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  • 1
    UID:
    almahu_9949199393602882
    Format: XII, 216 p. , online resource.
    Edition: 1st ed. 1984.
    ISBN: 9783642455834
    Content: With very few exceptions, geodetic measurements use electro­ magnetic radiation in order to measure directions, distances, time delays, and Doppler frequency shifts, to name the main ter­ restrial and space observables. Depending on the wavelength of the radiation and the purpose of the measurements, the follow­ ing parameters of the electromagnetic wave are measured: ampli­ tude, phase, angle-of-arrival, polarisation and frequency. Ac­ curate corrections have to be applied to the measurements in order to take into account the effects of the intervening medium between transmitter and receiver. The known solutions use at­ mospheric models, special observation programs, remote sensing techniques and instrumental methods. It has been shown that the effects of the earth's atmospheric envelope present a fundamental limitation to the accuracy and precision of geodetic measurements. This applies equally to ter­ restrial and space applications. Instrumental accuracies are al­ ready below the atmospherically induced limitations, and thus the accuracy demands on the geodetic refraction solutions are entering a new magnitude zone. This monograph is primarily devoted to the properties of the at­ mospheric effects on various geodetic measurements and to their evaluation. Ten review papers cover the most pressing aspects of the atmospheric effects on geodetic measurement~. Ttiese state­ of-the art papers were written by eminent specialists in their respective research fields.
    Note: A. Overview of Geodetic Refraction Studies -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Challenge -- 3. Organisation -- References -- B. Two Wavelength Angular Refraction Measurement -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Theory of the Method -- 3. Instrumental Methods -- 4. Concluding Discussion -- Appendix: Notation -- References -- C. Effects of Atmospheric Turbulence on Geodetic Interference Measurements: Methods of its Reduction -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Signal-to-Noise Ratio -- 3. Angle-of-Arrival Fluctuation: Estimation of the Effect -- 4. Linear Interference Measurements: Fluctuation Effect and its Reduction -- Appendix: Notation -- References -- D. Multiple Wavelength Electromagnetic Distance Measurement -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Instrument Design - General Principles -- 3. Instrument Design - Engineering Tradeoffs -- 4. Proposed Instrument Design -- 5. Current Instrument -- References -- E. Water Vapor Radiometry in Geodetic Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Problem -- 3. Formulation of the Algorithm -- 4. Determination of "Constants" in the Algorithm -- 5. Instrumentation -- 6. Vapor Effects on Baseline Determination -- 7. Summary and Conclusions -- Appendix A: Notation -- References -- F. Temperature and Humidity Structure in the Lower Atmosphere -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Broad Considerations -- 3. The Atmospheric Surface Layer -- 4. The Atmospheric Boundary Layer -- 5. Surface Complexities -- Notation -- References -- G. Modelling of Atmospheric Effects on Terrestrial Geodetic Measurements -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Concept of Modelling -- 3. The Atmospheric Turbulence Model -- 4. Integral Models for r? -- 5. Model Evaluation -- 6. Conclusion -- Appendix A: Notation -- References -- H. Refraction in Geodetic Levelling -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Investigations of Refraction by Kukkamäki -- 3. General Equation for Levelling Refraction -- 4. Temperature Gradient in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer -- 5. The Holdahl Model for Levelling -- 6. National Geodetic Survey Tests -- 7. Investigations using Angus-Leppan Equations -- 8. Statistical Analysis -- 9. Systematic and Random Effects -- 10. Conclusions -- Appendix: Notation -- I. Atmospheric Refraction Effects in Time and Latitude Observations Using Classical Techniques -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Expressions for Astronomical Refraction -- 3. Refraction Problems in VZT, PZT and Astrolabe Observations -- 4. Actual Atmospheric Structure -- 5. Refraction Effects and Meteorological Improvements for Their Corrections -- 6. Concluding Remarks -- References -- J. The Equations of Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in a Refractive Medium Corotating with the Earth -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Variational Problem -- 3. The Variational Principle of the Wave Equations in an Electromagnetic Medium -- 4. A Discussion of the Wave Equation in an Earth-Fixed Frame -- Appendix A: Notation -- Appendix B: The Formal Structure of Electromagnetism -- References.
    In: Springer Nature eBook
    Additional Edition: Printed edition: ISBN 9783540138303
    Additional Edition: Printed edition: ISBN 9783642455841
    Language: English
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