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Umfang: 1 online resource (872 pages) : , illustrations, tables

ISBN: 0-12-801442-3

Anmerkung: Front Cover -- Materials Under Extreme Conditions -- Materials Under Extreme Conditions: Recent Trends and Future ProspectsEdited ByA.K. TyagiS. BanerjeeBhabha Atomic Research Ce ... -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- About the Editors -- Preface -- 1 - MATERIAL STUDIES AT HIGH PRESSURE -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL METHODS TO STUDY MATERIALS AT HIGH PRESSURE -- 2.1 DIAMOND ANVIL CELLS -- 2.2 PREPARATION OF DIAMOND ANVIL CELLS FOR EXPERIMENTS -- 3. DIAGNOSTICS -- 3.1 HIGH-PRESSURE DIFFRACTION -- 3.2 HYDROSTATIC AND NONHYDROSTATIC STRESSES AND RADIAL X-RAY DIFFRACTION -- 3.3 HIGH-PRESSURE SPECTROSCOPY AND INELASTIC SCATTERING -- 3.4 HIGH-PRESSURE TRANSPORT PROPERTY MEASUREMENTS -- 3.5 HIGH-PRESSURE 3D TOMOGRAPHY -- 4. SOME CASE STUDIES -- 4.1 MECHANISM OF PHASE TRANSITIONS UNDER HIGH PRESSURE -- 4.1.1 Nanozircon-Structured Chromates -- 4.1.2 Alpha Cristobalite -- 4.1.3 Scandium Tungstate -- 4.2 PRESSURE-INDUCED AMORPHIZATION -- 4.2.1 Berlinite -- 4.2.2 Silicon -- 4.2.3 Yttrium Chromate and Holomium Chromate -- 4.2.4 Reduced Graphene Oxide -- 4.3 NEGATIVE THERMAL EXPANSION AND AMORPHIZATION -- 4.3.1 Scandium Tungstate -- 4.3.2 Ag3[Co(CN)6] -- 4.3.3 Zn(CN)2 -- 4.4 RECRYSTALLIZATION OF AMORPHOUS PHASE -- 4.4.1 Silicon -- 4.5 AMORPHOUS TO AMORPHOUS PHASE TRANSITION -- 4.5.1 Silicon -- 4.5.2 GeO2 -- 4.6 DISSOCIATION UNDER PRESSURE -- 4.6.1 Lanthanum Hafnate -- 4.7 MOLECULAR SOLIDS -- 5. FUTURE PROSPECTS -- Acknowledgments -- REFERENCES -- 2 - MATERIALS UNDER SHOCK WAVES -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. DYNAMIC COMPRESSION PROCESS -- 2.1 INTERACTIONS OF WAVES -- 2.2 GENERATION OF SHOCK WAVES -- 2.3 NEGATIVE PRESSURE AND SPALLING -- 3. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES -- 3.1 GAS GUN -- 3.2 PROPELLANT GUN -- 3.3 ELECTRIC GUN -- 3.4 PARTICLE VELOCITY MEASUREMENT -- 3.4.1 Velocity Interferometer System for Any Reflector (VISAR). , 3.4.2 Fabry-Pérot Velocimeter -- 4. CASE STUDIES -- 4.1 HIGH STRAIN RATE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF AL ALLOYS, AL2014-T4 AND AL2024-T4 -- 4.2 SHOCK WAVE-INDUCED OMEGA PHASE FORMATION IN ZR AND ZR-NB ALLOYS -- 5. THEORETICAL METHODS -- 5.1 CALCULATION OF EQUATION OF STATE -- 5.1.1 Calculation of Isotherm and Isentrope -- 5.1.2 Calculation of Hugoniot -- 5.2 PHASE TRANSITIONS -- 6. THEORETICAL STUDIES -- 6.1 THEORETICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON CARBIDES OF URANIUM AND THORIUM -- 6.1.1 Phase Transition in UC -- 6.1.2 Phase Transitions in ThC -- 6.2 SHOCK HUGONIOT AND DYNAMIC STABILITY OF BI IN BCC PHASE -- 7. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- 3 - MATERIALS FOR HOSTILE CORROSIVE ENVIRONMENTS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CORROSION BY LIQUID SODIUM -- 2.1 MECHANISMS OF SODIUM CORROSION -- 2.2 ROLE OF IMPURITIES IN SODIUM CORROSION -- 2.3 FACTORS INFLUENCING SODIUM CORROSION -- 2.4 MATERIAL TESTING AND EVALUATION IN MOLTEN SODIUM -- 3. MATERIALS FOR THE HOSTILE CORROSIVE ENVIRONMENTS IN STEAM WATER ENVIRONMENTS OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS -- 3.1 MATERIAL SELECTION FOR STEAM WATER ENVIRONMENTS IN NPPS -- 3.2 STEAM GENERATOR CORROSION PROBLEMS -- 3.3 EQUIPMENT FAILURES IN STEAM GENERATORS -- 3.4 CHEMISTRY CONTROL OF A STEAM/WATER CIRCUIT -- 3.5 MATERIALS FOR STEAM WATER ENVIRONMENTS IN FBRS -- 3.5.1 Choice for Steam Generator Material -- 3.5.2 Candidate Materials for Fast Reactor SG -- 3.5.3 Testing the Material for Fast Reactor SG -- 3.5.4 Unresolved Concerns -- 4. MATERIALS IN SEAWATER ENVIRONMENTS -- 4.1 EXTREME CONDITIONS OF SEAWATER -- 4.2 CORROSION ISSUES OF METALLIC MATERIALS IN SEAWATER -- 4.3 CORROSION ISSUES OF CONCRETE MATERIALS IN SEAWATER -- 4.4 MICROBIOLOGICALLY INFLUENCED CORROSION OF MATERIALS IN SEAWATER ENVIRONMENTS -- 4.5 CORROSION MONITORING OF MATERIALS IN SEAWATER ENVIRONMENTS -- 4.6 CORROSION PROTECTION METHODS OF MATERIALS IN SEAWATER. , 5. CORROSION ISSUES OF MATERIALS FOR NITRIC ACID CORROSIVE ENVIRONMENTS -- 5.1 STAINLESS STEELS FOR NITRIC ACID APPLICATION -- 5.1.1 Corrosion Evaluation of SS for Nitric Acid Service -- 5.2 TITANIUM AND ITS ALLOYS FOR NITRIC ACID SERVICE -- 5.3 CORROSION OF ZIRCONIUM AND ITS ALLOYS FOR NITRIC ACID SERVICE -- 6. PYROCHEMICAL REPROCESSING OF SPENT METALLIC FUEL AND DURABILITY OF MATERIALS IN MOLTEN SALT AND URANIUM ENVIRONMENTS -- 6.1 CORROSION OF MATERIALS IN MOLTEN LICL-KCL SALT MEDIUM -- 6.2 DEVELOPMENT OF CORROSION-RESISTANT MATERIALS AND COATINGS FOR MOLTEN LICL-KCL SALT MEDIUM -- 6.3 MOLTEN URANIUM MEDIUM -- 7. CONCLUSIONS -- Acknowledgments -- REFERENCES -- 4 - MATERIALS FOR HOSTILE CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENTS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. DIFFERENT TYPES OF HOSTILE ENVIRONMENTS -- 3. ACID-RESISTANT MATERIALS -- 4. ALKALI-RESISTANT MATERIALS -- 5. MATERIALS RESISTANT TO CORROSIVE GASES (H2S, SOX, NOX, ETC.) -- 6. METHODS TO MONITOR SURFACE MODIFICATIONS OCCURRING WITH MATERIALS DUE TO HOSTILE ENVIRONMENTS -- 6.1 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC TECHNIQUE -- 6.2 ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPIC TECHNIQUE -- 7. STAINLESS STEEL IN HOSTILE CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENTS -- 8. DIFFERENT TYPES OF STEELS -- 9. CLASSIFICATION OF STEEL FOR ENGINEERING USES -- 10. SURFACE ROUGHNESS -- 11. REFRACTORY MATERIALS -- 12. REACTION OF REFRACTORY MATERIALS WITH SLAG -- 13. POZZOLANS -- 14. TUNGSTEN CARBIDE -- 15. SILICON CARBIDE -- 16. BORON NITRIDE -- 17. GALLIUM NITRIDE -- 18. BOROSILICATE GLASS -- 19. DIAMOND-BASED MATERIALS -- 20. RESINS AND POLYMERS FOR HOSTILE CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENTS -- 21. ACRYLIC RESINS -- 22. EPOXY RESINS -- 23. SILICONE RESINS -- 24. BUNA N -- 25. ETHYLENE PROPYLENEDIENE MONOMER RUBBER -- 26. FLUOROCARBON ELASTOMERS -- 27. STYRENE-BUTADIENE-BASED POLYMERS -- 28. PLASTICS THAT CAN SURVIVE HOSTILE ENVIRONMENTS. , 29. DESIGNING FIBERS OF POLYMERS WITH RESISTANCE TO HOSTILE CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENTS -- 30. CHLORINE AND FLUORINATED POLYMERS -- 31. FLUORINATED POLYMERS OR FIBERS -- 31.1 TEFLON -- 31.2 FLUORINATED ETHYLENE PROPYLENE (FEP) -- 32. CHEMICALLY RESISTANT FIBERS BASED ON AROMATIC RING-CONTAINING POLYMERS -- 32.1 POLYPHENYLENE SULFIDES -- 32.2 POLYPHENYLENE OXIDE -- 32.3 POLYETHER ETHER KETONES -- 32.4 POLY (ETHER IMIDE) FIBERS -- 33. COMPOSITE MATERIALS -- 33.1 TEREPHTHALIC RESINS AS STORAGE TANK MATERIALS -- 33.2 CORROSION OR DEGRADATION OF PET -- 33.3 MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTING PICKLING AND GALVANIZING TANKS -- 33.4 AROMATIC POLYAMIDES (ARAMIDS) -- 34. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 5 - HIGH PERFORMANCE POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES FOR STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. NANOFILLERS -- 2.1 CARBON NANOTUBES -- 2.2 GRAPHENE -- 2.3 INORGANIC FILLERS -- 2.4 NATURAL FILLERS -- 3. POLYMERS -- 3.1 ELASTOMERS -- 3.2 THERMOPLASTICS -- 3.3 THERMOSETS -- 4. PREPARATION OF POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES -- 4.1 SOLVENT MIXING -- 4.2 EMULSION (LATEX) MIXING -- 4.3 MELT MIXING -- 4.4 IN SITU POLYMERIZATION -- 4.5 IN SITU NANOPARTICLE SYNTHESIS -- 4.6 EXFOLIATION -- 5. CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOCOMPOSITES -- 5.1 MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION -- 5.2 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES -- 6. TAILORING MORPHOLOGY AND INTERFACE OF POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES -- 6.1 INTERFACE MODIFICATION -- 6.2 CNT MODIFICATION -- 6.3 NONCOVALENT FUNCTIONALIZATION -- 6.4 COVALENT FUNCTIONALIZATION -- 6.5 GRAPHENE MODIFICATION -- 6.6 INORGANIC/METALLIC NANOPARTICLE MODIFICATION -- 6.7 NATURAL FILLERS -- 7. HIGH-MODULUS POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES: RECENT DEVELOPMENTS -- 7.1 NANOCARBON/POLYMER COMPOSITES -- 7.1.1 Elastomeric Composites -- 7.1.2 Thermoplastic Composites -- 7.1.3 Thermosetting Composites -- 7.1.4 Inorganic Filler, Natural Fiber and Other Polymer Nanocomposites. , 7.2 SYNERGISTIC INTERACTIONS IN HYBRID FILLERS -- 8. CONCLUSIONS -- LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 6 - GLASSES AND GLASS-CERAMICS FOR VACUUM AND HIGH-TEMPERATURE APPLICATIONS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. GLASS AND GLASS-CERAMICS AND RELATED PROPERTIES -- 2.1 GLASSES -- 2.1.1 The Glass Transition Enigma -- 2.1.2 Crystallization of Glasses and the Time-Temperature-Transformation Diagram -- 2.2 GLASS-CERAMICS -- 2.2.1 Nucleation -- 2.2.1.1 Homogeneous Nucleation -- 2.2.1.2 Heterogeneous Nucleation -- 2.2.2 Crystal Growth -- 2.3 METHODS OF GLASS AND GLASS-CERAMIC FORMATION -- 3. WETTABILITY AND JOINING OF METALS USING GLASSES -- 3.1 THEORIES OF GLASS-TO-METAL BONDING -- 3.1.1 Mechanical Bonding -- 3.1.1.1 Dendrite Theory -- 3.1.1.2 Electrolytic Theory -- 3.1.2 Chemical Bonding -- 3.1.3 Adherence Promoters -- 4. TYPES OF SEALS AND THEIR CONFIGURATION -- 4.1 EXPANSION MATCHED SEALS -- 4.2 UNMATCHED SEALS -- 4.2.1 Compressive Seals -- 4.2.2 Housekeeper Seal -- 4.2.3 Graded Seals -- 5. SEALANTS FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE (SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELL SEALANTS) -- 6. PREPARATION OF GLASS-TO-METAL SEALS -- 6.1 PRETREATMENT OF METAL PARTS AND THEIR ASSEMBLY -- 6.2 QUALIFICATION OF SEALS -- 6.2.1 Qualification of Seals for Hermeticity -- 6.2.1.1 Low-Pressure Testing -- 6.2.1.2 Pressure Testing -- 6.2.1.2.1 Conventional Method -- 6.2.1.2.2 Differential Pressure Measurement System -- 6.2.2 Strength and Mechanical Properties of Glass-to-Metal Seals -- 7. MACHINABLE GLASS-CERAMICS -- 8. FUTURE PERSPECTIVES -- REFERENCES -- 7 - NATURAL GLASSES UNDER EXTREME CONDITIONS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. GLASS -- 3. NATURAL GLASSES OF VOLCANIC ORIGIN -- 4. NATURAL GLASSES OF NONVOLCANIC ORIGIN -- 4.1 ORIGIN: METEORITIC IMPACT -- 4.2 ORIGIN: SEISMIC EVENTS -- 4.3 ORIGIN: NUCLEAR EXPLOSION -- 4.4 ORIGIN: LIGHTNING -- 4.5 ORIGIN: RADIATION DAMAGE -- 5. LEACHING OF GLASS. , 5.1 LEACHING MECHANISMS OF GLASSES.

Weitere Ausg.: ISBN 0-12-801300-1

Sprache: Englisch