Kooperativer Bibliotheksverbund

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Umfang: 1 online resource (661 pages)

ISBN: 9780128038413 , 0128038411

Anmerkung: Front Cover -- Oil and Gas Pipelines and Piping Systems -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Biography -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Transportation Pipelines -- 1.1 Fluid Categories -- 1.2 Design -- 1.2.1 Operational Requirements -- 1.2.2 Economic Considerations (Optimization) -- 1.2.3 Hydraulic Design -- 1.2.4 Velocity Limitations -- 1.2.5 Pressure Drop Calculations -- 1.2.5.1 Pressure Drop in Crude Oil Pipelines -- 1.2.5.2 Pressure Drop in Refinery Products Pipelines -- 1.2.5.3 Pressure Drop in NGL Pipelines -- 1.2.5.4 Pressure Drop in Natural Gas Pipelines -- 1.3 Mechanical Design -- 1.3.1 Application of Codes (Category B Fluids) -- 1.3.2 Application of Codes (Category C and D Fluids) -- 1.3.3 Pigging Requirements -- 1.3.4 Block Valves -- 1.3.5 Thermal Relief Valves -- 1.3.6 Vents and Drains -- 1.3.7 Valves and Flanges -- 1.3.8 Double Block and Bleed System -- 1.3.9 Emergency Depressurization Facilities -- 1.3.10 Overpressure Protection System -- 1.3.11 Pipeline Stability -- 1.4 Pipeline Wall Thickness Calculating Basis -- 1.4.1 Minimum Wall Thickness -- 1.4.2 Design Factors (for Hoop Stress Limitation) -- 1.4.3 Strain-Based Design for Hot Products Pipelines -- 1.4.4 Derating Factors -- 1.5 Materials -- 1.5.1 Material Procurement -- 1.5.2 Line Pipe Materials -- 1.5.3 Valves -- 1.5.4 Branch Connections, Fittings, Etc. -- 1.6 Pipeline Route Selection -- 1.6.1 Route and Soil Surveys -- 1.6.2 Proximity to Occupied Buildings -- 1.6.3 Proximity to Other Facilities -- 1.6.4 Right-of-Way -- 1.6.4.1 Right-of-Way Width -- 1.6.4.2 Other Considerations -- 1.7 Pipeline Protection and Marking -- 1.7.1 Burial Philosophy -- 1.7.2 Trench Dimensions -- 1.7.3 Thermal Expansion and Other Forces -- 1.7.4 Nonburied Pipelines -- 1.7.5 Corrosion Protection -- 1.7.6 Pipeline Markers -- 1.8 Crossings -- 1.8.1 River Crossings. , 1.8.2 Road and Railway Crossings -- 1.8.3 Crossing Other Pipelines -- 1.8.4 Crossing Land Faults -- 1.8.4.1 Land Slides -- 1.9 Records -- APPENDIX -- Service Pipeline co. Formula -- Shell/MIT Formula -- Simplified Darcy Equation -- T.R. Aude and Hazen-William's Formulas -- Moody Friction Factor Chart -- 2 Construction Guidelines for Onshore Transportation Pipelines Applications -- 2.1 Material Handling -- 2.1.1 Storing Materials -- 2.1.2 Loading and Unloading Pipes -- 2.1.3 Stockpiling of Pipes -- 2.1.4 Transportation of Pipes -- 2.1.5 Hauling of Coating Materials -- 2.1.6 Damaged Pipes -- 2.1.7 Final Storage -- 2.2 Right-of-Way -- 2.2.1 Route -- 2.2.2 Drainage and Temporary Staking -- 2.2.3 Clearing and Grading -- 2.2.4 Clearing -- 2.2.5 Grading -- 2.2.6 Access/Service Roads -- 2.2.7 Access and Service Roads (Permanent) -- 2.2.8 Permits and Authorization -- 2.2.9 Care of Services and Properties -- 2.3 Ditching -- 2.3.1 Method of Ditching and Padding of Trench Bed -- 2.3.2 Setting Stakes -- 2.3.3 Care of Services -- 2.3.4 Rock Trench and Padding -- 2.3.5 Ditch Dimensions -- 2.3.6 Bell Holes for Tie-Ins -- 2.3.7 Damages and Claims -- 2.4 Supply, Storing, Handling, and Use of Explosive Materials -- 2.4.1 Supply, Handling, and Storage of Explosive Materials -- 2.4.2 Engineer's Approval Prior to the Use of Explosives -- 2.4.3 Blasting Operations -- 2.4.4 Care of Life, Services, and Property -- 2.4.5 Care for Loss of Explosive and Its Dispositions -- 2.5 Stringing -- 2.5.1 Dimensions to Be Observed -- 2.5.2 Percentage of Pipe Allowed for Rejection -- 2.5.3 Care for Services -- 2.6 Preparation of Pipes -- 2.6.1 Care of Line Pipe -- 2.6.2 Checking Pipe Condition -- 2.6.3 Swabbing of Pipes -- 2.6.4 Cleaning Pipe Ends -- 2.6.5 Cutting and Beveling -- 2.6.6 Repair Work on Line Pipe -- 2.7 Change of Direction -- 2.7.1 Minimum Bend Radius to Be Observed. , 2.7.2 Limit of Thinning and Deformation -- 2.8 Welding and Laying of Pipe -- 2.8.1 Welding of Pipe at Double Jointing Yard -- 2.8.2 Capping Pipe Ends -- 2.8.3 Laying Operation -- 2.8.3.1 Verification of Trench Conditions Before Laying Pipe -- 2.8.4 Laying Pipe Into Trench -- 2.8.5 Laying Pipe in Exposed Sections -- 2.8.6 Laying Pipe in Casing Sections -- 2.8.7 Lowering Bend Sections -- 2.9 Backfilling -- 2.9.1 Initial Backfilling (With Soft Materials) -- 2.9.2 Normal Backfilling -- 2.9.3 Backfilling in Special Locations -- 2.9.3.1 Backfilling in Areas Subject to Erosion -- 2.9.3.2 Backfilling at Road Crossings -- 2.9.3.3 Use of Stoppage and Drainage Ditch -- 2.9.3.4 Backfilling in Irrigated Areas -- 2.10 Crossings -- 2.10.1 Overhead Structures Crossings -- 2.10.2 Road Crossings Without Casings -- 2.10.3 Major River and Lake Crossings -- 2.10.4 Waterway Crossings -- 2.10.5 Qanat Crossings -- 2.10.6 Land Drains -- 2.10.7 Crossing of Existing Buried Installations -- 2.10.8 Bridge Attachments -- 2.10.9 Other Crossings -- 2.11 Casing Installations -- 2.11.1 Permits and Authorizations -- 2.11.2 Methods of Casing Installation -- 2.11.3 Inspection of Casing Pipe -- 2.11.4 Backfilling and Tampting -- 2.11.5 Safety of Traffic and Pipeline -- 2.12 Prefabricated Assemblies -- 2.12.1 Checks -- 2.12.2 Installations -- 2.12.3 Coating and Painting -- 2.13 Cleanup Operation -- 2.13.1 Stages of Cleanup and Restoration Activities -- 2.13.2 Surplus, Defective, and Waste Materials -- 2.13.3 Restorations of Public and Private Facilities -- 2.13.4 Activities in Cleanup Operations -- 2.14 Records and As-Built Survey -- 2.14.1 As-Built Survey -- 2.14.2 Detail Information -- 2.14.3 Topographical Feature Survey -- 2.14.4 Survey Procedure -- 2.15 Above-Ground Pipelines -- 3 Welding of Transportation Pipeline -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Materials -- 3.2.1 Filler Metal. , 3.2.1.1 Type and Size -- 3.2.1.2 Storage and Handling of Filler Metals and Fluxes -- 3.2.2 Shielding Gases -- 3.2.2.1 Types -- 3.2.2.2 Storage and Handling -- 3.3 Qualification of Welding Procedures for Welds Containing Filler Metal Additives -- 3.3.1 Procedure Qualification -- 3.3.2 Record -- 3.3.3 Procedure Specification -- 3.3.3.1 Pipe and Fitting Materials -- 3.3.3.2 Diameters and Wall Thicknesses -- 3.3.3.3 Joint Design -- 3.3.3.4 Filler Metal and Number of Beads -- 3.3.3.5 Electrical Characteristics -- 3.3.3.6 Time Between Passes -- 3.3.3.7 Cleaning and/or Grinding -- 3.3.3.8 Pre- and Postheat Treatment -- 3.3.3.9 Shielding Flux -- 3.3.3.10 Speed of Travel -- 3.3.3.11 Heat Input Range -- 3.3.3.12 Number of Welders -- 3.3.3.13 Partially Complete Joint -- 3.3.3.14 Removal of Line-Up Clamp -- 3.4 Essential Variables -- 3.4.1 Changes Requiring Requalification -- 3.4.1.1 Base Material -- 3.4.1.2 Joint Design -- 3.4.1.3 Pipe Diameter and Wall Thickness -- 3.4.1.4 Filler Metal -- 3.4.1.5 Shielding Gas and Flow Rate -- 3.4.1.6 Shielding Flux -- 3.4.1.7 Speed of Travel -- 3.4.1.8 Preheat and Interpass Temperature -- 3.4.1.9 Welding Current or Heat Input -- 3.4.1.10 Number and Sequence of Weld Beads -- 3.4.1.11 Number of Welders -- 3.4.1.12 Type and Removal of Line-Up Clamp -- 3.5 Testing of Welded Joints-Butt Welds -- 3.5.1 Preparation -- 3.5.1.1 Nondestructive Testing of Test Welds -- 3.5.1.2 Destructive Testing of Test Welds -- 3.5.2 Macroscopic Examination and Hardness Tests -- 3.5.2.1 Preparation -- 3.5.2.2 Method -- 3.5.2.3 Requirements -- 3.5.3 Charpy V-Notch Impact Testing -- 3.5.3.1 Preparation -- 3.5.4 Retests -- 3.5.4.1 Tensile Test and Bend Test Specimens -- 3.5.4.2 Impact Test Specimens -- 3.5.5 New Procedure Requirement -- 3.6 Testing of Welded Joints-Fillet Welds -- 3.6.1 Macroscopic Examination and Hardness Tests. , 3.7 Qualification of Welders -- 3.7.1 Single Qualification -- 3.7.2 Records and Welder Identifìcation System -- 3.8 Production Welding -- 3.8.1 Alignment -- 3.8.2 Use of Line-Up Clamp for Butt Welds -- 3.8.3 Field Bevel -- 3.8.4 Cleaning Between Beads -- 3.8.5 Roll Welding -- 3.8.5.1 Alignment -- 3.8.5.2 Identification of Welds -- 3.8.6 Preheating and Interpass Temperature Control and Measurement -- 3.8.6.1 Temperature Requirements -- 3.8.6.2 Tackwelding -- 3.8.7 Postweld Heat Treatment (Stress Relieving) -- 3.8.8 Separation of Girth Welds -- 3.8.9 Control of Welding Consumables During Production Welding -- 3.8.10 Weld Interruption -- 3.8.11 Weld Finishing -- 3.8.12 Surface Finishing -- 3.9 Inspection and Testing of Production Welds -- 3.9.1 Methods of Inspection -- 3.9.2 Radiographic Examination -- 3.9.3 Ultrasonic Examination -- 3.9.4 Sectioning of Welds -- 3.9.5 Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel -- 3.9.5.1 Procedures -- 3.10 Extent of Inspection and Testing -- 3.10.1 Prewelding Inspection -- 3.10.2 Inspection During Welding -- 3.10.3 Inspection After Welding -- 3.11 Acceptance Standards for Nondestructive Testing -- 3.11.1 Radiographic Testing -- 3.11.1.1 Inadequate Penetration Without High-Low -- 3.11.1.2 Inadequate Penetration Due to High-Low -- 3.11.1.3 Incomplete Fusion -- 3.11.1.4 Incomplete Fusion Due to Cold Lap (IFD) -- 3.11.1.5 Burn Through and Excessive Penetration -- 3.11.1.6 Cracks -- 3.11.1.7 Accumulation of Imperfections -- 3.11.2 Magnetic Particle Testing -- 3.11.3 Ultrasonic Testing -- 3.11.4 Ndt Evaluation Report -- 3.11.5 Welder Performance Records -- 3.11.6 Assessment of Radiograph Indications in the Pipe Material Adjacent to Welds Being Inspected -- 3.12 Repair and Removal of Defects -- 3.12.1 Cracks -- 3.12.2 Defects Other Than Cracks -- 3.12.3 Repair Procedure. , 3.12.3.1 Repair Procedure for Subsurface and Root Defects Other Than Cracks.

Weitere Ausg.: ISBN 9780128037775

Weitere Ausg.: ISBN 0128037776

Sprache: Englisch