Kooperativer Bibliotheksverbund

UID:

Format: 1 online resource

Edition: First edition.

ISBN: 1-5231-2723-6

Content: ""Plastics Injection Molding: Scientific Molding, Recommendations, and Best Practices" is a user-friendly reference book and training tool, with all the essentials to understand injection molding of plastics. It is a practical guide to refining and controlling the process, increasing robustness and consistency, increasing productivity and profitability, and reducing costs. This book contains structured information on process definitions and parameters, optimization methods, key points, interpretation of data sheets, among other useful recommendations regarding both technology and design. It also provides analysis of process deviation, defects, incidents, etc. as well as a section dedicated to material selection and comparison. Includes a bonus of downloadable Excel spreadsheets for application to scientific molding, process analysis, and optimization. This book is aimed at injection molding technicians, process engineers, quality engineers, mold designers, part designers, simulation engineers, team leaders, plant managers, and those responsible for purchasing plastic materials. Contents: -Plastics -Material Selection -Injection: Machines and Processes -Scientific Molding -Failure Analysis -Reference Material"--

Note: Intro -- Acknowledgments -- Preface -- About the Author -- Contents -- Part 1 Plastics -- 1 Polymers -- 1.1 Plastics -- 1.2 Molecular Bonds -- 1.3 Functionality -- 1.4 Polymerization -- 1.4.1 Polycondensation -- 1.4.2 Polyaddition -- 1.5 Determination of the Molecular Weight of Polymers -- 1.6 Thermoplastics -- 1.6.1 Classification of Thermoplastics -- 1.6.1.1 According to Their Molecular Structure: Morphology -- 1.6.1.2 According to Their Molecular Chain Form -- 1.6.1.3 According to the Position of Atoms in the Chain -- 1.7 Properties and Characteristics of Plastics -- 1.7.1 Thermal and Physical Behavior -- 1.7.1.1 Rheology -- 1.7.1.2 Elastic Deformation -- 1.7.1.3 Viscosity -- 1.7.1.4 Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) -- 1.7.1.5 Melting Temperature (Tm) -- 1.7.1.6 Thermoplastics Behavior -- 1.7.1.7 Changes of State in Amorphous Materials -- 1.7.1.8 Changes of State in Semi-crystalline Materials -- 1.7.1.9 Behavior under Load -- 1.8 A Brief History of Plastics -- 1.8.1 1900-1930 -- 1.8.2 1950s -- 1.8.3 1960s -- 2 Thermodynamic Behavior of Plastics: PVT Graphs -- 2.1 Thermodynamics -- 2.2 PVT Graphs -- 2.2.1 PVT Graphs Related to Amorphous and Crystalline Materials -- 2.2.1.1 Dosage Stage, Plastification, Melting -- 2.2.1.2 Injection Stage, Filling the Mold or Cavities -- 2.2.1.3 Hold Pressure Stage -- 2.2.1.4 Cooling Stage -- 2.2.1.5 Influence of Injection Molding Parameters Reflected in PVT Graphs -- 2.2.1.6 Crystallization Stages -- 3 Burn Test -- 3.1 Identification of Various Types of Plastics -- 3.2 Recognition and Identification of Plastics by Burn Test -- 4 Water and Plastics, a Difficult Friendship -- 4.1 Exposure on Duty -- 4.2 Water and Polymer in Molten State -- 4.3 Water-Sensitive Plastics -- 5 Acronyms for Some Plastics, Reinforced Plastics, and Rubbers -- 6 General Features of Some of the Most Used Thermoplastics -- 6.1 Polyolefins. , 6.1.1 Polyethylene (PE) -- 6.1.1.1 High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) -- 6.1.1.2 Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) -- 6.1.1.3 Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) -- 6.1.1.4 Comparison of Different Structures of Polyethylenes -- 6.1.2 Polypropylene (PP) -- 6.1.2.1 PP Homopolymer Properties -- 6.1.2.2 PP Copolymers -- 6.1.3 Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) -- 6.1.4 Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol (EVOH) -- 6.2 Polyoxymethylene (POM) -- 6.3 Polystyrenes (PS) -- 6.3.1 PS General Purpose -- 6.3.2 Medium or High Impact PS (HIPS) -- 6.4 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) -- 6.5 Blend ABS-PC -- 6.6 Styrene Acrylonitrile (SAN) -- 6.7 Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylic Rubber (ASA) -- 6.8 Polyamides (PA) -- 6.9 Polyesters -- 6.9.1 Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT) -- 6.9.2 Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) -- 6.10 Polyphenylene Oxide (PPO) -- 6.11 Polycarbonate (PC) -- 6.12 Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) -- 6.13 Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP) -- 6.14 Elastomers -- 6.14.1 Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE-V) -- 6.14.2 Elastomer Thermoplastic Vulcanized (ETPV) -- 6.14.3 Thermoplastic Copolymer Elastomer Ether Ester (TPC ET) -- 6.14.4 Polyurethane (TPU) -- 6.14.4.1 Composition -- 6.15 Styrene Butadiene Copolymer (SBC) -- 6.16 Ionomer -- 6.17 Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS) -- 6.17.1 Properties -- 6.17.2 Features -- 6.18 Polysulfones -- 6.18.1 Polyphenyl Sulfone (PPSU) -- 6.18.2 Polyethersulfone (PESU) -- 6.18.3 Polysulfone (PSU) -- 7 Chemical Resistances -- 7.1 Chemical Substances -- 7.1.1 Ethers -- 7.1.2 Alkalis -- 7.1.3 Esters -- 7.1.4 Ketones -- 7.1.5 Aliphatic Compounds -- 7.1.6 Halogenated Hydrocarbons -- 7.1.7 Halogenated Compounds -- 7.1.8 Amines -- 7.1.9 Other Chemicals that May Attack Plastics -- 8 Additives -- 8.1 Stabilizers -- 8.2 Lubricants -- 8.3 Antioxidants -- 8.4 UV Protection -- 8.4.1 Absorbents -- 8.4.2 HALS -- 8.5 Plasticizers -- 8.6 Antistatic Compounds. , 8.7 Flame Retardants -- 8.7.1 Combustion Mechanism of a Plastic -- 8.7.1.1 Solid Phase -- 8.7.1.2 Gaseous Phase -- 8.7.2 Some Types of Flame Retardants -- 8.8 Halogen-Free Flame Retardants -- 8.8.1 Halogens -- 8.8.2 Usual Names for Halogen-Free Materials -- 8.8.3 Contribution of Halogens in Plastics -- 8.8.4 Need for Alternatives to Halogenated Materials -- 8.9 Foaming Agents -- 8.10 Hydrolysis Stabilizers -- 8.11 Slips and Antiblocking -- 8.11.1 Slips -- 8.11.2 Antiblocking -- 8.12 Nucleating Agents -- 8.13 Compatibility Agents -- 8.14 Impact Modifiers -- 8.15 Fillers and Reinforcements -- 8.16 Mineral Additives -- 8.17 Antifriction Lubricants -- 8.18 Dyes and Pigments -- 8.19 Masterbatch -- 8.20 Applications -- 8.20.1 Action Mode -- 8.20.2 Addition Mode -- 8.20.3 Some Products -- 9 Tests on Plastics -- 9.1 Mechanical Tests -- 9.1.1 Tensile Test ISO 527 1-2 -- 9.1.2 Flexural Test ISO 178 -- 9.1.3 Wear Resistance Test TABER ASTM D1044 -- 9.1.4 Hardness Tests -- 9.1.4.1 Ball Pressure Hardness Test ISO 2039-1 -- 9.1.4.2 Rockwell Hardness Test ISO 2039-2 -- 9.1.4.3 Shore A and Shore D Hardness Test ISO 868 -- 9.1.5 Impact Charpy Test ISO 179 IZOD, ISO 180 -- 9.1.5.1 Izod Test ISO 180 -- 9.1.5.2 Charpy Test ISO 179 -- 9.1.6 Scratch ASTM D3363 -- 9.1.7 Compression Set Test -- 9.2 Thermal Tests -- 9.2.1 Definitions -- 9.2.2 Vicat Test ISO 306 -- 9.2.3 HDT ISO 75 -- 9.2.4 Hot Ball Pressure Test -- 9.2.5 Relative Temperature Index (RTI) Test -- 9.2.6 Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion (CLTE) Test -- 9.2.7 Flammability Test UL94 -- 9.2.8 Limited Oxygen Index (LOI) Test ISO 4589 1.2 -- 9.2.9 Incandescent Glow Wire IEC 60695-2-13 and 2-12 -- 9.2.10 Glow Wire Ignition Test (GWIT) IEC 60695-2-13, 2-12 -- 9.2.11 Glow Wire Flammability Test (GWFT) IEC 60695-2-12 -- 9.2.12 Reaction to Fire: Classification -- 9.3 Electric Tests. , 9.3.1 Dielectric Strength ASTM D149 IEC 60243-1 -- 9.3.2 Dissipation Factor ASTM D150 IEC 60250 -- 9.3.3 Dielectric Constant ASTM D150 IEC 60250 -- 9.3.4 Comparative Tracking Index (CTI) IEC 60112 -- 9.3.5 Surface Resistivity (SR) ASTM D527 IEC 6009 3 -- 9.3.6 Volume Resistivity (VR) ASTM D527 IEC 6009 3 -- 9.4 Rheological Tests -- 9.4.1 Melt Flow Rate (MFR), MFI ISO 1133 -- 9.4.2 MVI and MVR -- 9.5 Weathering -- 9.5.1 XW Weather-Ometer -- 9.5.1.1 Accelerated Weathering -- 9.5.1.2 Tests in Natural Environments -- 9.5.2 Radiation -- 9.6 Stress in Transparent Materials -- 9.6.1 Residual Stress Measurement in Transparent Materials -- 9.6.2 Method -- 9.7 Colors: Lab System -- 9.8 Chemical Resistance and Stress Cracking -- 9.8.1 Electrical Properties -- 9.8.1.1 HWI: Hot Wire Ignition -- 9.8.1.2 HAI: High Ampere Arc Ignition -- 9.8.1.3 Time of Arc Resistance (TAR) ASTM D 495 -- 9.8.1.4 HVAR: High Voltage Arc Resistance to Ignition -- 9.8.1.5 HVTR: High Voltage Arc Tracking Rate -- 9.8.1.6 CTI: Comparative Tracking Index -- 9.8.1.7 RTI: Relative Temperature Index -- 10 Properties of Plastics: Understanding Technical Data Sheets -- 10.1 Density -- 10.2 Bulk Density -- 10.3 Flow Rates -- 10.3.1 Melt Volume Index (MVI) -- 10.3.2 Melt Flow Index (MFI) -- 10.4 Tensile Stress, Mechanical Resistance -- 10.5 Elastic Modulus and Tensile Modulus -- 10.6 Impact Resistance -- 10.7 Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion (CLTE) -- 10.8 Vicat Softening Temperature -- 10.9 Heat Deflection Temperature (HDT or HDTUL) -- 10.10 Thermal Conductivity -- 10.11 Hardness -- 10.12 Surface Resistivity -- 10.13 Heat Conductivity -- 10.14 Yellow Card -- Part 2 Material Selection -- 11 Material Selection Checklist -- 11.1 Technical Specifications -- 11.2 Target Factor Values -- 12 Material Selection -- Part 3 Injection: Machines and Processes -- 13 The Injection Molding Machine. , 13.1 Clamping Unit -- 13.1.1 Clamping Force -- 13.1.2 Clamping Unit Systems -- 13.1.2.1 Mechanical Toggle Clamping System -- 13.1.2.2 Hydraulic Piston Clamping System -- 13.1.2.3 Hydraulic Closure System for Large Tonnages -- 13.1.2.4 Servoelectric Clamping: Movements Made by Servomotors, Bearings, and High-Precision Screws -- 13.1.3 Theoretical Clamping Force Required -- 13.2 Injection Unit -- 13.2.1 Injection Unit Characteristics -- 13.2.1.1 L/D Ratio -- 13.2.1.2 Compression Ratio (K-Ratio) -- 13.2.1.3 Plasticizing Capacity -- 13.2.2 Screw -- 13.2.3 Barrels -- 13.2.4 Screw Mechanism -- 13.2.4.1 Screw Feeding Zone, Initial Zone -- 13.2.4.2 Compression Zone, Solids Conveying Zone -- 13.2.4.3 Nitrided Screw vs Bimetal Screw -- 13.2.5 Check Valve Non-Return Tip -- 13.2.6 Nozzle -- 13.3 Which is the Right Machine? -- 13.3.1 Factors to Consider for Choosing the Right Machine -- 13.3.2 Clamping Force -- 13.3.3 Residence Time of Material -- 13.3.4 Injection Unit Size -- 13.3.5 Screw -- 13.4 Hardening Treatments for Injection Unit -- 13.5 The Pressure Multiplier -- 14 Key Parameters for Setting the Injection Molding Process -- 14.1 Injection Speed -- 14.2 Ideal Filling Situation -- 14.2.1 Filling Speed Rate -- 14.2.1.1 Very High Speeds -- 14.2.1.2 Very Low Speeds -- 14.2.1.3 What Affects the Filling Speed? -- 14.3 Melt Temperature -- 14.4 Screw Peripheral Speed -- 14.5 Back Pressure -- 14.6 Injection Pressure -- 14.6.1 Holding Pressure Switching Systems -- 14.7 Holding Pressure -- 14.8 Holding Pressure Time -- 14.8.1 Cavity Pressure Drop -- 14.8.2 Injected Mass Weight Control -- 14.9 Mold Temperature -- 14.10 Dosage -- 14.11 Cushion -- 15 Correct and Optimized Methodology for the Process Start-up -- 15.1 Requirements: Information Required -- 15.1.1 Material -- 15.1.2 Part -- 15.1.3 Mold -- 15.1.4 Machine -- 15.2 Possible Previous Calculations. , 15.3 Injection Machines Tune-up.

Additional Edition: ISBN 1-56990-690-4

Additional Edition: ISBN 1-56990-689-0

Language: English