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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Bielefeld :transcript,
    UID:
    almahu_9949465364202882
    Format: 1 online resource (337 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9783839457313
    Series Statement: KörperKulturen
    Note: Cover -- Contents -- Introduction -- Opening up anonymity -- Changing donor conception -- Empirical basis and comparative angle -- Overview of the book's chapters -- 1. Contextualising donor conception and anonymity -- 1.1 Regulating donor conception -- 1.2 'Identifying' current research practices and themes -- 1.3 Situating anonymity -- 1.4 Knowing kinship -- 2. Research and analysis -- 2.1 Sample composition and (re)negotiating anonymity -- 2.2 Online recruitment for offline research -- 2.3 Overview of data collection -- 2.4 Analysis, writing and representation -- 3. The right to know -- 3.1 International human rights law and the right to know -- 3.2 (Inter)national law, private lives and the need for information in the UK -- 3.3 From maintenance claims to personality rights: The German debate -- 3.4 Moving away from secrecy and anonymity: Lessons learnt from adoption -- 3.5 When you just want to know: Anonymity and the right to make a choice -- 3.6 The right to be told and the duty to disclose: Debating birth certificates -- 3.7 Recapitulation -- 4. Public stories and new networks -- 4.1 Seeing the truth, telling the truth: The fight for real families -- 4.2 "Just one of many ways": Taking a stand for normality -- 4.3 The stories of others: Finding information, validation and community online -- 4.4 Conceiving Spenderkinder: Donor‐conceived activism in Germany -- 4.5 Recapitulation -- 5. Micropolitics of not‐knowing -- 5.1 Half a family tree: Lost identities and recreated continuities -- 5.2 Truth will out: Retrospective reasoning and feeling the truth -- 5.3 Similar relations: Generational flows and curious continuities -- 5.4 Scanning for similarities: Active not‐knowing and unfinished relations -- 5.5 Recapitulation -- 6. When the cat has been let out of the bag -- 6.1 Who knew what and when: Broken trust and foreign children. , 6.2 Who should know what: Relations between concealment and revelation -- 6.3 Sibling trouble: Similar relations, uneven knowledge -- 6.4 The offspring's children: Managing intergenerational relations -- 6.5 Recapitulation -- 7. Connections you might (not) make -- 7.1 Opening the register: Managing information and expectations -- 7.2 Guidelines, judgment, googling: The de‐identification of information -- 7.3 Non‐identifying information and "knowing the donor as a person" -- 7.4 "I might never find out": Removing anonymity, re‐moving uncertainty -- 7.5 (In)voluntary siblings: searching and hoping for lateral kinship ties -- 7.6 Matching probabilities: Voluntary registers and DNA testing -- 7.7 Recapitulation -- 8. Infrastructuring DNA -- 8.1 Relationship ranges, ethnicity estimates: Measuring kinship and ancestry -- 8.2 Digital DNA: Working out relationships and infrastructuring information -- 8.3 Having to try: Anonymity and inevitable choices -- 8.4 Waiting for DNA: More matches, more hope, more frustration? -- 8.5 Recapitulation -- 9. Conclusion -- References -- List of abbreviations -- List of figures -- Acknowledgements.
    Additional Edition: Print version: Baumann, Amelie Becoming Donor-Conceived Bielefeld : transcript,c2021 ISBN 9783837657319
    Language: English
    Keywords: Electronic books. ; Hochschulschrift
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 2
    UID:
    almahu_9949314948302882
    Format: 1 online resource (x, 267 pages) : , digital, PDF file(s).
    ISBN: 9781447324867 (ebook)
    Series Statement: Third sector research series
    Content: Drawing on extensive survey data and written accounts of citizen engagement, this pioneering book charts change and continuity in voluntary activity since 1981. It is part of the Third Sector Research Series.
    Note: Title from publisher's bibliographic system (viewed on 07 Apr 2022).
    Additional Edition: Print version: ISBN 9781447324836
    Language: English
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  • 3
    UID:
    gbv_1028764928
    Format: x, 267 Seiten , Illustrationen, Diagramme
    ISBN: 9781447324836 , 9781447324843
    Series Statement: Third sector research series
    Additional Edition: ISBN 9781447324874
    Additional Edition: ISBN 9781447324881
    Additional Edition: ISBN 9781447324867
    Language: English
    Keywords: Großbritannien ; Ehrenamtliche Tätigkeit ; Sozialer Wandel ; Geschichte 1981-2012
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  • 4
    UID:
    edocfu_9958099733602883
    Format: 1 online resource (376 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 1-280-19623-8 , 9786610196234 , 0-309-58511-2 , 0-585-02019-1
    Note: Description based upon print version of record. , ""Employment and Health Benefits""; ""Copyright""; ""Preface""; ""Acknowledgments""; ""Contents""; ""Summary""; ""EMPLOYMENT-BASED HEALTH BENEFITS IN CONTEXT""; ""Historical Development""; ""Key Statistics""; ""International Comparisons""; ""Scope and Functions""; ""Access to Health Services""; ""Costs in Context""; ""DISTINGUISHING FEATURES OF THE CURRENT SYSTEM""; ""Voluntary Group Purchase""; ""Lack of Universal Coverage""; ""Risk Selection and Discrimination""; ""Dispersed Power and Accountability""; ""Diversity""; ""Innovation""; ""Discontinuity""; ""Barriers to Cost Management"" , ""Complexity"" ""Strengths and Limitations of These Features""; ""FUTURE DIRECTIONS""; ""To Improve a Voluntary System""; ""Reducing or Compensating for Risk Selection""; ""Subsidizing Coverage""; ""Other Regulatory Issues""; ""The Financing Dilemma""; ""Beyond Voluntary Coverage""; ""Research Agenda""; ""FINAL THOUGHTS""; ""1 Background and Introduction""; ""EMPLOYMENT-BASED HEALTH BENEFITS IN CONTEXT""; ""OVERVIEW OF REPORT""; ""WHY THIS STUDY?""; ""Relation to the Debate over Health Care Reform""; ""Issues and Concerns""; ""KEY CONCEPTS AND TERMS AS USED IN THIS REPORT"" , ""Employment-Based Health Benefits"" ""Social Insurance and Private Insurance""; ""Small and Large Groups""; ""Risk, Insurance, and Benefits""; ""Insurable Events""; ""Moral Hazard, Biased Selection, Risk Segmentation, and Underwriting""; ""CONCLUSION""; ""2 Origins and Evolution of Employment-Based Health Benefits""; ""THE BIRTH OF INSURANCE FOR MEDICAL CARE EXPENSES""; ""Early Voluntary Initiatives""; ""Early Public Action""; ""THE DIVERGENT PATH OF THE UNITED STATES""; ""Unsuccessful Early State Initiatives""; ""Proposals for National Health Insurance in the Depression and Postwar Years"" , ""Innovation in the Private Sector"" ""Employment-Based Benefits, Federal Regulations, and Union Policies""; ""Growth and Change in Health Insurance Products""; ""Federal Government as Sponsor of Employee Health Benefits Program""; ""EARLY COST MANAGEMENT EFFORTS BY INSURERS AND OTHERS""; ""Management of the Risk Pool""; ""Design of the Benefit Plan""; ""Controls on Payments to Providers""; ""Constraints on Supply""; ""Utilization Review""; ""Impact of Early Cost Management Efforts""; ""THE LIMITS OF VOLUNTARY HEALTH BENEFITS AND MEDICARE AND MEDICAID""; ""Medicare""; ""Medicaid"" , ""National Health Insurance Revisited"" ""FEDERAL REGULATION AND THE EMPLOYER'S GROWING ROLE""; ""Federal and State Roles Before 1974""; ""The Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974""; ""CONCLUSION""; ""3 Employment-Based Health Benefits Today""; ""DATA SOURCES""; ""WHO IS AND IS NOT COVERED BY EMPLOYMENT-BASED HEALTH BENEFITS?""; ""Covered Workers and Family Members""; ""Uninsured Workers and Family Members""; ""Retirees""; ""Sources of Variation in Employment-Based Coverage""; ""WHAT TYPES OF COVERAGE ARE OFFERED?""; ""Types of Health Plans""; ""Conventional Plans""; ""Network Plans"" , English
    Additional Edition: ISBN 0-309-04827-3
    Language: English
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  • 5
    UID:
    almahu_9949597109602882
    Format: 1 online resource : , illustrations (black and white).
    ISBN: 9781447324850 (ebook) :
    Series Statement: Policy Press scholarship online
    Content: Drawing on extensive survey data and written accounts of citizen engagement, this pioneering work charts change and continuity in voluntary activity since 1981.
    Note: Previously issued in print: 2018.
    Additional Edition: Print version : ISBN 9781447324836
    Language: English
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    London ; : Routledge,
    UID:
    edocfu_9958062016502883
    Format: 1 online resource (305 p.)
    ISBN: 1-134-46792-3 , 1-280-04664-3 , 9786610046645 , 0-203-52017-3
    Series Statement: Routledge studies in the social history of medicine ; 16
    Content: Medicine is concerned with the most intimate aspects of private life. Yet it is also a focus for diverse forms of public organization and action. In this volume, an international team of scholars use the techniques of medical history to analyse the changing boundaries and constitution of the public sphere from early modernity to the present day. In a series of detailed historical case studies, contributors examine the role of various public institutions - both formal and informal, voluntary and statutory - in organizing and coordinating collective action on medical matters. In so doing, th
    Note: Description based upon print version of record. , Cover; Medicine, Health and the Public Sphere in Britain, 1600-2000; Copyright; Contents; Contributors; Acknowledgements; Introduction: medicine, health and the public sphere; Public-private interactions; Voluntary institutions and the public sphere; The state and the public sphere; Conclusions; Part I. Public-private interactions; 1. Public and private dilemmas: the College of Physicians in early modern London; Privacy and individualism; Early modern public spheres: the British case; The anomalousness of collegiate physicians; 'Public' and 'private' in collegiate practice , 'Citizen' or contractual medicine: an alternative relationshipPrivacy and detachment; 2. Producing the public: public medicine in private spaces; Public, private and domestic; The social; Housing and public health; Octavia Hill: domesticating the poor; 3. 'Should the doctor tell?5: medical secrecy in early twentieth-century Britain; The BMA and medical ethics; Abortion and the problem of medical secrecy in Edwardian Britain; Venereal disease, divorce and medical secrecy; Should the judge order the doctor to tell?; Conclusion; Part II. Voluntary institutions and the public sphere , 4. The Birmingham General Hospital and its public, 1765-79Birmingham, Warwickshire and the Bean Club, c. 1750-80; The making of the Birmingham General Hospital; Conclusion; 5. Between separate spheres: medical women, moral hygiene and the Edinburgh Hospital for Women and Children; Women's mission to women in nineteenth-century Edinburgh; Medical women, venereal diseases and NCCVD propaganda; The treatment of venereal diseases at the EHWC; Conclusions; 6. British voluntary hospitals and the public sphere: contribution and participation before the National Health Service , Changing patterns of hospital fundingContribution and participation; Conclusions; 7. Representing 'the public9: medicine, charity and emotion in twentieth-century Britain; The public in the 1930s; The fragmentation of the public; Continuity and change; Conclusion; PART III. The state and the public sphere; 8. Policy, powers and practice: the public response to public health in the Scottish city; Civic government and the urban public 17; Sanitary reform and the literary sphere; Discourse and the legislative process; Debating public health practice 17; Conclusion , 9. Public sphere to public health: the transformation ofPublic health, equality, liberty, property; Nuisances and common law; Nuisances in the bureaucratic state; Conclusion; 10. In the beginning was the lymph: the hollowing of stational vaccination in England and Wales, 1840-98; Public policy and the growth of stational vaccination; Vaccinators' objections to public vaccination; Parents' problems with stational vaccination; Public and private in the doctor-patient relationship; Conclusion: the hollowing of stational vaccination , 11. The shaping of a public environmental sphere in late nineteenth-century London , English
    Additional Edition: ISBN 0-203-55279-2
    Additional Edition: ISBN 0-415-27906-2
    Language: English
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  • 7
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048222851
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (453 pages)
    ISBN: 9783030388584
    Series Statement: Palgrave Studies in Sustainable Business in Association with Future Earth Ser
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources , Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Chapter 1: Emerging Risks: An Overview -- Part I: Ecological Risks -- Part II: Societal Risks -- Part III: Technological Risks -- Summary -- References -- Part I: Ecological Risks -- Chapter 2: Climate Change: Macroeconomic Impact and Implications for Monetary Policy -- Introduction: Why Central Banks Care About Climate Change -- Climate Change Risks -- Climate Change and the Macroeconomy: The Transmission Channels -- Implications of Climate Change for Monetary Policy: A Summary -- Physical Risks, Macroeconomic Impacts and Implications for Monetary Policy -- Transition Risks, Macroeconomic Impacts and Monetary Policy -- Implications for the Analytical Framework of Monetary Policy Authorities -- Interactions Between Macroeconomic and Financial Climate Shocks -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Global Warming and Extreme Weather Investment Risks -- Introduction -- Global Warming and Hurricane Damage -- The State of the Climate Sciences -- Intensity and Frequency of Tropical Cyclones -- Precipitation -- Storm Surge Risk -- Floods, Droughts and Heat Waves -- Climate Change Denial -- Who Are the Emitters? -- What Would the Financial Damage Be? -- Critique -- Legal Aspects -- How Should Investors React? -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Mapping Out When and Where Climate Risk Becomes a Credit Risk -- Introduction -- Identifying Transition Risk -- US Coal Mining Sector Example -- Transmission Channels -- Sector Prioritisation -- Scenario Analysis, Sensitivity Analysis, Stress Testing -- Mapping Physical Risk -- Climate Data Applicability -- Dealing with Both Events and Trends -- The Case of the California Wildfires -- Physical Risk Mitigation -- Conclusion -- References , Chapter 5: Designing Insurance Against Extreme Weather Risk: The Case of HuRLOs -- Introduction -- Hurricane Risk Landfall Options -- A Simulation Experiment -- Assumptions -- General Results from the Simulations -- An Illustrative Example -- Computational Considerations -- Recommendations, and Public Policy Implications -- Conclusion -- Appendix 1: List of Parameters and Variables -- Appendix 2: Hurricane Landfall Probabilities in the United States -- Appendix 3: Price Updating Algorithm -- Appendix 4: Computation of the Outcome Probabilities -- Appendix 5: Computation of Marginal Impact -- Appendix 6: Simulation Algorithm -- References -- Chapter 6: The Evolving Risk Management Opportunity and Thinking Sustainability First -- Introduction -- Evolving Concepts -- Evolving Need to Clarify Fiduciary Duty -- Evolution of Material Issues and Scenario Analysis -- Evolving Responsibilities for Executives and Decision-Makers: Change Management -- Evolving Realities -- Examples of Evolving Issues Transforming Risk Management -- Climate Change -- Diversity and Inclusion -- Cybersecurity -- Presence of the Sustainable Development Goals -- The Evolution of Support for ESG-Sustainability -- Examples of Task Forces Influencing the Evolution -- Development of a Green Taxonomy of Opportunities -- Educational Needs to Ensure a Transition and Evolution -- Conclusion -- References -- Part II: Societal Risks -- Chapter 7: Terrorism and Trading: Differential Equity and Bond Market Responses During Violent Elections -- Introduction -- Efficient Markets, Information Flow, and Risk -- The Credit Ratings Process and Country Risk -- Pakistan and the 2013 Election -- Data on Electoral Violence -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: The Effect of Corporate Tax Avoidance on Society -- Introduction -- Tax Avoidance Schemes: Elements and Participants -- Overview , Intermediaries -- Transfer of Tangibles -- Tariffs -- Transfer of Intangibles -- Dependence on Valuations of Intellectual Property -- Places Involved in Tax Avoidance -- Classification of Places Involved in Tax Avoidance -- Sales Taxes as a Special Case -- Actions to Mitigate the Tax Avoidance Issues Raised -- Overview -- Taxation of IP Transfers by Royalty -- OECD Efforts -- Identifying Tax Havens -- Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) -- European Efforts -- Pressure on British Overseas Territories (BOT) -- Pressure on European Countries -- Apportionment of Revenues -- Digital Taxes -- Brexit -- Openness -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Planning for the Carbon Crisis: Reimagining the Power of the US Central Bank and Financial Institutions to Avert a Twenty-First-Century Climate and Financial Disaster -- Introduction -- Buckling Up for the 2020s (and the Potential Next Financial Crisis) -- The Missing Signs of Fossil Fuel Stranded Assets -- The Systemic Nature of the Carbon Bubble -- Harnessing the Federal Reserve's Power -- The Federal Reserve's Role in US Financial Markets -- The Need for Climate-related Risks in Individual and Macro-prudential Supervision -- Plan to Resolve Failing Energy Companies -- A Re-envisioned Financial System -- Green Investment Bank -- Public Banks -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Economic Risks from Policy Pressures in Montreal's Real Estate Market -- Introduction -- Drivers of Real Estate Economic Growth in Montreal -- Emerging Policies Impacting Real Estate Growth -- Case Study: New Development Project in Montreal Southwest -- Discussion -- Appendix 1: Affordable Units∗ -- References -- Chapter 11: Climate Change and Reputation in the Financial Services Sector -- Rising Relevance of Reputation -- Relevance -- Definition of Reputation -- Differentiation , New Reputation Dimension for Financial Services -- Environmental Change -- Social Pressure -- Governance Transformation -- Necessity to Integrate Climate Change to Stay Relevant -- New Business Implications -- Strategic Considerations -- Tactical Affirmation -- Perceived Reputation by Stakeholders -- Availability of Information -- Classification of Information -- Usability of Information -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12: Financial Risk Management in the Anthropocene Age -- Introduction -- The Risks from Climate Change -- The Markets for Pollution Permits -- Mitigation Lessons from SO2 Market -- How Does One Go About Creating Such Markets? -- CO2 Markets -- Compulsory and Voluntary Markets for CO2 -- Compulsory Market: EU ETS -- Voluntary Market: Chicago Carbon Exchange -- Adaptation, Mitigation, and Insurance -- Conclusion -- References -- Part III: Technological Risks -- Chapter 13: An Incentives-Based Mechanism for Corporate Cyber Governance Enforcement and Regulation -- Introduction -- Cybercrime and Financial Markets -- Cybercrime and Financial Risks: The State of [Regulatory] Play -- Cybercrime Events and Their Impact -- Systemic Risk Spill-Overs from Hacking Events -- White Knights and Proactive Risk Mitigation -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 14: FinTech for Consumers and Retail Investors: Opportunities and Risks of Digital Payment and Investment Services -- Introduction -- Digital Payments -- Mobile Payments -- Cryptocurrencies -- Investment Services -- Crowdinvesting -- Robo Advisors -- Social Trading -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 15: Empirical Modelling of Man-made Disaster Scenarios -- Introduction -- Definition and Characteristics of Man-made Disasters and Their Distinction to Natural Hazards -- Data Collection, Preparation, and Analysis -- Data Collection and Preparation -- Data Analysis , Developing a Loss Curve for Man-made Fire/Explosion Disasters based on Historical Industry Loss Data -- Frequency Distribution -- Severity Distribution -- Aggregate Loss Distribution -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 16: Changing Dynamics of Financial Risk Related to Investments in Low Carbon Technologies -- Introduction -- Climate Change Investment Landscape -- Climate Change and Financial Risks -- Climate Change Risks Associated with Coal Technology -- Financial Risks Associated with Low Carbon Technologies -- Shifting to Low Carbon Technologies -- Opportunities for the Financial Sector and the Management of Low Carbon Technologies Risks -- Insurance Companies -- Banking Sector -- Management of Risks by Renewable Energy Companies -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 17: A New Era in the Risk Management of Financial Firms -- Introduction -- Traditional Risks of Financial Companies -- Business Continuity Principles for Financial Companies -- New Outlook of the Finance Industry -- Taxonomy of Digital Finance Business Functions -- Risks and Risk Management of Financial Companies in the Digitalization Era -- E-Financing -- Challenges of E-Financing -- Risk Management Principles for E-Financing Activities -- Outsourcing -- Challenges of Outsourcing -- Risk Management Principles for Outsourcing -- Cyber Security -- Challenges of Cyber Security -- Risk Management Principles for Cyber Security -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 18: Emerging Risks: Concluding Remarks -- Relevance of Emerging Risks -- Characteristics of Emerging Risks -- Approaches to Modeling and Management -- The Next Steps -- References -- Index
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Walker, Thomas Ecological, Societal, and Technological Risks and the Financial Sector Cham : Springer International Publishing AG,c2020 ISBN 9783030388577
    Language: English
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048920947
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (539 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9783030892852
    Series Statement: Studies in Economic Transition Series
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources , Intro -- Foreword -- Introduction -- References -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Chapter 1: Russia on the Move: Railroads and the Exodus from Compulsory Collectivism, 1861-1914 -- Aims and Contents of This Monograph -- Theoretical Framework: The Composite NIE/AEI Model -- Endogenous and Exogenous Explanatory Factors -- The Gerschenkronian-Szternian-Gregorian Conception -- Structure of the Monograph -- Chapter 2. From Hierarchy to Egalitarianism: From Gerschenkron to Gregory-Deduction and Induction from NIE/AEI Complementarity and the Regulationist Model -- Chapter 3. Through the Lenses of Theory: New Institutional Economics and American Evolutionary Institutionalism-The Railroads, National Market Formation, and Democracy in Late Tsarist Russia -- Chapter 4. Industrialization and Tensions Between Tsardom and Nascent Civil Society -- Chapter 5. The Peasant and His Ties to the Land in the Tsarist Industrialization -- Chapter 6. The Railroad and the Metamorphosis of the Mir: Westernizer and Slavophile Conceptions Revisited -- Chapter 7. Secularization and Pious Subversion: To the Constitution by Rail -- Chapter 8. Tsarist Modernization, the Peter-to-Nicholas-Continuity, and Progress through Reform -- Chapter 9. Was Stalin Necessary? The Railroads and the Crumbling of the Obshchina in Tsarist Russia -- Chapter 10. Individualism and Collectivism: Measuring the Transition to Modernity in Tsarist Russian Peasant Society, Penza Province, 1913 -- Chapter 11. Measurable Power: Railroads, Literacy, and the Crafts Artel-Hierarchy in Disarray in Late Imperial Russia -- References -- Chapter 2: From Hierarchy to Egalitarianism: From Gerschenkron to Gregory-Deduction and Induction from NIE/AEI Complementarity and the Regulationist Model -- An Institutional Transition from Personalized to Impersonalized Rights , Locus and Type of Rule in Tsarist Russia -- Peter I and His Notion of the Rule of Law: Militarized Absolutism -- Catherine II: Ambivalent Steps Toward the Impersonalization of Law -- Did the 1864 Judicial Reform Institute the Rule of Law? -- Patriarchal Authority as the Source of Law, Personalized Institutions, and Erosion of Estate Cohesion -- Laws in the Service of Political Goals -- Skill Accumulation As the Source of Corporate Demand for Legality -- Emancipation and Redemption in the 1861-1863 Statutes: Enforcement of the Peasant Commune as an Unintended Paradoxical Challenge to Totalitarian Atomization -- Industrialization as the Foremost Challenge to Personalized Institutions Until 1906 -- The Labor-Mobility Barrier to Industrialization -- Gerschenkron and the Immutable Backwardness of the Peasantry: A Critique -- Witte's System and Gerschenkron's Entrepreneurial-State Theory -- Gerschenkron's Theory of Relative Backwardness -- Gerschenkron in a Coasian Mirror -- Theoretical Tools of Analysis: The New Institutional Economics (NIE)-Critical Realist (CR) Challenge and American Evolutionary Institutionalism (AEI) -- The Historiographical Orientation -- The Gerschenkronian Proposal, the Revisionist Challenge, and My Argument: The Questions I Seek to Answer -- The Railroads and the Metamorphoses of the Obshchina and the Tsarist Autocracy -- Population Increase and the Mobility Barrier -- Gerschenkronian State Entrepreneurship and Modernization -- The State, the Railroad, and the Mir: From Compliance with Authority to Rational Calculus -- Empirical Aspects, the Railroad, and the Landholding System -- Summarizing Remarks -- Summary and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Through the Lenses of Theory: New Institutional Economics and American Evolutionary Institutionalism-Railroads, Specialization, and Democracy in Late Tsarist Russia , How Railroad Construction in Tsarist Russia Demonstrates the Complementarity of NIE and AEI -- The Theoretical Angle: The Legitimacy of the NIE/AEI Combination-Critical Realism Challenges NIE -- NIE: The Rationalist Explanation of Peasant Custom -- Bounded Rationality: The NIE-AEI Bridge -- How Far Apart Are NIE and AEI in Distributing Determination of Action between Agency and Structure? -- Critical Realism -- The Marxian Angle -- Is NIE Incongruent with CR in Principle, Refuting the Temporal Priority of Structure? -- Should a Neoclassically Shaped NIE be Conceived of As Realistic in a Sense Other Than CR? -- American Evolutionary Institutionalism and Darwinian Economics: Adaptation of Peasant Customs to Conditions of Life through Natural Selection -- My Hypothesis of NIE/AEI Complementarity -- Known Theory Combinations: Bridging NIE and AEI through the Economics of Cognition -- Rational Choice/Atomist Universalism: NIE-Indispensable But Insufficient for Understanding the Russian Peasant's Transformation -- Psychological and Sociological Perspectives -- Neo-Institutionalism -- NIE and AEI Understood As Mutually Complementary -- Habits and Evolution -- Reflections on the Theory of Institutional Change -- Informal Institutional Change in a Path-Dependent Society -- Applying the Boyer and Orlean Model to Russia, 1890-1906 -- Precipitants of Endogenous Change -- Lagged Institutional Adaptation: Stolypin's Land Reform (1906) -- Summarizing the Complementarity of Perspectives in This Chapter -- c = Methodological Collective -- i = Methodological Individualism -- Historical Application: Linking the Railroads to Democracy -- The 1861-1914 Transition within Applicable Explanatory Frameworks -- The Reforms and Their Political Aims -- Property and Political Freedom: The Nexus -- Stolypin's Reforms: Intentions and Consequences , Railroad Construction and Its Unintended Consequences -- References -- Chapter 4: Industrialization as a Precipitant of Tensions Between Tsardom and Nascent Civil Society -- The Autocracy Tentatively Engages Its Citizens -- The Tsarist State and the Costs of Dictatorship: The Gerschenkronian Conception and Imperial Self-Perpetuation -- Industrialization Productivity and Income in the Russian Village Commune -- Industrialization and the Invasion of Modernity -- Tensions Between the Rigid Traditional Order and the Social Effects of Industrialization -- External Invasion and an Endogenous Change of Values Topple ESS -- References -- Chapter 5: Peasantry and Land in Industrializing Late Tsarist Russia -- Gerschenkron versus Gregory: Mobility Barriers and Transition from Extensive to Intensive Growth -- The Hesse-Boserup Perspective: Railroads, Population Increase, and the End of Land Reallotment -- Hesse and the Causes of Population Increase -- Introducing Discontinuity in Compulsory Collectivism -- Tsarist Industrialization Interpreted: Gerschenkron versus Gregory -- Was the Peasant Standard of Living Sacrificed on the Altar of Industrialization? Gregory Challenges Gerschenkron -- Elasticity of Collectivist Land Repartitioning, Population Increase, and Risk of Poverty -- Bideleux versus Gerschenkron-Mobility Barrier, Agrarian Property Rights, and Productivity -- The Ideologically Inspired Concept of Relative Poverty in Soviet Sources -- Wage Labor and Migration as Buffers against Impoverishment -- How Coercive Was the Enforcement of Collectivist Custom in the Post-Emancipation Commune? -- Formal Restrictions and the Head of Household's Decision Matrix -- The Impact of the 1861 Emancipation Act -- The Rationality of the Nineteenth-Century Russian Peasant , Peasant Allotment, Private Land, and Productivity Increase in Rural Russia: Indications of Innovative Investment in Agriculture -- Serfdom and Its Relevance -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: The Railroads and the Metamorphoses of the Mir: Westernizer and Slavophile Conceptions Revisited -- Collectivism versus Individualism -- Compulsory versus Voluntary Collectivism: Pre-Modern Risk Insurance -- Cooperation and Mutual Assistance through Peasant Collectivism -- Khozhdenie v Kusochki-"Crust-Seeking" -- Redistribution of Movable Capital -- The Serfdom Commune Legacy in Nineteenth-Century Rural Custom -- Serfdom-Cohesion versus Atomization in the Long-Term Post-Emancipation Imprint -- Communal Tenure and Innovation -- The Legacy of Serfdom and Kinship -- The Legitimacy of the Malthusian-Trap Assumption -- Changing Types of Collectivism -- Cooperation in the Late Post-Emancipation Era -- Peasant Collectivism versus Marxist Class Cohesion -- Intergenerational Shift of Power to the Young -- Diffusion of Egalitarianism and Subversion -- The Commune: A Vehicle of Organized Subversion after the Emancipation -- Unintended Consolidation -- Structural Preconditions-Structural Preconditioning versus Individualism in Property Relations -- Natural Calamities and the Origins of the Commune -- Serfdom as a Historical Calamity? -- What Brought Serfdom Down? -- The Village Commune, Dependence on the Landlord, and Individualism of the Emancipation Era-The Determinants of Serfdom -- Communalism or Individualism and Strife in the Final Phases of the Commune? -- Theoretical Interpretation -- Summarizing Remarks -- References -- Chapter 7: Secularization and Pious Subversion: To the Constitution by Rail -- Railroads and Pious Subversion -- The Railroads: A Challenge to Orthodox Enforcement of Mutual Insurance , The Railroads Abet Peasant Individualism: The Rational Peasant, the Church
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Sztern, Sylvia Russia on the Move Cham : Springer International Publishing AG,c2022 ISBN 9783030892845
    Language: English
    Keywords: Russland ; Industrialisierung ; Ländliche Entwicklung ; Landwirtschaft ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Eisenbahn ; Eisenbahnbau ; Geschichte 1861-1914
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; : Routledge,
    UID:
    almahu_9949434664202882
    Format: 1 online resource
    ISBN: 9780429488504 , 0429488505 , 9780429949098 , 042994909X , 9780429949104 , 0429949103 , 9780429949081 , 0429949081
    Series Statement: Seminar studies
    Content: Medicine in Modern Britain 1780-1950 provides an introduction to the development of medicine - scientific and heterodox, domestic and professional - in Britain from the end of the early modern period and through modern times. Divided thematically, each chapter within this book addresses a different aspect of medicine, covering diseases, ideas, practices, institutions, practitioners and the state. This book centres on an era of rapid and profound change in medicine and gives students all they need to establish a solid understanding of the history of medicine in Britain, by offering a clear and coherent narrative of the changes and continuities in medicine, including names, dates, events and ideas. Each aspect of medicine discussed within the book is explored and contextualised, providing an overview of the wider social and political background that surrounded them. The chapters are followed by a documents section, containing important primary sources to encourage students to engage with original material. With a selection of images, tables, a who's who of all the key people discussed and a glossary of terms, Medicine in Modern Britain 1780-1950 is essential reading for all students of the history of medicine in Britain.
    Note: Cover; Title; Copyright; Contents; List of figures and tables; Chronology; Who's who; PART I Introduction; 1 Introduction; Part II Narrative; 2 Disease in modern Britain; Death and disease; The epidemiological transition; Measuring morbidity; Why did patterns of disease change?; 3 Medical ideas; The emergence of hospital medicine; Laboratory medicine; Laboratory and clinic; Beyond the biological; Heterodox medicine; 4 Medical practices; The Pursuit of health; Domestic medicine; Medical practitioners; Consuming medicine; 5 Medical care in institutions; Voluntary hospitals and dispensaries , Poor Law hospitalsFever hospitals and tuberculosis sanatoria; Hospitals and dispensaries in Ireland; Asylums; 6 Medical practitioners; Making a medical living; Excluding competitors; Nursing; 7 Health and the state; Sanitary reform; Public health; Welfare; Government medical care; PART III Assessment; 8 Medicine in modern Britain: change, continuity, variation; PART IV Documents; 1 Description of fevers; 2 Victims of cholera; 3 The Spanish Flu; 4 The increase in cancer; 5 Variations in mortality; 6 The health of working class women; 7 The action of fever; 8 Pathological changes in the lung , 9 The technical language of medicine10 The physiology of the kidney; 11 The benefits of physiological research; 12 A holistic view of the body; 13 The benefits of exercise; 14 Health and sunlight; 15 Domestic remedies; 16 Patent medicines; 17 Hydropathic treatment; 18 Treatment of heart disease; 19 The experience of surgery; 20 An appeal for funds; 21 Rules from Huddersfield Infirmary; 22 Hospital design; 23 The patient's experience; 24 Asylum design; 25 Medical training in London; 26 Setting up in practice; 27 Unity in the profession; 28 Opposition to the Colleges , 29 Opposition to homeopaths30 Opposition to women doctors; 31 Nurse training; 32 Insanitary conditions in cities; 33 Public health in central and local government; 34 Health education; 35 The work of the Medical Officer of Health; 36 The cause of infant mortality; 37 The new National Health Service; References; Glossary; Further reading; Index
    Additional Edition: Print version: Brunton, Deborah. Medicine in Modern Britain 1780-1950. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018 ISBN 9781138784222
    Language: English
    Keywords: History.
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Baden-Baden, Germany :Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft,
    UID:
    edocfu_9961164481802883
    Format: 1 online resource (426 pages)
    Edition: First edition.
    ISBN: 3-7489-3401-7
    Series Statement: Bild und Recht - Studien zur Regulierung des Visuellen ; Volume 11
    Note: Cover -- Part 1 From Drawings to Deep Fakes - Some Introductory Remarks -- Chapter 1 Images, Technology, Ethics and Law - An Intricate Relationship -- I. Digital Ethics - The Issue of Images: An Introduction -- 1. Defining the issue -- a) What is to be understood by digital image ethics? -- b) Changes brought about by digital and networking technologies -- 2. Issues of digital image ethics -- a) Practical level -- b) Semantical level -- 3. Method and aim of the book -- a) Questions to be asked -- b) Consequential ethics -- 4. Law and ethics -- II. The Contributions of This Book -- 1. Transalpine considerations -- 2. The parts of this book -- 3. The contributions in detail -- a) The ethical framework -- b) Images, art and society -- c) Binary encoding and artificial intelligence: The dissolution of the visual object -- d) Technology, ethics and legal norms -- e) Ethics and fundamental rights -- References -- Chapter 2 From Goethe's Italian Journey to Transalpine Online Navigation - Narrative Changes and Transnational Stereotypes -- I. Preface -- II. "Travelling" as a Medium of Communication and Discovery -- III. Letters, Circulars, and Broadcast Chains -- IV. How We Participate in Foreign Life -- V. The Power of the "Image" -- VI. Conclusion -- References -- Part 2 Ethical Foundations -- Chapter 3 Digital Image Ethics - How it Could be Pursued and What It Might Have to Say -- I. Introduction -- II. Digital Ethics Today: A Snapshot -- III. Ethics: Challenged by Both a Problem of Justification and a Problem of Application -- 1. The problem of justification -- 2. The problem of application -- IV. The Possibility of Applied Ethics -- 1. The need for applied ethics -- 2. Applied ethics is different from everyday moral judging -- 3. The "seat in life" of applied ethics -- V. The Task of Digital Image Ethics. , VI. What Digital Image Ethics Might Have to Say: Three Examples -- 1. The Principle of Unconditionally Permissible Use of all Vocabulary of a Visual Language -- 2. The Principle of the Legitimacy of Taking Photographs in Museums -- 3. The Principle of Prohibiting Deception by Manipulated Photographs -- References -- Chapter 4 Form and Norm in Pictures -- References -- Part 3 Images, Art and Society -- Chapter 5 Who Cares About Privacy? - The Documedia Surplus Value -- I. Prologue: The Virus and the Web -- II. Privacy, Post-Truth, and Documedia Surplus Value -- III. From the Superstructure to the Structure -- 1. Quantity: big data -- 2. Quality: rich data -- 3. Relation: secret data -- 4. Modality: real data -- 5. The unfair exchange -- IV. Epilogue: Objections and Answers -- References -- Chapter 6 Immersive Artistic Forms - What They Are and How to Identify Them -- I. Introduction -- II. Technology -- 1. Knowledge -- a) Planning -- b) Processing -- 2. Practices -- a) Dispositions -- b) Reality -- III. Metaphysics -- 1. Structures -- a) Forms -- b) Hybridizations -- 2. Immersivity -- a) Interaction -- b) Identification Criteria -- IV. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 From Works to Living Means of Communication - The Digital Image and the 'Iconic Turn' -- I. The Democratization of the Image Tools -- II. From Analogue Images to Forms of Orality -- III. Aby Warburg's "Pathosformeln" -- IV. Selfies and Emojis -- V. The Vivification of the Images: Memes -- VI. The Application of Social Media Tools to Classical Artworks -- VII. ...and The Future? - Consequences for Authorship and Copyright -- References -- Chapter 8 Fairness Aspects of Techniques of Referencing Cultures -- I. Referencing as a Cultural Phenomenon -- II. The Importance of Referencing Cultures -- 1. Historical use of referencing and appropriation -- 2. Appropriation art. , 3. Referencing as a medium of communication -- III. Under German Copyright Law -- 1. Consent pursuant to 23 (1) sentence 2 UrhG -- 2. Citation according to 51 UrhG -- 3. Caricature or parody according to 51a UrhG -- 4. Pastiche according to 51a UrhG -- a) A broad understanding of pastiche in the Explanatory Memorandum to the German Act implementing the DSM-Directive -- b) A narrow understanding of pastiche -- c) Pastiche does not achieve a systemic change -- V. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 9 Towards a New Ethic: Building Transgenerationality - Digital Images to Orient the Future -- I. Digital Images -- II. The Transgenerational Bond -- III. Transgenerational Actions -- IV. Transgenerational Images -- References -- Chapter 10 Iconoclasm and Iconoclash - The Digital Restoration of the Movement-Image -- I. Iconoclasm as a Means of Innovation and Reappraisal -- II. Iconoclasm and Iconoclash -- III. Digital Preservation and Restoration -- IV. Provisional Conclusion -- References -- Part 4 Binary Encoding, Artificial Intelligence and the Dissolution of the Visual Object -- Chapter 11 Semioethics of the Visual Fake -- I. The Intimate Nature of the Visual Fake -- II. The Visual Fake, Technology, and Evolution -- III. Conventionality and Motivation in the Technology of the Visual Fake -- IV. The Third Way of Semiotics -- V. Semiotics as Discipline of the Fake -- VI. The Background of Reflection: Advances and Lacunae -- VII. The Tasks Ahead for a Semioethics of the Visual Fake -- VIII. Conclusions: On Fakes and Viruses -- References -- Chapter 12 From Copy & -- Paste to Deep Fakes - Digital Collaging and Image Manipulation -- I. Introduction -- II. From Copy & -- Paste to Deep Fakes - The Origins of Image Manipulation -- 1. A brief history of image manipulation -- a) Starting point: art forgery. , b) Making history with fake photographs -- c) "Face swap" as preliminary stage -- 2. The Technology behind: deep fake algorithms -- a) Deep learning -- b) Autoencoder -- c) Generative adversarial network -- 3. The power of images: why images are more than simple information media -- III. Deceptions Through Image Manipulation in the Information Age -- 1. State of the art: what AI is already capable of -- 2. Deep learning technology and its consequences -- a) Consequences for the individual as a social being -- b) Potentially affected rights -- c) Indirect consequences: disinformation -- 3. Regulating the consequences: possible solutions for this problem -- a) Legal mechanisms -- b) Technical solutions -- c) Social measures -- d) Combination -- IV. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13 The Multi-Layered Information in a Digital Image -- I. Semantic Information -- II. Syntactic Information -- III. Structural Information -- IV. Context of Creation -- V. Conclusion -- References: -- Chapter 14 Portrait or Personal Data - The Rivalry of Image and Data Protection Legislation -- I. Introduction -- II. The Collision of Regulatory Regimes in German Law -- 1. The codification of the right to one's own image in the KUG: an overview -- 2. Images in the scope of European data protection law -- III. The Relationship Between the GDPR and the KUG -- 1. Opening clauses in the GDPR -- 2. The KUG and the opening clauses of the GDPR -- a) Journalistic and artistic purposes -- b) Other purposes -- c) Opening clauses and already existing laws -- 3. The (legal) discrepancy between capturing images and their publication -- IV. Concluding Remarks: The Future of Image Protection Law -- References -- Chapter 15 Human Authorship and Art Created by Artificial Intelligence - Where Do We Stand? -- I. Introductory Note -- II. A New Agenda for Copyright Laws. , III. AI-Generated Art and Creativity -- IV. AI-Made Art and the Law -- V. AI-Made Art and the Art World -- VI. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Part 5 Technology, Ethics and Legal Norms -- Chapter 16 A Face in the Cloud? - Identifying Moral Issues and Constraints in Cloud-Based Image Storage -- I. Digitization in Economic Transactions -- II. 'Servitization' and Cloud-Based Image Storage -- III. Seeking Moral and Practical Continuity -- IV. Moral Constraints on Cloud-Based Image Storage -- 1. Accumulating -- 2. Accessing -- 3. Curating -- 4. Deleting -- V. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 17 The Deontic Power of the Internet - Access Controls and the Obsolescence of Legal Norms -- I. What It's All About and what Consequences Does it Entail? -- II. Voluntary Application of Technical Measures Restricting Legal Freedoms Supported by Anti-Circumvention Legislation -- 1. From public goods to technical protection measures -- 2. Technical protection measures and copyright exceptions and limitations -- a) Legislative solutions -- b) Reactions of the courts -- c) Additional issues described in legal literature -- 3. Some thoughts for discussion -- a) Is there really a problem? -- b) Advantages of technological restrictions -- III. Mandatory Decision-Making Power by Private Parties -- 1. Case scenarios -- 2. Structural issues -- 3. Ethical considerations -- IV. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 18 Algorithmic Censorship of Online Visual Content - Ethical, Political, and Economic Rationales -- I. Introduction -- II. Censorship -- III. Reasons for Censorship -- IV. Algorithmic Judgment and the Pragmatics of Pictorial Speech Acts -- References -- Chapter 19 The Issue of the Image of Algorithms -- I. The Need for Regulating Algorithms -- 1. Fear of algorithms and technology -- 2. Improvements through regulation -- 3. Present impact of algorithms. , II. Some Remarks Concerning Terminology.
    Additional Edition: Print version: Dreier, Thomas Digital Ethics Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft,c2022 ISBN 9783848788415
    Language: English
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