In:
Current Medicinal Chemistry, Bentham Science Publishers Ltd., Vol. 29, No. 1 ( 2022-01), p. 99-113
Abstract:
The essential amino acid tryptophan (Trp) undergoes catabolism through several
pathways, producing biologically active metabolites that significantly impact physiological processes. The metabolic pathway responsible for the majority of Trp catabolism
is the kynurenine synthesis pathway (KP). Serotonin and melatonin are among the most essential Trp pathways degradation products. It has emerged that a strong relationship exists
between alterations in Trp metabolism and the onset and progression of atherosclerosis and diabetes.
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the small and medium arteries wall caused by maladaptive local immune responses, which underpins several cardiovascular
diseases (CVD). Systemic low-grade immune-mediated inflammation is implicated in atherosclerosis where pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interferon-γ (IFN-γ), play a
significant role. IFN-γ upregulates the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), decreasing serum levels of the Trp and increasing metabolite levels of kynurenine. Increased
IDO expression and activity could accelerate the atherosclerosis process. Therefore, activated IDO inhibition could offer possible treatment options regarding atherosclerosis
management. Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia that, over time, leads to severe damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, and peripheral
nerves. Trp serum levels and lower activity of IDO were higher in future type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients. This article reviews recent findings on the link between mammalian
Trp metabolism and its role in atherosclerosis and diabetes and outlines the intervention strategies.
Type of Medium:
Online Resource
ISSN:
0929-8673
DOI:
10.2174/0929867328666210714153649
Language:
English
Publisher:
Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
Publication Date:
2022
SSG:
15,3
