Kooperativer Bibliotheksverbund

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Umfang: 1 online resource: , illustrations (some color)

Ausgabe: 2nd ed.

ISBN: 3-446-42882-8

Inhalt: Plastics failure, to a certain extent, is the result of a phenomenal increase in the number and variety of applications in relatively few years. The focus of this book is on actual field and product failures. The treatment is comprehensive, emphasizing cause and prevention.

Anmerkung: Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph , Intro -- Preface to Second Edition -- Acknowledgements -- First Edition -- Second Edition -- Contents -- 1 A Preliminary Look at the Nature, Causes, and Consequences of Plastics Failure -- 1.1  Introduction -- 1.2  Plastics -- 1.3  Polymers -- 1.4  Rubbers and Elastomers -- 1.5  Natural Polymers -- 1.6  Plastics in the Family of Materials -- 1.7  Common Features and Differences in Performance or Failure of all Materials -- 1.8  Unintentional Factors Affecting Failure -- 1.9  Types and Causes of Failure -- 1.9.1  When Failure is Not Really a Failure -- 1.10  The People Factor -- 1.11  The Consequences of Plastics Failure -- 1.12  Legal and Financial Aspects of Plastics Failure (see Chapter 9) [3, 34] -- 1.12.1  Lessons -- 1.13  References -- 1.14  Papers by Myer Ezrin and Coauthors on Plastics Failure Analysis, Plastics Analysis, and Related Subjects -- 1.14.1  Plastics Failure Analysis -- 1.14.2  Plastics Analysis -- 1.14.3  Electrical Insulation -- 1.14.4  Solar Panel Encapsulant Discoloration -- 1.14.5  Plastics Recycling -- 2 Fundamental Materials Variables Affecting Processing and Product Performance or Failure -- 2.1  The Overall Picture -- 2.2  Polymer Composition [1, 2, 3] -- 2.2.1  Major Categories of Plastics Composition -- 2.2.1.1  Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Plastics -- 2.2.1.2  Thermoplastic Elastomers [3, 7] -- 2.2.2  Types of Polymers -- 2.2.2.1  Addition Polymers Based on Vinyl Monomers -- 2.2.2.2  Thermal and Photolytic Stability of Vinyl Addition Polymers -- 2.2.2.3  Thermal Analysis in the Study of Polymer Degradation -- 2.2.2.4 Controlling Thermal Effects in Performance or Failure of Plastics -- 2.2.2.5  Elastomeric Addition Polymers Based on Diene Monomers -- 2.2.2.6  Condensation Polymers -- 2.2.2.7  Other Polymer Types [1, 2, 3] -- 2.2.2.8  Homopolymers, Copolymers, Terpolymers, and Blends. , 2.3  Composition-Intentional Additives -- 2.3.1  Types of Additives (Table 2.3 [9]) -- 2.3.2  Failure Effects of Intentional Additives -- 2.3.2.1  Plasticizers -- 2.3.2.1.1  Adhesion Failure of Vinyl Floor Tiles -- 2.3.2.1.2  Other Plasticizer-Related Failures -- 2.3.2.2  Colorants -- 2.3.2.2.1  Staining of Clothes by Plastic Hangers [4,11] -- 2.3.2.2.2  Effect of Colorants on Notch Sensitivity -- 2.3.2.2.3  Poor Mixing of Colorant in Water Filter Canister -- 2.3.2.3  Flame Retardants -- 2.3.2.3.1  Omission of Flame Retardants -- 2.3.2.3.2  Effect on Mold and Part Dimensions -- 2.3.2.3.3  Effect on a Secondary Part of the Product [11] -- 2.3.2.3.4  Effect of Frozen-In Stress on Molded Parts Causing Early Failure in Service -- 2.3.2.4  Unanticipated Effect of Additive -- 2.3.2.4.1  Enhanced Crystallization Due to a Pigment -- 2.3.2.4.1.1  Shampoo Tube Screw Caps -- 2.3.2.4.1.2  The Case of the Shrinking Polyethylene Milk Case -- 2.3.2.5  Poor Dispersion of Additives-Antioxidant -- 2.3.2.6  Volatility of Additives-Antioxidant -- 2.4  Composition-Unintentional Additives -- 2.4.1  Types of Unintentional Additives -- 2.4.2  Failure Effects of Unintentional Additives -- 2.4.2.1  Extraneous Dirt, Lint, and Other Contaminant Materials -- 2.4.2.1.1  Contaminant from Previous Run in Extruder -- 2.4.2.2  Residual Monomer, Solvent, or Other Low Level Chemicals -- 2.4.2.3  Water -- 2.4.2.3.1  Beneficial Effects of Water Absorbed from the Air -- 2.4.2.3.2  Hydrolysis of Condensation Type Plastics in Melt Processing -- 2.4.2.3.3  Appearance Problem Due to Water in Melt Processing -- 2.4.2.3.4  Voids Formed by Water in Melt Processing -- 2.4.2.3.5  Water Treeing of Extruded Polyolefin Electrical Power Cables (see Chapter 13, Section 13.5.2.5) -- 2.4.2.3.6  Shrinkage and Expansion of Moldings -- 2.4.2.4  Compounding Process Aids in Additives Concentrates. , 2.4.2.5  Additives in Formulation Ingredients to Improve their Performance -- 2.4.2.6  Ionic Impurities from Water in Service (Chapter 13) -- 2.4.2.7  Ionic Impurities in Carbon Black (see Chapter 13) -- 2.4.2.8  Trace Metal from Extruder Barrel and Screw Coating -- 2.4.2.9  Impurities in Intentional Additives or Processing Materials -- 2.5  Molecular Weight (MW) -- 2.6  Intermolecular Order -- 2.6.1  Crystallinity -- 2.6.2  Crosslinking -- 2.6.3  Orientation Due to Processing -- 2.6.4  Degree of Fusion -- 2.6.5  Physical Aging [38-41] -- 2.7  Combined Effect of Molecular Weight and Crystallinity -- 2.8  Lessons -- 2.9  References -- 3 Failures Related to Design and Material Selection -- 3.1  Introduction -- 3.2  Basic and Practical Considerations in Design-Related Failures -- 3.2.1  The People Factor -- 3.2.2  Declaring War on Failure -- 3.2.3  To Test or Not to Test-or How Much is Enough? -- 3.2.4  The Perfect Design and Product-Does It Exist? -- 3.2.5  The Prototype -- 3.2.6  Effect of Design on Processing -- 3.2.7  Design Checklist -- 3.2.8  The Most Common Mistakes in Design of Plastics -- 3.2.8.1  Creep (see Section 3.2.16) -- 3.2.8.2  Stress (see Chapter 5, Section 5.6.1 -- Chapter 7, Section 7.6, 7.7) -- 3.2.8.3  Hostile Environment -- 3.2.8.4  Shrinkage -- 3.2.8.5  Color Variance -- 3.2.8.6  Gate Marks -- 3.2.8.7  Inadequate Draft -- 3.2.8.8  Sink Marks -- 3.2.8.9  Unanticipated Use -- 3.2.8.10  Time -- 3.2.9  Product Specifications -- 3.2.9.1  Materials -- 3.2.9.2  Design Specifications -- 3.2.9.3  Performance Specifications -- 3.2.10  Design for Service Life and Service Conditions -- 3.2.11  The Hazards of Simultaneous Service Factors -- 3.2.12  Brittle Fracture-A Balancing Act of Design and Material -- 3.2.12.1  The Ductile to Brittle Transition -- 3.2.12.2  Molecular Weight (MW) and Brittle Fracture. , 3.2.13  Comparison of Plastics and Metals [15] -- 3.2.14  Crack Phenomena in Fracture -- 3.2.15  Failure by Fatigue [24-27] (see Section 7.5.3) -- 3.2.15.1  Fatigue Failure by Crack Propagation -- 3.2.15.2  Failure by Softening Due to Hysteretic Heating -- 3.2.15.3  Effect of Environment -- 3.2.16  Failure by Creep -- 3.2.16.1  Fundamentals of Creep Behavior -- 3.2.16.2  Tests to Predict Creep Behavior -- 3.2.16.3  A Case Study of Creep Failure (see Section 3.2.20, Weld Lines) -- 3.2.16.4  Creep Failure of a Thermoset Polymer -- 3.2.17  Failure by Impact (see Chapter 7, Section 7.5.5) -- 3.2.17.1  Design Effects -- 3.2.17.1.1  Case Study of a Design Failure -- 3.2.17.2  Material Effects [31] -- 3.2.17.3  Molding Effects [31] -- 3.2.17.4  Molecular Weight (MW) Effects [32] -- 3.2.17.5  Polymer Composition and Crystallinity Effects -- 3.2.18  Electrical Stress [33, 36] (see Chapter 13) -- 3.2.19  Surface Effects in Failures Related to Design -- 3.2.20  Weld Lines -- 3.2.20.1  Examples of Weld Line Failures and Effects -- 3.2.20.1.1  Case Studies of Weld Line Failures -- 3.2.21  Warpage -- 3.3  Lessons -- 3.4  References -- 4 Examples of Failure Due to Design and Material Selection -- 4.1  Introduction -- 4.2  Part or Product Design -- 4.2.1  Examples of Failure Due to Design and/or Material -- 4.2.1.1  Mold Design Problems -- 4.2.1.1.1  The Replacement New Mold that Failed [22] -- 4.2.1.1.2  Fracture of Ultrasonically Welded ABS Part Due to Mold Design Problem [27] -- 4.2.1.1.3  Fracture of Plastic Parts in Water Service Due to a Mold Problem [28] -- 4.2.1.2  Water Service Failures Not Related to a Mold Problem -- 4.2.1.2.1  Fracture of a Toilet Connector Nut at an Abrupt Wall Thickness Change [29] -- 4.2.1.2.2  How to Turn a Threaded Part Inside Out [22] -- 4.2.1.2.3  Toilet Valve Design [22] -- 4.2.1.2.4  Water Filter Design [22]. , 4.2.1.2.5  Elbow Coupling Design [22] -- 4.2.1.2.6  Plastic Failure Because of a Metal Failure [22] -- 4.2.1.3  Processing-Related Failure Due to Design -- 4.2.1.3.1  Spin Welding of a Water Filter [22] -- 4.2.1.3.2  A War-Material Process Problem [30, 31] -- 4.2.1.4  Failure Due to a Metal Component of a Part -- 4.2.1.4.1  Plastic Over Metal-The Fractured Kitchen Blender [32] -- 4.2.1.4.2  Metal Inserts (see Chapter 3, Section 3.2.13) -- 4.2.1.5  Design Based on Metal Design-Bad News [1] -- 4.2.1.6  Attachment Stresses-Fracture of Bosses Attaching Motor Housing to Lawnmower [35] -- 4.2.1.7  Failure Due to Static Load Imposed by Screws and Rivets -- 4.2.1.7.1  Cracks at Molded-In Holes -- 4.2.1.7.2  Cracks at Screw Holes Drilled into Plastic Sheet -- 4.2.1.8  Stress Concentration at a Weak Point -- 4.2.1.8.1  Weld Lines (see Chapter 3, Section 3.2.20) [38-41] -- 4.2.1.8.1.1  Fracture of ABS Syringe Needle Holder with Flats Close to Weld Lines (see Section 7.3.2.1.3, Figs. 7.5, 7.6) -- 4.2.1.8.2  Externally Applied Stress -- 4.2.1.8.2.1  Failure to Consider Occasional Impact in Design of Umbrella -- 4.2.1.8.2.2  Fracture at Gate of PP Antiperspirant Bottle Cap Located at High Stress Location Where Cap is Tightened [27] -- 4.2.1.8.2.3  Microwave Oven Door Handle Screw Located at Point of High Stress When Door is Opened -- 4.2.1.8.3  Internal Stress Due to Design -- 4.2.1.8.3.1  Poor Design and Stress Concentrations in Automobile Coolant Reservoir Tank [42] -- 4.2.1.8.3.2  Stresses in Interference Fit-Fracture of Nylon Head Harness Inside Hard Hat [43] -- 4.2.1.9  Poor Design -- 4.2.1.9.1  Multiple Modes of Failure of a Poorly Designed PS Pitcher [35] -- 4.2.1.9.2  Flexible Hinges Require Special Design-Polyethylene Soap Dish. , 4.2.1.9.3  Fracture of Pultruded E-Glass Rod Due to Retention of Atmospheric Liquid in Cuplike Design of Metal End Fitting (see Section 6.3.9, Fig. 6.19, and Section 10.5.1.2).

Weitere Ausg.: ISBN 3-446-41684-6

Sprache: Englisch