle -- 2.1.4.7 Control of the Injection Compression Process -- 2.2 Molds for Injection Molding -- 2.2.1 Functions of Mold Components -- 2.2.2 Classification of Molds -- 2.2.2.1 Cold Runner Mold Systems -- 2.2.2.1.1 2-Plate Molds -- 2.2.2.1.2 3-Plate Molds -- 2.2.2.2 Hot Runner Mold Systems -- 2.2.3 Sprue, Runners, and Gates -- 2.2.3.1 Runners -- 2.2.3.2 Gates -- 2.2.3.3 Gate Balance -- 2.2.3.4 Air Vents -- 2.2.4 Ejection Mechanisms -- 2.2.4.1 Ejector Pins -- 2.2.4.2 Sleeve and a Stripper Plate -- 2.2.4.3 Air Ejector -- 2.2.5 Mold Cooling -- 2.2.6 Temperature Control Methods and Mechanisms -- 2.2.6.1 Liquid Medium Control -- 2.2.6.2 Electric Heater Control -- 2.3 Injection Molding Processes -- 2.3.1 In-Mold Build-Up Injection Molding (DSI) -- 2.3.2 Conventional Processes. , 2.3.3 DSI Molding Process -- 2.3.3.1 Injection Welding Mechanism -- 2.3.3.2 Advantages of the DSI molding process -- 2.3.3.3 Product Examples of the DSI Molding Process -- 2.3.4 Multi-Material Injection Molding -- 2.3.4.1 Multi-Material Molding Techniques -- 2.3.4.2 Application Examples for the M‑DSI Molding Process -- 2.3.5 Super-High Speed Injection Molding -- 2.3.5.1 Effects of High-Speed Injection -- 2.3.5.2 High-Speed Injection Molding Machines -- 2.3.5.3 Example of Ultra High-Speed Injection Molding -- 2.3.6 In-Mold Coating Injection Molding -- 2.3.6.1 Surface Decoration Techniques -- 2.3.6.2 Simultaneous Transfer Molding -- 2.3.7 Insert Injection Molding Process -- 2.3.7.1 Insert Molding Machines -- 2.3.8 Sandwich Injection Molding -- 2.3.8.1 Process Outline -- 2.3.8.2 Construction of Sandwich Nozzles -- 2.3.8.3 Features of Sandwich Molding -- 2.3.9 Plastic Magnet Injection Molding -- 2.3.9.1 Molding System and Magnetic Field Generating Methods -- 2.3.9.2 Important Issues with Injection Molding of Plastic Magnets -- 2.3.9.3 Key Points of Mold Design for Plastic Magnets -- 2.3.10 Long-Glass Fiber Reinforced Injection Molding -- 2.3.10.1 Long Fiber Reinforced Plastics Injection Molding -- 2.3.10.2 Properties of Long Glass Fiber (GF) Reinforced Plastics -- 2.3.10.3 Applications of Long-Fiber Molding to Large-Size Products -- References -- 3 The Plasticating System for Injection Molding Machines -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Plasticating System -- 3.3 Operation of Plasticating Screw Machines -- 3.3.1 Proper Operation -- 3.4 The Melting Process -- 3.5 Basic Screw Design -- 3.5.1 PS Injection Molding Case Study -- 3.6 High-Performance Screw Designs -- 3.7 Secondary Mixing Processes and Devices -- 3.7.1 Dynamic Mixers -- 3.8 Screw Design Issues Causing Resin Degradation -- 3.9 Non-Return Valve -- Nomenclature -- References. , 4 Non-Conventional Injection Molds -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Molds for Multi-Material Molding -- 4.2.1 Co-Injection -- 4.2.2 Overmolding -- 4.3 Injection Units, Layout, and Runner System -- 4.3.1 Equipment -- 4.3.2 Hot Runners -- 4.3.3 Material Interactions -- 4.4 Molds for Injection-Welding -- 4.5 Molds for Backmolding -- 4.5.1 Molding over Textiles or Fabrics -- 4.5.2 In-Mold Labeling -- 4.5.3 In-Mold Decoration -- References -- 5 Gas Assisted Injection Molding -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Gas Assisted Injection Molding -- 5.1.2 Advantages and Limitations of GAIM -- 5.1.3 Materials for GAIM -- 5.2 Molding Equipment and Process -- 5.2.1 Gas Injection Unit and Injection Nozzle -- 5.2.2 Gas Injection into the Part -- 5.2.3 Gas Nozzle -- 5.2.4 Pressure Development during the Molding Process -- 5.2.5 Gas Penetration Behavior in Molded Parts -- 5.2.6 Gas Venting and Recycling -- 5.2.7 Moldability Diagram for GAIM -- 5.3 Process Modeling -- 5.4 Part/Mold Designs and Molding Guidelines -- 5.4.1 Gas Channel Geometry -- 5.4.2 Gas Channel Layout -- 5.4.3 Effect of Gravity -- 5.4.4 Residual Wall Thickness Distribution -- 5.4.5 Gas Dissolution into the Polymer -- 5.4.6 Gas Fingering -- 5.4.7 Unstable Gas Penetrations -- 5.4.8 Weld Lines Caused by the Flow-Lead Effect -- 5.4.9 Molding of Fiber Reinforced Materials -- 5.5 Concluding Remarks -- List of symbols -- References -- 6 Water Injection Techniques (WIT) -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Processing Technology -- 6.2.1 Course of Process -- 6.2.2 Process Variants -- 6.2.2.1 Short-Shot Process -- 6.2.2.2 Full-Shot Process -- 6.2.2.3 Full-Shot Process with Overspill -- 6.2.2.4 Melt Push Back Process -- 6.2.2.5 Core Pulling Process -- 6.2.2.6 Rinsing/Flushing Process -- 6.2.3 Comparison between GAIM and WIT -- 6.2.3.1 Limitations of GAIM -- 6.2.3.2 Cycle Times -- 6.2.3.3 Part Properties. , 6.2.3.3.1 Residual Wall Thicknesses (RWT) -- 6.2.3.3.2 Shrinkage/Warpage -- 6.2.3.3.3 Fluid-Sided Surface Qualities -- 6.2.3.3.4 Typical Part Defects -- 6.3 Plant and Injector Technology -- 6.3.1 Concepts and Operation Technology for Water Pressure Generating Units -- 6.3.2 Injector Technology for Water Injection Technique -- 6.3.2.1 Demands on WIT Injectors -- 6.3.3 Classification and Presentation of Different WIT-Injectors -- 6.3.3.1 Operating Method -- 6.3.3.2 Operating Direction -- 6.3.3.3 Alignment in the Mold -- 6.3.4 General Design Remarks for WIT Injectors -- 6.3.4.1 Excellent Process Reliability -- 6.3.4.2 Specific Controllability -- 6.4 WIT Compatible Part Design -- 6.4.1 Injector Embedding -- 6.4.2 General Design Guidelines for WIT Articles -- 6.4.3 Tubular Articles -- 6.4.3.1 Cross Sections -- 6.4.3.2 Aspect Ratio -- 6.4.3.3 Curves and Redirections -- 6.4.3.4 Change of Diameter -- 6.4.4 Compact Parts with Integrated Thick-Walled Sections -- List of Abbreviations and Symbols -- References -- Part III: Injection Molding of Complex Materials -- 7 Flow Induced Fiber Micro-Structure in Injection Molding of Fiber Reinforced Materials -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Observations -- 7.2.1 Fiber Length Distribution -- 7.2.2 Fiber Concentration -- 7.2.3 Fiber Orientation -- 7.2.3.1 Orientation Mechanisms -- 7.2.3.2 Qualitative Observations -- 7.2.3.3 Quantification Tools: Orientation Distribution Function, Orientation Tensors -- 7.2.3.4 Experimental Methods -- 7.2.3.5 Results -- 7.3 Calculation of Fiber Orientation -- 7.3.1 Orientation Models -- 7.3.1.1 The Standard Model -- 7.3.1.2 Choice of the Interaction Coefficient and the Closure Approximation -- 7.3.1.2.1 Value of the Interaction Coefficient -- 7.3.1.2.2 The Closure Approximation Issue -- 7.3.1.3 Discussion of the Standard Model -- 7.3.1.4 Application to Injection Molding. , 7.3.2 Rheological Models.

Additional Edition: ISBN 3-446-41685-4

Language: English

UID:

Format: 1 online resource

Edition: Second edition.

ISBN: 0-12-804395-4

Note: Front Cover -- Undersea Fiber Communication Systems -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Biographies -- Foreword by Yves Ruggeri -- Foreword by Valey Kamalov -- Foreword by Neal S. Bergano -- Preface -- Submarine cables: a strategic domain -- Why a second edition? -- Objectives and outline of the book -- References -- I. Introduction -- 1 Presentation of submarine fiber communication -- 1.1 Preamble -- 1.2 Configuration of a submarine communication system -- 1.3 Multi-terabit submarine optical technology -- 1.4 Recent and future evolution -- 1.4.1 Recent evolution of submarine cables -- 1.4.2 Future evolution of submarine networks -- References -- 2 Historical overview of submarine communication systems -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The era of telegraph on submarine cables -- 2.2.1 The early age of electric telegraph (1800-1850) -- 2.2.1.1 Morse's invention conquers the world -- 2.2.1.2 Terrestrial long haul lines -- 2.2.2 The British era of submarine cable (1850-1872) -- 2.2.2.1 Unsuccessful attempts (1850-1860) -- 2.2.2.2 The blue book of the board of trade commission -- 2.2.2.3 The British network (1863-1872) -- 2.2.3 The global network (1872-1920) -- 2.2.4 Cable and radio competition (1920-1960) -- 2.2.5 Technical and economic aspects -- 2.2.5.1 Submarine cable business overview (industries and operating companies) -- 2.2.5.2 Transmission improvements -- 2.2.5.3 Cableships and offshore work -- 2.3 The era of telephone on coaxial submarine cables -- 2.3.1 Earliest telephonic submarine cable trials -- 2.3.2 First generation of coaxial submarine cable (1950-1961) -- 2.3.3 Second generation of coaxial submarine cable (1960-1970) -- 2.3.4 Wideband submarine cables (1970-1988) -- 2.3.5 Technical and economic aspects -- 2.3.5.1 Submarine cables and telecommunications satellites -- 2.3.5.2 Network maintenance and cable protection. , 2.3.5.3 Cable ships and offshore works -- 2.4 The era of fiber optic submarine cables -- 2.4.1 From analog to digital (1976-1988) -- 2.4.2 Regenerated fiber optic submarine cable systems and consortium organizations (1986-1995) -- 2.4.3 Optical amplification and WDM technology (1995-2000) -- 2.4.4 The era of coherent technology and upgrades (2010-) -- 2.4.5 New markets and impact on the economy -- 2.4.6 Cableships and offshore works -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- II. Submarine System Design -- 3 Basics of incoherent and coherent digital optical communications -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Optical channel -- 3.2.1 Optical bandwidth -- 3.2.2 Optical channel capacity -- 3.2.2.1 Information and entropy -- 3.2.2.2 Communication challenge -- 3.2.2.3 Waveform communication channel capacity -- 3.2.2.4 Waveform optical channel capacity -- 3.2.3 Binary optical channel and the symbol probabilities -- 3.3 Modulation formats -- 3.3.1 Parameters to be modulated -- 3.3.2 Optical power spectrum of modulated signals -- 3.3.3 General expression for baseband power spectrum of modulated signals -- 3.3.4 On-off keying modulation formats -- 3.3.4.1 NRZ modulated signal -- 3.3.4.2 RZ modulated signal -- 3.3.4.3 Intensity modulation implementation impairments -- 3.3.5 Pure phase modulations -- 3.3.5.1 2-QAM binary phase-shift keying -- 3.3.5.2 4-QAM quadrature phase-shift keying -- 3.3.5.3 Line width and phase diffusion limitation -- 3.3.6 Quadrature amplitude modulation -- 3.4 Noise and signal and noise interplays -- 3.4.1 Optical signal-to-noise ratio and noise factor -- 3.4.2 Photodetector sensitivity and optical-to-electrical signal conversion -- 3.4.3 Fundamental quantum noise -- 3.4.3.1 Shot noise -- 3.4.3.2 Signal against optical noise beating -- 3.4.3.3 Interpretation of shot noise as a beat noise. , 3.4.3.4 Quantum noise as reference noise level for the optical intensity noise -- 3.4.3.5 Quantum noise as reference noise level for the optical field noise -- 3.4.4 Optical amplification noise -- 3.4.4.1 Noise addition necessity in optical amplification -- 3.4.4.2 Optical amplifier minimum noise addition -- 3.4.4.3 Amplifier excess of noise -- 3.4.4.4 Example of the laser amplifier -- 3.4.5 Influence of gain and loss distribution -- 3.4.5.1 Noise factor of a distributed gain and loss medium -- 3.4.5.2 Noise factor of a purely attenuating medium -- 3.4.5.3 Noise reduction by gain distribution -- 3.4.6 Optical noise accumulation -- 3.4.6.1 Single amplifier noise factor -- 3.4.6.2 Noise factor of a cascade of fibers and amplifiers -- 3.4.7 Signal and noise interplays -- 3.4.7.1 Signal against noise beating -- 3.4.7.2 Optical noise against optical noise beating -- 3.4.7.3 Nonlinear signal and noise interplays -- 3.4.8 Additional electrical noises -- 3.4.8.1 Thermal noise -- 3.4.8.2 Dark current noise -- 3.5 Direct detection (incoherent) optical communications -- 3.5.1 Definitions -- 3.5.1.1 Electrical signal-to-noise ratio definition -- 3.5.1.2 Bit error ratio and receiver sensitivity -- 3.5.2 Ideal shot noise limited receiver -- 3.5.2.1 Signal-to-noise ratio -- 3.5.2.2 Bit error rate and receiver sensitivity -- 3.5.3 Amplifier less thermal noise limited detection -- 3.5.3.1 Signal-to-noise ratio -- 3.5.3.2 Bit error rate and receiver sensitivity -- 3.5.4 Detection of preamplified optical signal -- 3.5.4.1 Electrical signal-to-noise ratio -- 3.5.4.2 Bit error rate and receiver sensitivity -- 3.6 Coherent optical communications -- 3.6.1 Principle of a coherent receiver -- 3.6.2 Single quadrature measurement and balance homodyne detection -- 3.6.2.1 Idealistic quantum receivers for BPSK antipodal signals -- 3.6.2.2 2×2 balanced optical coupler. , 3.6.2.3 Single quadrature, balanced homodyne detection arrangement -- 3.6.2.4 Balanced homodyne detection and BPSK receiver fundamental limitation -- 3.6.3 Double quadrature measurement by double balance heterodyne detection -- 3.6.3.1 Double quadrature measurement receiver arrangement -- 3.6.3.2 Double quadrature measurement receiver and QPSK fundamental limitation -- 3.6.3.3 Quadrature amplitude modulation receiver performance -- 3.6.3.4 Actual receiver limitation -- Acknowledgments -- List of acronyms and abbreviations -- References -- 4 Optical amplification -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 EDFA amplification principles -- 4.2.1 Basic principles -- 4.2.2 Influence of the glass host -- 4.2.3 Basic characteristics of EDFAs -- 4.2.4 Fundamental general model -- 4.2.5 Standard confined-doping model -- 4.2.6 Fiber parameters -- 4.2.7 Dynamics behavior -- 4.2.8 Noise characteristics -- 4.3 Characteristics for submarine systems -- 4.3.1 Design for high noise performance -- 4.3.2 Polarization-dependent loss -- 4.3.3 Polarization effects occurring in the doped fibers -- 4.3.4 Impact of pump polarization on PDG -- 4.3.5 Spectral hole burning -- 4.3.6 Modeling of spectral hole burning -- 4.4 EDFA optimization for Long-haul operation -- 4.4.1 Operation with dark fibers -- 4.4.2 Operation with WDM signal input spectrum -- 4.4.3 Gain bandwidth -- 4.4.4 Glass composition -- 4.4.5 Impact of gain excursion on output OSNR -- 4.4.6 Gain equalization -- 4.5 Engineering features -- 4.5.1 Power consumption -- 4.5.2 Pumping technology -- 4.5.3 Submarine engineering specificities -- 4.6 Operation with L-band EDFAs -- 4.6.1 System performance -- 4.6.2 Field implementation issues -- 4.6.3 C+L band systems -- 4.6.4 Efficient C+L architectures -- 4.7 Implementation of Raman amplification -- 4.7.1 Principle of Raman amplification. , 4.7.2 Practical implementation as EDFA preamplification -- 4.7.3 All-Raman amplified submarine links -- 4.7.4 Raman implementation in unrepeated systems -- 4.8 Further amplification perspectives -- References -- 5 Ultra-long haul submarine transmission -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Chromatic dispersion and nonlinear effects -- 5.2.1 Transmission constraints, attenuation, chromatic dispersion, and polarization mode dispersion -- 5.2.2 Fiber infrastructure -- 5.2.2.1 First-generation single-channel systems -- 5.2.2.2 First-generation WDM systems -- 5.2.2.3 10Gbit/s WDM systems -- 5.2.2.4 Coherent submarine systems designed for 100Gbit/s and above -- 5.2.2.5 Nonlinear effect for +D only system -- 5.2.2.6 Additive white Gaussian noise for designing submarine systems -- 5.3 Modulation format and coherent receiver -- 5.3.1 Modulation format -- 5.3.2 Coherent receiver description -- 5.4 Key features of long-haul transmission systems -- 5.4.1 Technical challenge: high capacity per optical fiber -- 5.4.2 Optical signal-to-noise ratio -- 5.4.2.1 OSNR-based Q factor: definition -- Link between Q² and signal-to-noise ratio -- Link between SNR and OSNR -- OSNR definition -- Link between Q² and OSNR -- 5.4.2.2 OSNR degradation due to cable repairs and component aging -- 5.4.2.3 OSNR evolution for a naked cable -- 5.4.3 Propagation impairment -- 5.4.3.1 Transmission impairment due to nonlinear effects -- 5.4.3.2 Time-varying system performance -- 5.4.4 Repeater supervisory -- 5.4.5 Power budget table and typical repeater spacing -- 5.4.5.1 Power budget table -- 5.4.5.2 Typical repeater spacing -- 5.5 Gain equalization -- 5.5.1 Power preemphasis -- 5.5.2 Fixed gain equalizer -- 5.5.2.1 Need for FGEQ in very long-haul WDM transmissions -- 5.5.2.2 Optimum spectral response of the FGEQs -- 5.5.3 Tuneable gain equalizer -- 5.5.4 Impact of nonoptimal gain equalization. , 5.6 Transmission systems.

Additional Edition: ISBN 0-12-804269-9

Language: English

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (563 pages)

ISBN: 9780128103852 , 012810385X , 9780128103845 , 0128103841

Note: Front Cover -- Orthogonal Waveforms and Filter Banks for Future Communication Systems -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- About the Editors -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Part I Application Drivers -- 1 New Waveforms for New Services in 5G -- 1.1 Key Communication Scenarios -- 1.1.1 Sporadic Traf c -- 1.1.2 Spectral and Temporal Fragmentation -- 1.1.3 Real-Time Constraints -- 1.2 5G New Air Interface Core Elements -- 1.2.1 Waveforms -- 1.2.2 Uni ed Frame Structure, One-Shot Transmission and Autonomous Timing Advance -- 1.3 5G Waveform Candidates -- 1.3.1 UFMC -- 1.3.1.1 UFMC and UF-OFDM Overview -- 1.3.1.2 UFMC Basic Description -- 1.3.1.3 UFMC Results -- 1.3.2 FBMC -- 1.3.3 GFDM -- 1.3.4 BFDM -- 1.3.4.1 A General Approach to Capture Multiterminal Interference -- 1.3.4.2 Numerical Example: OFDM -- 1.3.4.3 Numerical Example: Spline -- 1.3.4.4 Reference Simulations -- 1.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 2 TVWS as an Emerging Application of Cognitive Radio -- 2.1 Regulatory Context of TVWS -- 2.2 Scenarios and Applications in TVWS -- 2.2.1 TVWS Broadband Access -- 2.2.1.1 Mid-/Long Range, No Mobility -- 2.2.1.2 Mid-/Long Range, Low Mobility -- 2.2.1.3 Mid-/Long Range, High Mobility -- 2.2.2 TVWS Indoor WLAN -- 2.2.2.1 Networks Without Coexistence Management -- 2.2.2.2 Networks With Distributed Coexistence Management -- 2.2.2.3 Networks With Centralized Coexistence Management -- 2.2.2.4 Hybrid of Networks With Distributed and Centralized Coexistence Management -- 2.3 Standard Technologies -- 2.3.1 OFDM-Based Standards -- 2.3.2 FBMC-Based Standard -- 2.4 TVWS Medium Access Control Standards - a Coordinated and an Uncoordinated Approach -- 2.4.1 Coordinated Usage of TVWS -- 2.4.2 Uncoordinated Usage of TVWS -- 2.5 Available Products -- 2.6 Current Trials Worldwide and Lessons Learned -- References. , 3 Broadband Private Mobile Radio (PMR)/Public Protection and Disaster Relief (PPDR) Services Evolution -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 An Imperative Need for Frequency Resources -- 3.3 Main Spectrum Possibilities or Options (Focus on EU Case) -- 3.3.1 Use of Commercial Networks for PPDR Needs -- 3.3.2 Dedicated Networks and Frequency Resources -- 3.3.3 Mutualization and Coexistence Between Narrowband PMR Systems and Broadband PMR Systems -- 3.3.4 The Preferred Frequency Band Options for Broadband PPDR -- 3.3.4.1 400 MHz Band -- 3.3.4.2 700 MHz Band -- 3.3.5 The Problematic of the 400 MHz Band: Need for a Refarming -- 3.3.6 Advanced Narrowband-Broadband Coexistence -- 3.4 Radio Planning Considerations -- 3.4.1 LTE Channel Bandwidth Con guration -- 3.4.2 Duplex Separation -- 3.4.3 Power Aspects -- 3.5 Voice Aspects -- 3.5.1 PMR Low Bitrate Vocoders -- 3.5.2 Push-to-Talk (PTT) Mechanism Network Constraints -- 3.6 Direct Mode of Operation (DMO) Communication -- 3.6.1 DMO Communication in Current PSN -- 3.6.2 Device to Device (D2D) Solutions for Future LTE-Based PSN -- 3.7 Standard Waveforms and Candidates for Evolution -- 3.7.1 Coexistence Scenario -- 3.7.2 Future Waveform Candidates -- 3.8 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Application of FBMC in Optical Communications -- 4.1 Evolution to Optical Coherent Communications -- 4.2 Coherent Communications on Optical Fibers -- 4.2.1 The Optical Fiber Communication System -- 4.2.2 The Optical Fiber as a Transmission Medium -- 4.2.3 Digital Signal Processing in Coherent Optical Communications Systems -- 4.3 Two Approaches to Increase the Spectral Ef ciency -- 4.3.1 Nyquist Wavelength Division Multiplexing (Nyquist-WDM) -- 4.3.2 Multicarrier Offset QAM Modulations -- 4.4 Key Performances and Open Challenges -- 4.4.1 Preliminary Implementation of Multicarrier Offset QAM on Experimental Setup. , 4.4.2 Low Complexity Equalization for Offset QAM Modulations -- 4.4.3 Optical Implementation of Multicarrier Offset QAM -- References -- Part II Filterbank Systems for Communications: Theory and Design -- 5 Multirate Signal Processing and Filterbanks -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Real and Complex Linear Systems -- 5.3 Sampling, Resampling, and Multirate Filtering -- 5.3.1 Real, Complex, Baseband, and Bandpass Sampling -- 5.3.2 Multirate Filtering -- 5.3.3 Polyphase Structures for Multirate Filters -- 5.4 Nyquist Pulse-Shaping Principle -- 5.5 About the Discrete Fourier Transform -- 5.6 Multirate Filterbanks -- 5.6.1 DFT Filterbank -- 5.6.2 Filterbank Classifications -- 5.7 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 6 Filter Banks for Software-De ned Radio -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 M-Path Filters -- 6.3 Filter Banks -- 6.4 Cascade Polyphase Analysis and Synthesis Channelizers -- 6.4.1 Nonmaximally Decimated M-Path Polyphase Analysis and Synthesis Channelizers -- 6.4.2 Filter Design for Perfect Reconstruction -- 6.5 Cascade Channelizers -- 6.5.1 Cascade Channelizers for Variable Bandwidth Filters -- 6.5.2 Cascade Channelizers for Multiple Simultaneous Variable Bandwidth Filters -- 6.5.3 Cascade Channelizer Enhancements for Increased Flexibility -- 6.6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 7 Orthogonal Communication Waveforms -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Multicarrier Waveform Theory -- 7.2.1 Evolution of Orthogonal Multicarrier Waveforms -- 7.2.1.1 Nyquist-Pulse Shaping Applications -- 7.2.1.2 The OFDM/DMT Big Wave -- 7.2.1.3 The Comeback of Nonrectangular Waveforms -- 7.2.2 Time-Frequency Analysis and Filterbank Duality -- 7.2.2.1 Gabor Theory -- 7.2.2.2 Filterbank-Based Approaches -- 7.2.2.3 Recent Trends -- 7.3 Waveform Alternatives -- 7.3.1 FMT -- 7.3.2 FBMC/OQAM -- 7.3.3 Circular (or Cyclic) Convolution (CC)-Based Alternatives -- 7.3.3.1 GFDM Scheme. , 7.3.3.2 CB-FMT Scheme -- 7.3.3.3 FBMC/COQAM Scheme -- 7.3.4 Filtered OFDM -- 7.3.5 Filterbank-Based Single-Carrier Waveforms -- 7.3.6 Some Other Recent Waveform Developments -- 7.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 8 FBMC Design and Implementation -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Prototype Filter Design and Filterbank Structures -- 8.2.1 Prototype Filter Design -- 8.2.1.1 The Continuous-Time Track -- 8.2.1.2 The Discrete-Time Track -- 8.2.1.3 Design Methods for the FMT System -- 8.2.2 Realization Structures -- 8.3 Novel Realization Structures -- 8.3.1 Fast-Convolution Filterbank -- 8.3.1.1 Multirate Filtering and Filterbanks -- 8.3.1.2 Linear Periodically Time-Varying (LPTV) Model of the FC-FB -- 8.3.1.3 Example FC SFB Design -- 8.3.1.4 FC-FB Optimization -- 8.3.2 Frequency-Spreading FBMC -- 8.3.3 FC-FB as a Generic Waveform Processing Engine -- 8.4 Practical Implementation Aspects -- 8.4.1 OQAM Preprocessing in Frequency-Domain -- 8.4.2 Computational Complexity -- 8.4.3 Burst Truncation Effects -- 8.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Part III FBMC Signal Processing -- 9 FBMC Over Frequency Selective Channels -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 A Polyphase-Based FBMC Signal Description and Perfect Reconstruction Prototype Pulse Conditions -- 9.2.1 Transmitter -- 9.2.2 Receiver -- 9.2.3 Perfect Reconstruction Constraints -- 9.3 Approximations for Large Number of Subcarriers Under Strong Frequency Selectivity -- 9.4 Residual Interference Characterization -- 9.5 Characterization of FBMA -- 9.6 Concluding Remarks -- Appendix 9.A Relationship Between Polyphase and Traditional FBMC/OQAM Representation -- 9.A.1 Polyphase Equivalent of the Transmitter -- 9.A.2 Polyphase Equivalent of the Receiver -- References -- 10 FBMC Synchronization Techniques -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Sensitivity Analysis of FBMC/OQAM to Synchronization Errors. , 10.3 Preamble-Based Synchronization -- 10.3.1 Symbol Timing Synchronization -- 10.3.1.1 Time Domain Methods -- 10.3.1.2 Frequency Domain Methods -- Preamble Design for FD Synchronization -- Frame Detection -- Symbol Timing Offset -- 10.3.2 Frequency Synchronization -- 10.3.2.1 Time Domain Methods -- 10.3.2.2 Frequency Domain Methods -- Maximum Likelihood Estimator -- Two-Step Approach -- 10.4 Blind Synchronization -- 10.5 Scattered Pilot-Based Synchronization -- 10.6 Synchronization in Asynchronous Multiuser Scenarios -- 10.6.1 STO and CFO Estimation Based on Frequency Domain Correlation -- 10.6.2 Timing Offset Compensation -- 10.6.3 CFO Compensation -- 10.6.4 Numerical Results -- 10.7 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 11 FBMC Channel Estimation Techniques -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 System Model -- 11.3 Preamble-Based Channel Estimation -- 11.3.1 Channels of Low Frequency Selectivity -- 11.3.1.1 The Pair of Pilots (POP) Method -- 11.3.1.2 The Interference Cancellation Method (ICM) -- 11.3.1.3 The Interference Approximation Method (IAM) -- 11.3.1.4 Linear Minimum Mean Squared Error (LMMSE) Estimation -- 11.3.2 Channels of High Frequency Selectivity -- 11.3.2.1 Parametric Methods -- 11.3.2.2 Time Domain (TD) Methods -- 11.3.2.3 The Structured Approach -- 11.4 Scattered Pilots-Based Channel Estimation -- 11.4.1 Channels of Low Frequency Selectivity -- 11.4.2 Channels of High Frequency Selectivity -- 11.5 (Semi)blind Techniques -- 11.6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 12 FBMC Channel Equalization Techniques -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Single-Tap Equalizers -- 12.3 Multitap Equalizers -- 12.3.1 Classical Techniques -- 12.3.2 Widely Linear Multitap Equalizers -- 12.3.2.1 Widely Linear Processing (WLP) Basics -- 12.3.2.2 Usefulness of WLP for Wireless Communications -- 12.3.2.3 Applications of WLP in Wireless Communications. , 12.3.2.4 WLP for Equalization and CCI Mitigation.

Language: English

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (354 pages)

Edition: First edition.

ISBN: 9780443192227 , 0443192227

Note: Front Cover -- ADVANCES IN NATURAL GAS: FORMATION, PROCESSING, AND APPLICATIONS -- ADVANCES IN NATURAL GAS: FORMATION, PROCESSING, AND APPLICATIONS Natural Gas Dehydration -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- About the editors -- Reviewer acknowledgments -- I - Natural gas dehydration concepts -- 1 - Introduction to natural gas dehydration methods and technologies -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Determination of natural gas water contents -- 3. Natural gas dehydration techniques -- 3.1 Glycol-based natural gas dehydration -- 3.2 Adsorbent-based natural gas dehydration -- 3.2.1 Regenerable adsorbents -- 3.2.2 Consumable desiccants -- 3.3 Membrane-based natural gas dehydration -- 3.4 Natural gas dehydration with ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents -- 3.5 Supersonic separator-based natural gas dehydration -- 3.5.1 Twister BV separator -- 3.5.2 3S separator -- 3.6 Comparison of dehydration techniques -- 4. Conclusion and future outlooks -- Abbreviations and symbols -- References -- 2 - Challenges of wet natural gas -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Principles and procedures of wet gas and its impact -- 2.1 Retrograde condensation -- 2.2 Wet gas production -- 2.3 Associated gas production -- 2.4 Market specification and economics -- 3. Wet gas processes and challanges -- 3.1 Hydrate formation -- 3.2 Corrosion and damage to equipment -- 3.3 Inaccurate sampling and metering errors -- 3.4 Slugging -- 3.5 Liquid loading, hold-up, and increase in backpressure -- 3.6 High installation and operational costs -- 4. Current applications and cases -- 5. Conclusion and future outlooks -- Abbreviations and symbols -- References -- 3 - Environmental challenges of natural gas dehydration technologies -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Natural gas dehydration technologies -- 2.1 Glycol dehydration -- 2.1.1 Conventional TEG dehydration process. , 2.1.2 Enhanced TEG dehydration process -- 2.1.3 Operational problems of glycol dehydrators -- 2.1.4 Environmental challenges of using glycol dehydration technique -- 2.2 Solid desiccant (adsorption) dehydration technologies -- 2.2.1 Molecular sieves -- 2.2.2 Silica gels -- 2.2.3 Activated alumina -- 2.2.4 Environmental challenges of using solid desiccants' (adsorption) dehydration technique -- 2.3 Membrane separation natural gas dehydration technology -- 2.3.1 Environment implication of using membrane dehydration technology -- 2.4 Dehydration by cooling technique -- 2.4.1 Environment implication of using dehydration by cooling technology -- 3. Current applications and cases -- 4. Conclusion and future outlooks -- Abbreviations and symbols -- References -- II - Absorption techniques for natural gas dehydration -- 4 - Natural gas dehydration using glycol absorbents -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Glycol absorbents in natural gas dehydration -- 2.1 Properties of glycol absorbents -- 2.2 Study on phase equilibria -- 2.2.1 Gas solubility in water and glycols -- 2.2.2 Phase equilibria for glycol-water systems -- 3. Natural gas dehydration process via glycols -- 3.1 Process description -- 3.2 Equipment conditions -- 3.2.1 Absorber -- 3.2.2 Stripper column -- 3.2.3 Reboiler -- 4. Natural gas dehydration with TEG using process simulation -- 4.1 Thermodynamic model selection -- 4.2 A simplified natural gas dehydration study -- 5. Conclusion and future outlooks -- Abbreviations and symbols -- References -- 5 - Natural gas dehydration using ionic liquids -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Principles of natural gas dehydration with ionic liquids -- 2.1 The screening of ILs for natural gas dehydration -- 2.2 Study on phase equilibria -- 2.2.1 Methane solubility in ILs -- 2.2.2 Vapor pressure of mixtures of ILs and water -- 2.3 Natural gas dehydration experiment. , 2.4 Mechanism insight into dehydration process -- 3. Natural gas dehydration processes with ionic liquids -- 4. Current applications and cases -- 4.1 Case 1: Natural gas dehydration with pure IL -- 4.2 Case 2: Natural gas dehydration with IL-based mixed solvents -- 5. Conclusion and future outlooks -- Abbreviations and symbols -- References -- 6 - Deep eutectic solvents for natural gas dehydration -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Overview of natural gas treatment plants -- 3. Overview of conventional dehydration methods -- 3.1 Absorption processes -- 3.2 Adsorption processes -- 3.3 Membrane processes -- 4. Dehydration processes using DESs -- 5. Comparison of dehydration processes -- 6. Safety and environmental considerations -- 7. Conclusions and future outlooks -- Abbreviations and symbols -- References -- III - Adsorption techniques for natural gas dehydration -- 7 . Swing processes for natural gas dehydration: Pressure, thermal, vacuum, and mixed swing processes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methods for natural gas dehydration -- 2.1 Temperature swing adsorption (TSA) -- 2.2 Pressure swing adsorption (PSA) -- 2.3 Pressure-vacuum swing adsorption (PVSA) -- 2.4 Pressure-temperature swing adsorption (PTSA) -- 3. Comparative study on PSA, TSA, and PVSA -- 4. Conclusion and future outlooks -- Abbreviations and symbols -- References -- 8 - Carbonaceous sorbents for natural gas dehydration -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Challenges posed by water associated with natural gas and natural gas dehydration technologies -- 2.1 Water in natural gas (hydrate formation) -- 2.2 Low firing/poor heating value -- 3. NG-dehydration technologies -- 3.1 NG dehydration with carbonaceous solid desiccants -- 3.2 NG dehydration with triethylene glycol -- 3.3 NG dehydration via membrane -- 4. Fundamentals of carbonaceous sorbent-water interactions in NG dehydration and sorbent regeneration. , 5. Current applications and cases -- 6. Conclusion and future outlooks -- Abbreviations and symbols -- References -- 9 - Zeolite and molecular sieves for natural gas dehydration -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Absorption by liquid for natural gas dehydration -- 3. Adsorption by solid desiccant for natural gas dehydration -- 3.1 Properties of solid desiccants -- 3.2 Types of solid desiccants -- 3.2.1 Activated alumina -- 3.2.2 Silica gel -- 3.2.3 Molecular sieves -- 3.2.3.1 Zeolites -- 3.2.4 Carbon adsorbent -- 4. Condensation (direct cooling) for natural gas dehydration -- 5. Conclusion and future outlooks -- Abbreviations and symbols -- References -- 10 - Metal-oxide adsorbents and mesoporous silica for natural gas dehydration -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Adsorbent materials -- 3. Mesoporous silica -- 3.1 Mesoporous silica in the natural gas dehydration -- 4. MOFs -- 4.1 MOFs in the natural gas dehydration -- 5. Conclusion and future outlooks -- Abbreviations and symbols -- References -- IV - Membrane technology for natural gas dehydration -- 11 - Hollow-fiber membranes for natural gas dehydration -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Natural gas -- 2. Natural gas dehydration -- 3. Membrane separation technology -- 3.1 Limitations of membrane process in NG dehydration -- 3.2 Mechanism of gas and vapor transportation in membranes -- 4. Basic aspects of hollow fiber membrane -- 4.1 Mechanism of phase inversion during the creation of hollow fiber membranes -- 4.2 Types of hollow fibers and their preparation methods -- 4.2.1 Hollow fiber membranes derived from organic and inorganic materials -- 4.2.2 Composite hollow fiber membranes -- 5. Conclusions and future outlooks -- Abbreviations and symbols -- References -- 12 - Polymeric membranes for natural gas dehydration -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Principles of gas separation via membranes. , 3. Enhancing efficiency in gas dehydration via membranes -- 4. Current applications and cases -- 5. Conclusions and future outlooks -- Abbreviations and symbols -- References -- V - Other technologies for natural gas dehydration -- 13 - Supersonic technology for natural gas dehydration -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Natural gas -- 1.1.1 Natural gas applications -- 1.1.2 Natural gas properties and relevant use -- 2. Supersonic technologies for natural gas dehydration -- 2.1 Supersonic technology process -- 2.2 Supersonic separation components -- 2.3 Supersonic separation process -- 2.4 Supersonic separator -- 3. Supersonic separator technologies -- 3.1 Twister I vs. 3S nozzle -- 3.2 Supersonic separator design characteristics -- 3.3 Advantage of using supersonic technologies -- 4. Supersonic separator designs -- 4.1 Garrett design -- 4.2 Keisuke design -- 4.3 Van Holten design -- 4.4 Borissov design -- 4.5 Wen design -- 4.6 Beijing University of Technology's design -- 5. Design comparison -- 6. Applications -- 6.1 Natural gas water and hydrocarbon dewpoints -- 6.2 Natural gas liquefaction -- 6.3 Natural gas sweetening -- 6.4 Purification -- 6.5 Carbon capture -- 6.6 Subsea -- 6.7 Natural gas liquefaction -- 6.8 Other miscellaneous applications -- 7. Conclusion and future outlooks -- Abbreviations and symbols -- References -- Index -- Back Cover.

Additional Edition: ISBN 9780443192210

Additional Edition: ISBN 0443192219

Language: English

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (374 pages)

ISBN: 9780444639622 , 0444639624 , 9780444639615 , 0444639616

Note: Front Cover -- Membrane-Based Salinity Gradient Processes for Water Treatment and Power Generation -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- I. Fundamentals of Salinity Gradient Processes -- 1 Salinity Gradient Processes: Thermodynamics, Applications, and Future Prospects -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Theoretical Background -- 1.2.1 Osmotic Pressure -- 1.2.2 Salinity Gradient Energy -- 1.3 Water Treatment Using Salinity Gradient -- 1.3.1 Forward Osmosis -- 1.3.2 Components in FO -- 1.3.3 FO Membranes -- 1.3.4 Water Flux Theory in FO -- 1.3.5 FO Membrane Module (Element) -- 1.3.5.1 Plate-and-frame module -- 1.3.5.2 Spiral-wound (SW) module -- 1.3.5.3 Hollow fiber membrane module -- 1.3.6 Draw Solution and Feed Solution -- 1.3.7 Water Treatment System by FO or FO in Combination -- 1.3.7.1 Portable water use for emergencies -- 1.3.7.2 Direct desalination (low-grade waste heat recovery) -- 1.3.7.3 Indirect desalination (wastewater reclamation) -- 1.3.7.4 Wastewater treatment (pretreatment for high fouling propensity) -- 1.3.7.5 Membrane brine concentrator -- 1.3.7.6 Municipal wastewater treatment -- 1.3.7.7 Others -- 1.3.8 Future Prospect for FO -- 1.4 Power Generation Using Salinity Gradient -- 1.4.1 Pressure-Retarded Osmosis -- 1.4.1.1 Components of PRO -- 1.4.1.2 Flux and power production theory in PRO -- 1.4.1.3 PRO membranes -- 1.4.1.4 PRO modules -- 1.4.1.4.1 Plate-and-frame configuration -- 1.4.1.4.2 Spiral-wound configuration -- 1.4.1.4.3 Hollow fiber configuration -- 1.4.1.5 Future prospects for PRO -- 1.4.2 Reverse Electrodialysis -- 1.4.2.1 Principles and components of RED -- 1.4.2.2 Theory of RED -- 1.4.2.2.1 The equivalent circuit and the maximum power output of an RED system -- 1.4.2.2.2 The electromotive force an RED system -- 1.4.2.2.3 The internal resistance of an RED system -- 1.4.2.3 Ion-exchange membranes for RED. , 1.4.2.3.1 Fundamental required characteristics for IEMs -- 1.4.2.3.2 Ion exchange capacity (IEC) -- 1.4.2.3.3 Degree of cross-linking (DCL) -- 1.4.2.3.4 Water content (water uptake) -- 1.4.2.3.5 Membrane charge density (fixed ion concentration) -- 1.4.2.3.6 Transport number (permselectivity) -- 1.4.2.3.7 Membrane resistance -- 1.4.2.4 Components of an RED stack -- 1.4.2.4.1 Ion-exchange membranes -- 1.4.2.4.2 Solution flows in a unit cell -- 1.4.2.4.3 Spacers in the RED stack -- 1.4.2.4.4 Electrodes in an RED system -- 1.4.2.5 Issues in practical operation conditions of an RED system -- 1.4.2.5.1 Fouling of an RED stack -- 1.4.2.5.2 Monovalent permselectivity -- 1.4.3 Comparison Between PRO and RED -- 1.5 Summary -- References -- 2 Water Flux and Reverse Salt Flux -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Water Flux -- 2.2.1 Water Flux in PRO -- 2.2.1.1 Mass transfer through dense layer -- 2.2.1.2 Mass transfer through spongy layer -- 2.2.1.3 Concentration polarization -- 2.2.2 Water Flux in RED -- 2.2.2.1 Water osmosis -- 2.2.2.2 Electro-osmosis -- 2.2.3 Water Flux in FO -- 2.2.3.1 Mass transport through the active and support layer -- 2.2.3.2 Concentration polarization -- 2.3 Reverse Salt Flux -- 2.3.1 Reverse Salt Flux in PRO -- 2.3.2 Reverse Salt Flux in RED -- 2.3.3 Reverse Salt Flux in FO -- Glossary -- Greek Symbols -- List of Abbreviations -- References -- 3 Draw Solute Selection -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Ideal Draw Solute for the Saline Gradient Membrane Process -- 3.2.1 High Water Flux -- 3.2.2 Low Reverse Solute Flux -- 3.2.3 Easy and Low-Cost Recovery -- 3.2.4 Other Considerations -- 3.3 Classification of Draw Solutes -- 3.3.1 Inorganic Salts -- 3.3.2 Thermolytic Compounds -- 3.3.3 Organic Solutes -- 3.3.4 Other Types -- 3.3.4.1 Polyelectrolytes -- 3.3.4.2 Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) -- 3.3.4.3 Hydrogels -- 3.4 Approaches for Draw Solute Recovery. , 3.4.1 Pressure-Driven Membrane Processes -- 3.4.2 Thermal-Driven Separation -- 3.4.3 Precipitation for Recovery -- 3.4.4 Stimulus-Response Method -- 3.4.5 Direct Use -- 3.5 Applications for the Saline Gradient Driven Membrane Process -- 3.5.1 Drinking Water Production -- 3.5.2 Power Generation -- 3.5.3 Wastewater Treatment -- 3.5.4 Industrial Applications -- 3.6 Conclusion -- References -- II. Membranes -- 4 Characterization of Membranes for Membrane-Based Salinity-Gradient Processes -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Physicochemical Characterizations of PRO Membranes -- 4.2.1 Dimensions and Morphology -- 4.2.2 Characterization of Pore Structure -- 4.2.2.1 Substrate membrane -- 4.2.2.2 Active layer in PRO membrane -- 4.2.3 Topology -- 4.2.4 Mechanical Strength -- 4.2.4.1 Tensile strength -- 4.2.4.2 Collapse pressure -- 4.2.4.3 Fabric-reinforced PRO membranes -- 4.2.5 Water and Salt Transport Properties -- 4.2.5.1 Pure water permeability of substrate membranes -- 4.2.5.2 Water permeability (A), salt permeability (B), and structural parameter (S) of TFC PRO membranes -- 4.2.6 Hydrophilicity -- 4.2.7 Surface Functionalization -- 4.3 Performance Tests for PRO Membranes -- 4.3.1 Water Flux, Reverse Salt Flux, and Specific Reverse Salt Flux -- 4.3.2 Power Density and Energy Generation -- 4.3.3 Reversibility Test -- 4.3.4 Long-Term Operation -- 4.3.5 Membrane Fouling in PRO -- 4.3.5.1 Particulate fouling in PRO -- 4.3.5.2 Biological fouling in PRO -- 4.4 Concluding Remarks -- List of Abbreviations -- Nomenclature -- References -- 5 Flat-Sheet Membrane for Power Generation and Desalination Based on Salinity Gradient -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Flat-Sheet Membrane for PRO -- 5.2.1 Cellulose Acetate Membrane -- 5.2.2 TFC Membranes -- 5.2.3 TFN Membrane -- 5.3 Flat-Sheet Membranes for RED -- 5.3.1 Ion-Exchange Membranes -- 5.3.2 Lab-Developed IEMs for RED. , 5.4 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspective -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 6 Hollow-Fiber Membranes for Salinity Gradient Processes -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Types of Membrane Structures and Configurations -- 6.3 Fabrication Methods for Hollow-Fiber Membranes -- 6.3.1 Phase Inversion Mechanisms During Membrane Formation -- 6.3.2 Key Elements and Factors in Hollow-Fiber Membrane Fabrication -- 6.4 Development of Hollow-Fiber Membranes for PRO -- 6.4.1 Integrally Skinned PRO Hollow-Fiber Membranes -- 6.4.2 TFC-PRO Hollow Fiber Membranes -- 6.4.3 Fabrication of Hollow-Fiber Membrane Modules -- 6.5 Antifouling PRO Hollow-Fiber Membranes -- 6.5.1 Membrane Fouling in PRO Processes -- 6.5.2 Antifouling Hollow-Fiber Membranes -- 6.6 R&D Perspectives -- Acknowledgment -- Symbols -- Greek Symbols -- List of Abbreviations -- References -- 7 Novel Membranes and Membrane Materials -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Conventional Dense Polymeric Forward Osmosis/Pressure-Retarded Osmosis Membranes -- 7.3 Nanoparticles-Enhanced Forward Osmosis/Pressure-Retarded Osmosis Membranes -- 7.3.1 Mixed Matrix Forward Osmosis/Pressure-Retarded Osmosis Membranes -- 7.3.2 Thin-Film Nanocomposite Forward Osmosis/Pressure-Retarded Osmosis Membranes -- 7.4 Aquaporin-Based Forward Osmosis/Pressure-Retarded Osmosis Membranes -- 7.5 Carbon-Based Forward Osmosis/Pressure-Retarded Osmosis Membranes -- 7.5.1 Carbon Nanotube-Based Forward Osmosis/Pressure-Retarded Osmosis Membranes -- 7.5.1.1 Carbon nanotube mixed matrix membrane membranes -- 7.5.1.2 Aligned carbon nanotube membranes -- 7.5.1.3 Carbon nanotubes thin-film nanocomposite membranes -- 7.5.2 Graphene-Based Forward Osmosis/Pressure-Retarded Osmosis Membranes -- 7.5.2.1 Surface-located graphene oxide membranes -- 7.5.2.2 Layer-by-layer based graphene oxide membranes. , 7.6 Inorganic Forward Osmosis/Pressure-Retarded Osmosis Membranes -- 7.6.1 Metallic Substrate-Based Membranes -- 7.6.2 Ceramic-Based Membranes -- 7.7 Conclusion -- List of Abbreviations -- References -- 8 Membrane Modules for Large-Scale Salinity Gradient Process Applications -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Membranes for Forward Osmosis and Pressure-Retarded Osmosis -- 8.2.1 Flat-Sheet Membranes -- 8.2.2 Hollow-Fiber Membranes -- 8.2.3 Membrane Selection: Flat Sheet vs Hollow Fiber Membranes -- 8.3 Membrane Modules for Large-Scale Applications -- 8.4 Conclusion -- Nomenclature -- Greek Symbols -- References -- III. Process Optimization -- 9 Direct and Indirect Seawater Desalination by Forward Osmosis -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Forward Osmosis Hybrid System: An Opportunity -- 9.3 Forward Osmosis Desalination -- 9.3.1 Direct Forward Osmosis Desalination -- 9.3.2 Indirect Forward Osmosis Desalination -- 9.4 Membrane Fouling and Cleaning in Forward Osmosis Desalination -- 9.4.1 Fouling Propensity in Forward Osmosis Desalination -- 9.4.2 Membrane Cleaning -- 9.5 Cost of Forward Osmosis Desalination -- 9.6 Challenge and Future Perspective in Forward Osmosis Desalination -- References -- 10 Recent Issues Relative to a Low Salinity Pressure-Retarded Osmosis Process and Suggested Technical Solutions -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 The First PRO Pilot Plant From Statkraft -- 10.3 What's Left After Statkraft's Attempt: Meaningfulness and Limit -- 10.3.1 Positive Implications -- 10.3.2 Negative Implications -- 10.4 The Realistic Operating Conditions for PRO Implementation -- 10.4.1 Salinity Diversity Around the World -- 10.4.2 Low Osmotic Pressure Along With Shore Lines -- 10.4.3 Thermodynamic Energy Potential for PRO -- 10.4.4 Fouling Propensity: The Arch-Enemy of Pressure-Retarded Osmosis -- 10.5 Suggested Technological Solutions. , 10.5.1 Hybridizing With Other Desalination Processes.

Language: English

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (545 pages)

Edition: 1st ed. 2024.

ISBN: 9783031651267

Series Statement: Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 573

Content: This book constitutes the refereed post-conference proceedings of the 19th EAI International Conference on Quality, Reliability, Security and Robustness in Heterogeneous Networks, QShine 2023, held in October 2023. The 78 full papers included in these proceedings were carefully reviewed and selected from 200 submissions. They are organized in these topical sections: Part I: E-Health networks; transportation networks; reliability and scalability; E-Health networks II; artificial intelligence and machine learning I; networks and applications. Part II: Robustness; Network Security and Privacy; Quality of Service (QoS) and Quality of Experience (QoE); Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning II; Autonomous Vehicles.

Note: -- E-Health Networks. -- Transfer Learning for Audio-based Speech Emotion Recognition in Chinese: Leveraging Pretrained Models for Improved Performance. -- Optimal Design of Hydraulic Fracturing Simulation Experiments for In-situ Stress Measurement. -- Sentiment analysis based on social media — Early stress and depression detection. -- Automatic Depression Detection Using Attention-Based Deep Multiple Instance Learning. -- Analysis of Factors Related to Anxiety and Depression in Medical Students. -- Structural health monitoring of carbon fiber composite lamination using electrical resistance. -- Identification of Economic Factors for Mass Depression Based on Panel Study and Machine Learning. -- Review of Sleep Monitoring Research based on Wireless Sensor. -- Understanding Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Through Human Skin Textures. -- Transportation Networks. -- Design and implementation of traffic flow prediction model based on short and long time memory network. -- Research on Traffic Sign Image Recognition Algorithms under Complex Weather Conditions. -- Deep Neural Network based on Sparse Auto-encoder for Road extraction. -- DECS: A Decentralized and Efficient Cross-chain Scheme in IoT System. -- Enhancing IoT Security in Smart Grids with Quantum Resistant Hybrid Encryption (QRHE-IoT): A Comprehensive Study. -- Artificial Intelligence model based security protection method for IoT applications. -- Extraction of frequently active areas of ships based on advanced grid density peak clustering. -- Cyber Physical System modeling and analysis in typical scenarios based on the theory of autonomous transportation system. -- Reliability and Scalability. -- PathBit: a Bit Index based on Path for Large-scale Knowledge Graph. -- Skeleton Prototype Contrastive Learning with Multi Level Graph Relation Modeling for Unsupervised Person Re-Identification. -- E-Health Networks II. -- Investigating the EEG Embedding by Visualization. -- Identifiable EEG Embeddings by Contrastive Learning from Differential Entropy Features. -- Contrastive Learning Consistent and Identifiable Latent Embeddings for EEG. -- SEVGGNet-LSTM: a fused deep learning model for ECG classification. -- Fast Convergence Federated Learning with Adaptive Gradient: an Application to Mental Healthcare Monitoring System. -- Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning I. -- Research on Handover Technology for 5G LEO Satellite Network based on ns-3. -- Joint Delay and Energy Optimization for WPT-MEC System Based on Immune Algorithm. -- An Abnormal Detection Method based on the Device Interaction Behavior in the Internet of Things. -- Trusted Personalized Federated Learning based on Differential Privacy. -- Networks and Applications. -- An Online Big-Data Driven Design of Reading and Writing Test. -- Research on Feature Extraction and Recognition of Inverter Fault Data Based on Neural Networks. -- Short Text Data Mining Based on Incremental AP Clustering. -- A Novel Method for Semantic Segmentation on Lidar Point Clouds. -- Forward Secure Searchable Encryption over Medical Cloud Data. -- Wireless Network Topology Discovery Based on Spectrum Data by Convolutional Neural Network. -- Semi-Supervised Learning based Trust Evaluation for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks. -- Wireless Charging Based Sensor Network Information Collection through Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). -- Joint Symbol-Level Precoding and Reflecting Design for Heterogeneous Networks with Intelligent Reflecting Surface. -- SOH Prediction in Lithium-ion Battery Energy Storage System in Power Energy Network. -- Load Balancing of Software-Defined Networking Based on Particle Swarm Optimization. -- An improved genetic algorithm for college course scheduling. -- KNN-based Collaborative Filtering for Fine-Grained Intelligent Grad-School Recommendation System. -- RPBFT: A Scalable Consensus Mechanism for Large Blockchain Systems. -- Multi-objective Deployment of WSNs in Underground Sheltered Space.

Additional Edition: Print version: Leung, Victor C. M. Quality, Reliability, Security and Robustness in Heterogeneous Systems Cham : Springer,c2024 ISBN 9783031651250

Language: English

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-65126-7

URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (478 p.)

ISBN: 1-299-28459-0 , 0-444-59711-5

Series Statement: Composite materials series ; 1

Content: Providing a useful summary of current knowledge on the friction and wear properties of composite materials, this book fills the gap between publications on fundamental principles of tribology and those on the friction and wear behavior of metals and polymers. Detailed coverage is given of: the fundamental aspects of tribology in general and polymer composites in particular; the effects of the microstructure of composites on friction and wear behavior under different external loading conditions; and the problem of the control of friction and wear behavior in practical situations. Although emp

Note: Description based upon print version of record. , Front Cover; Friction and Wear of Polymer Composites; Copyright Page; Preface; References; Table of Contents; Chapter 1. Introduction to Friction and Wear; Abstract; 1. Friction and wear: sub-areas of tribology; 2. Terminology; 3. Mechanisms of friction; 4. Mechanisms of wear; 5. Friction and wear as system properties; List of symbols; References; Chapter 2. Interfacial Friction of Polymer Composites. General Fundamental Principles; Abstract; 1. Introduction; 2. Deformation or ploughing friction; 3. Interfacial or adhesion friction; 4. Other models of friction; 5. Lubricated systems , 6. ConclusionsList of symbols; Acknowledgements; References; Chapter 3. Friction and Wear of Materials with Heterogeneous Microstructures; Abstract; 1. Introduction; 2. Types of microstructure and anisotropy; 3. Formal description of friction and wear; 4. The coefficient of wear and the role of macrohardness; 5. Components of the coefficient of friction; 6. Components of the wear coefficient, k, and the role of fracture; 7. Isotropic heterogeneous microstructures; 8. Anisotropic structures; 9. Relations between friction and wear; List of symbols; Acknowledgements; References , Chapter 4. Tribological Properties of Selected Polymeric Matrix Composites against Steel SurfacesAbstract; 1. Introduction; 2. Experimental; 3. Coefficients of friction given by selected polymeric materials against smooth steel; 4. Coefficients of friction given by selected polymeric materials against an abrasive counterface; 5. Abrasive wear of selected polymeric materials; 6. Conclusions; List of symbols; References; Chapter 5. Effects of Various Fillers on the Friction and Wear of PTFE-Based Composites; Abstract; 1. Introduction; 2. Molecular and morphological characteristics of PTFE , 3. Tribological characteristics of PTFE4. Friction and wear of glass and carbon fiber-filled PTFE; 5. Friction and wear of PTFE incorporating various fillers; 6. Roles of various fillers incorporated in PTFE; 7. Effect of water lubrication on the friction and wear of PTFE-based composites; 8. Conclusions; List of symbols; References; Chapter 6. Friction and Wear of Metal Matrix-Graphite Fiber Composites; Abstract; 1. Introduction; 2. Materials; 3. Friction and wear behavior; 4. Wear mechanisms; 5. Potential applications; 6. Conclusions; List of symbols; References , Chapter 7. Friction and Wear Performance of Unidirectionally Oriented Glass, Carbon, Aramid Stainless Steel Fiber-Reinforced PlasticsAbstract; 1. Introduction; 2. Experimental; 3. Law of mixtures for calculating the friction coefficient; 4. Results; 5. The wear equation for FRP; 6. Some topics related to the tribology of FRP; 7. Concluding remarks; Acknowledgements; List of symbols; References; Chapter 8. Wear of Reinforced Polymers by Different Abrasive Counterparts; Abstract; 1. Introduction; 2. Experimental details; 3. Sliding wear against steel counterparts , 4. Abrasion by hard abrasive particles , English

Additional Edition: ISBN 0-444-42524-1

Language: English

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (582 pages)

Edition: 1st ed.

ISBN: 9780323957816 , 0323957811

Series Statement: Elsevier Series on Advanced Ceramic Materials Series

Content: This book, 'Advanced Ceramics for Membranes,' provides a comprehensive overview of the synthesis methods, performance analysis, and applications of advanced ceramic membranes in water and wastewater treatment. It covers both physical and chemical approaches to membrane synthesis, including techniques such as blending, sputtering, dip coating, and spray coating. The book also delves into the morphological, physical, and chemical analysis of membranes, as well as their permeation performance. It discusses the application of ceramic membranes in the removal of dyes and oily wastewater, highlighting recent developments and future prospects. The book is intended for researchers, practitioners, and students in chemical engineering and membrane technology, aiming to advance their understanding and application of ceramic membranes in environmental engineering.

Note: Front Cover -- Advanced Ceramics for Photocatalytic Membranes -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- 1 Introduction -- 1 A review of the current development of photocatalytic membrane research -- List of abbreviations -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Inorganic-based photocatalytic membranes -- 1.1.1.1 Ceramic membrane classification -- 1.1.1.2 Additional functionalities of a ceramic photocatalytic membrane reactor -- 1.1.1.3 Limitations facing ceramic membranes -- 1.1.2 Polymeric-based photocatalytic membranes -- 1.1.2.1 Challenges facing polymeric photocatalytic membranes -- 1.1.3 Challenges facing photocatalysts -- 1.1.3.1 Doping -- 1.1.3.2 Surface sensitization -- 1.1.3.3 Construction of heterojunctions -- 1.1.3.4 Defect engineering -- 1.1.3.5 Increased electrocatalytic active sites -- 1.1.3.6 Micro/nanostructure -- 1.1.4 Photocatalytic membranes for environmental protection applications -- 1.1.4.1 Photocatalytic membrane performance against dyes -- 1.1.4.2 Photocatalytic membrane performance against pharmaceutical waste -- 1.2 Conclusions and future prospects -- References -- 2 Modeling, simulation, and theory of the mass transfer mechanism of photocatalytic membrane reactor -- List of symbols -- List of abbreviations -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Formal analysis -- 2.2.1 Batch slurry photoreactor -- 2.2.1.1 Equation for photoreaction rate -- 2.2.1.2 Change of phenol concentration with time -- 2.2.2 Semibatch PMR -- 2.2.2.1 Evaluation of the membrane flux -- 2.2.2.2 Evaluation of phenol concentration in the permeate -- 2.2.2.3 Calculation of change in Vtot,Cphenol,f,Cp,voverall, and Cphenol,p with time -- 2.3 Discussion and evaluation -- 2.3.1 Batch slurry photoreactor -- 2.3.2 Semibatch system -- 2.3.3 Semibatch system without ultraviolet irradiation and without TiO2 nanoparticles -- 2.4 Conclusions -- References. , 2 Synthesis of photocatalytic membrane via physical approach -- 3 Blending technique -- List of symbols -- List of abbreviations -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Photocatalytic membranes -- 3.3 Blending technique for photocatalytic membrane fabrication -- 3.3.1 Phase inversion method -- 3.3.2 In situ polymerization -- 3.3.3 Electrospinning -- 3.4 Advantages and limitations of blending techniques -- 3.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 4 Sputtering technique -- Key terms and definitions -- List of symbols -- List of abbreviations -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Fundamental of sputtering technique -- 4.2.1 Reactive sputtering -- 4.2.2 Co-sputtering -- 4.3 Types of sputter deposition -- 4.3.1 Magnetron sputtering technique -- 4.3.1.1 Direct current magnetron sputtering -- 4.3.1.2 Radio frequency magnetron sputtering -- 4.3.1.3 Pulsed direct current magnetron sputtering -- 4.3.1.4 High-power impulse magnetron sputtering -- 4.3.2 Ion beam sputter deposition -- 4.3.3 Electron beam deposition -- 4.3.4 Pulsed laser deposition -- 4.4 Impacts of sputter deposition of photocatalysts on membrane characteristics and performance -- 4.4.1 Ceramic photocatalytic membranes -- 4.4.2 Polymeric photocatalytic membranes -- 4.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 5 Dip coating technique -- Nomenclature -- List of symbols -- List of abbreviations -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Mechanism and theories -- 5.2.1 Draining regime -- 5.2.2 Capillary regime -- 5.3 Sol-gel dip coating -- 5.4 Dip-coated photocatalytic membrane applications -- 5.4.1 Removal of pollutants in water -- 5.4.2 Heavy metal removal -- 5.4.3 Hydrogen production -- 5.4.4 Air purification and gas sensing -- 5.4.5 Inactivation of harmful microorganisms -- 5.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 6 Spray coating techniques for fabrication of photocatalytic membrane -- List of symbols. , List of abbreviations -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Basic concept of spray coating technique -- 6.3 Spray coating techniques for photocatalytic membranes fabrication -- 6.3.1 Thermal spray coating -- 6.3.1.1 Plasma spray coating -- 6.3.1.2 Thermo-spraying method -- 6.3.2 Direct spraying method -- 6.3.3 Step-by-step spraying method -- 6.3.4 Spin-spraying method -- 6.3.5 Electro-spraying method -- 6.4 Comparison of various types of spraying methods -- 6.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 3 Synthesis of photocatalytic membrane via chemical approach -- 7 Grafting process on photocatalytic membrane -- Nomenclature -- List of symbols -- List of abbreviations -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Grafting techniques -- 7.2.1 Photo-induced grafting method -- 7.2.2 Plasma grafting method -- 7.2.3 Radiation-induced grafting method -- 7.2.4 Thermal-induced grafting method -- 7.2.5 Atom transfer radical polymerization method -- 7.2.6 Ring-opening polymerization method -- 7.3 Grafted-photodegradation performance -- 7.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 8 Hydrothermal and solvothermal methods -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Principle and mechanism of hydrothermal and solvothermal method -- 8.2.1 Factors affecting the hydrothermal and solvothermal synthesis for photocatalytic application -- 8.2.1.1 Effect of hydrothermal duration -- 8.2.1.2 Effect of hydrothermal temperature -- 8.2.1.3 Effect of pH of the reaction medium -- 8.2.1.4 Effect of solvent -- 8.2.1.5 Effect of calcination temperature -- 8.3 Recent advances in hydrothermal and solvothermal-based polymer and ceramic membrane for photocatalytic application -- 8.3.1 Ceramic-based photocatalytic membrane -- 8.4 Challenges -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Electroless deposition of zinc oxide for photocatalytic membrane -- List of symbols -- List of abbreviations -- 9.1 Introduction. , 9.2 Preparation for electroless zinc oxide deposition -- 9.2.1 Surface preparation -- 9.2.1.1 Substrate cleaning and etching -- 9.2.1.2 Sn-Pd activation -- 9.2.1.2.1 Effect of tin (II) chloride and hydrochloric acid concentration -- 9.2.1.2.2 Effect of rinsing condition after sensitization -- 9.2.1.2.3 Effect of Palladium Chloride Concentration -- 9.2.2 Deposition process -- 9.2.2.1 Effect of zinc salt concentration -- 9.2.2.2 Effect of reducing agent concentration -- 9.2.2.3 Effect of deposition temperature -- 9.3 Impact of type of ZnO deposition on photocatalytic activity -- 9.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 4 Characterization and performance analysis of photocatalytic membrane -- 10 Morphological analysis of photocatalytic membrane (SEM, FESEM, TEM) -- List of symbols -- List of abbreviations -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Scanning electron microscopy analysis -- 10.3 Field emission electron microscopy analysis -- 10.4 Transmission electron microscopy analysis -- 10.4.1 Flat-sheet membrane -- 10.4.2 Nanofiber -- 10.4.3 Hollow fiber membrane -- 10.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 11 Physical analysis of photocatalytic membrane (AFM, contact angle, pore size, and porosity) -- List of abbreviations -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Physical properties and hydrophilicity of the membranes -- 11.2.1 Roughness surface characteristics of membranes -- 11.2.1.1 Semiconductor materials for bulk modification of membranes -- 11.2.1.2 Semiconductor materials for membrane surface modification -- 11.2.2 Membrane surface hydrophilicity -- 11.2.3 Membrane porosity and pore size -- 11.3 Conclusions and future perspectives -- References -- 12 Chemical analysis of photocatalytic membrane (FTIR, XRD, UV-vis/optical, XPS, and zeta potential) -- List of symbols -- List of abbreviations -- 12.1 Introduction. , 12.2 Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy -- 12.2.1 Sample preparation methods -- 12.2.2 Measurement techniques -- 12.3 X-ray diffraction spectroscopy -- 12.4 Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy -- 12.5 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy -- 12.6 Zeta potential -- 12.7 Challenges and future outlooks -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 13 Permeation performance analysis of advanced ceramic and polymeric-based photocatalytic membrane (flux and rejection) -- List of abbreviations -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Photocatalytic membrane materials for water treatment -- 13.2.1 Photocatalysis and membrane technologies -- 13.2.2 Nanomaterial-based photocatalytic membrane performance -- 13.2.3 Polymeric versus ceramic photocatalytic membranes and their performance (flux and rejection) -- 13.3 Polymeric photocatalytic hybrid membranes and their permeation performance -- 13.3.1 Photocatalytic polymer membranes based on TiO2 -- 13.3.2 TiO2 modification -- 13.4 Ceramic photocatalytic hybrid membranes and their permeation performance -- 13.4.1 Ceramic photocatalytic membranes -- 13.4.2 Nanomaterial-based ceramic photocatalytic membranes -- 13.4.3 Photocatalysts supported in ceramic materials -- 13.4.3.1 TiO2-photocatalysts supported in ceramic materials -- 13.4.3.2 TiO2 modification -- 13.4.4 Microstructure and pure water flux for photocatalytic ceramic membranes -- 13.4.5 Dual-layered hollow fiber membranes -- 13.5 Conclusions and perspectives -- References -- 14 Photodegradation performance of photocatalytic membrane -- Key terms and definitions -- List of symbols -- List of abbreviations -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Effect of light -- 14.2.1 Natural light sources -- 14.2.2 Artificial light sources -- 14.2.3 Light intensity -- 14.3 Effect of photocatalyst dosage -- 14.4 Effect of the concentration of substrate -- 14.5 Effect of pH and temperature. , 14.5.1 Effect of solution pH on photodegradation of dye.

Additional Edition: ISBN 9780323954181

Additional Edition: ISBN 0323954189

Language: English