Kooperativer Bibliotheksverbund

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Umfang: 1 online resource (154 pages) : , illustrations (some color), charts

ISBN: 0-12-817298-3

Anmerkung: Front Cover -- Hybrid Enhanced Oil Recovery using Smart Waterflooding -- Hybrid Enhanced Oil Recovery using Smart Waterflooding -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 - History of Low-Salinity and Smart Waterflood -- LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS -- Sandstone -- Carbonate Rocks -- FIELD APPLICATIONS -- Sandstone -- Carbonate Rocks -- REFERENCES -- 2 - Mechanisms of Low-Salinity and Smart Waterflood -- MECHANISMS IN SANDSTONE RESERVOIRS -- Fines Migration -- In Situ Generation of Surfactant -- Multicomponent Ionic Exchange -- Salting-In Effect -- Electrical Double Layer Expansion -- pH Increase -- MECHANISMS IN CARBONATE RESERVOIRS -- Potential-Determining Ions -- Mineral Dissolution -- Surface Charge -- Adhesion Energy of Crude Oil/Brine/Rock -- COMPARISON OF LSWF BETWEEN SANDSTONE AND CARBONATE RESERVOIRS -- Conditions in Sandstone -- Conditions in Carbonate Rocks -- REFERENCES -- 3 - Modeling of Low-Salinity and Smart Waterflood -- GEOCHEMISTRY -- Equilibrium Thermodynamics -- Equilibrium constant -- Acitivity -- Basic Reactions of Geochemistry -- Aqueous reactions -- Mineral reactions -- Ion exchange -- Surface complexations -- EMPIRICAL MODELING WITHOUT GEOCHEMISTRY -- MECHANISTIC MODELING WITH GEOCHEMISTRY -- FIELD-SCALED MODELING -- REFERENCES -- 4 - Hybrid Chemical EOR Using Low-Salinity and Smart Waterflood -- POLYMER FLOOD/GEL TREATMENT -- Backgrounds of Polymer Flood/Gel Treatment -- Polymer viscosity -- Salinity, hardness, pH, temperature, oxidation reduction, and ironic ions -- Shear rate -- Retention -- Permeability reduction -- Low Salinity-Augmented Polymer Flood/Gel Treatment -- Experiments: polymer flood -- Experiments: Gel treatment -- Numerical simulations: polymer flood -- SURFACTANT FLOOD -- Backgrounds of Surfactant Flood -- Hydrophile-lipophile balance -- Critical micelle concentration, Krafft temperature, and cloud point. , Phase behavior of microemulsion -- Retention -- Mechanisms of surfactant EOR process -- Optimum salinity gradient -- Low Salinity-Augmented Surfactant Flood -- Experiment -- Numerical simulations -- ALKALINE FLOOD -- Backgrounds of Alkaline Flood -- Low Salinity-augmented Alkaline Flood -- ALKALINE-SURFACTANT-POLYMER FLOOD -- REFERENCES -- 5 - Hybrid CO2 EOR Using Low-Salinity and Smart Waterflood -- MINIMUM MISCIBLE PRESSURE -- MISCIBLE/IMMISCIBLE PROCESSES -- DETERMINATION OF SOLVENT PHASE BEHAVIOR -- SOLUBILITY OF CO2 IN WATER -- EFFECT OF SALINITY ON THE SOLUBILITY IN WATER -- CO2 WATER-ALTERNATING GAS INJECTION -- EXPERIMENTS -- NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS -- CARBONATED WATER INJECTION -- REFERENCES -- 6 - Hybrid Thermal Recovery Using Low-Salinity and Smart Waterflood -- HYDRODYNAMIC PROPERTIES -- THERMAL AND THERMAL DYNAMIC PROPERTIES -- HEAT LOSS -- HOT WATER INJECTION -- Low Salinity-Augmented Hot Water Injection -- STEAM INJECTION -- REFERENCES -- Abbreviations -- Symbols -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- W -- X -- Z -- Back Cover.

Weitere Ausg.: ISBN 0-12-816776-9

Sprache: Englisch