In:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 120, No. 39 ( 2023-09-26)
Kurzfassung:
Advancing new ideas of rechargeable batteries represents an important path to meeting the ever-increasing energy storage needs. Recently, we showed rechargeable sodium/chlorine (Na/Cl 2 ) (or lithium/chlorine Li/Cl 2 ) batteries that used a Na (or Li) metal negative electrode, a microporous amorphous carbon nanosphere (aCNS) positive electrode, and an electrolyte containing dissolved aluminum chloride and fluoride additives in thionyl chloride [G. Zhu et al. , Nature 596 , 525–530 (2021) and G. Zhu et al. , J. Am. Chem. Soc. 144 , 22505–22513 (2022)]. The main battery redox reaction involved conversion between NaCl and Cl 2 trapped in the carbon positive electrode, delivering a cyclable capacity of up to 1,200 mAh g −1 (based on positive electrode mass) at a ~3.5 V discharge voltage [G. Zhu et al. , Nature 596 , 525–530 (2021) and G. Zhu et al. , J. Am. Chem. Soc. 144 , 22505–22513 (2022)]. Here, we identified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) that upon charging a Na/Cl 2 battery, chlorination of carbon in the positive electrode occurred to form carbon-chlorine (C-Cl) accompanied by molecular Cl 2 infiltrating the porous aCNS, consistent with Cl 2 probed by mass spectrometry. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction observed the development of graphitic ordering in the initially amorphous aCNS under battery charging when the carbon matrix was oxidized/chlorinated and infiltrated with Cl 2 . The C-Cl, Cl 2 species and graphitic ordering were reversible upon discharge, accompanied by NaCl formation. The results revealed redox conversion between NaCl and Cl 2 , reversible graphitic ordering/amorphourization of carbon through battery charge/discharge, and probed trapped Cl 2 in porous carbon by XPS.
Materialart:
Online-Ressource
ISSN:
0027-8424
,
1091-6490
DOI:
10.1073/pnas.2310903120
Sprache:
Englisch
Verlag:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publikationsdatum:
2023
ZDB Id:
209104-5
ZDB Id:
1461794-8
SSG:
11
SSG:
12
