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Umfang: 1 online resource (600 pages) : , illustrations, tables

ISBN: 0-12-810392-2

Anmerkung: Front Cover -- Industrial Water Treatment Process Technology -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Introduction to the Issues of Access to Safe Drinking Water -- 1.2 Worldwide Temporal and Spatial Variation of Water Resources -- 1.3 Water-Quality Standards and Sources and Classification of Pollutants -- 1.3.1 Drinking Water: Standards and Guiding Principles -- 1.3.2 Industrial Discharge Standards: MINAS -- 1.3.3 Sources of Water Pollution -- Surface Water Pollution Sources -- Groundwater Pollution Sources -- Classification of Major Water Pollutants -- 1.4 Introduction to Water Resource Management Approaches -- 1.4.1 Pollution-Prevention Approach -- 1.4.2 Flow Management Approach -- 1.4.3 Efficient Water-Use Approach -- Efficiency in Irrigation and Water Distribution -- Use of Water Footprint in Agriculture -- 1.4.4 Preservation Approach -- Rainwater Harvesting -- Preventing Groundwater Depletion: Pond Management -- Check Dams -- Rejuvenation of Inland Waterways -- Freshwater Flooded Forests -- Educating School Children -- 1.4.5 Purification Approach: Closing the Loop as Sustainable Solution -- References -- 2 Chemical Treatment Technology -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Aeration -- 2.2.1 Mechanism of Water-Quality Improvement by Aeration -- 2.2.2 Oxygen Mass Transfer in Aeration -- 2.2.3 Methods of Aeration -- Fountain or Spray-Nozzle Aerators -- Cascading-Tray Aerators -- Diffused Aerators -- Packed-Tower Stripping Aerators -- Aeration in Odor Removal -- 2.2.4 Other Oxidizing Agents in Odor Removal -- Chlorine (Cl) -- Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4) -- Aeration in Removal of Iron (Fe+2) -- Aeration in Removal of Mn+2 -- 2.3 Chemical Coagulation -- 2.3.1 Alum as Coagulant and the Chemical Reactions -- 2.3.2 Ferric Sulfate as Coagulant and the Chemical Reactions -- 2.4 Chemical Neutralization. , 2.5 Chemical Oxidation -- 2.5.1 Oxidation Reactions of Chlorine During Iron Removal -- 2.5.2 Oxidation Reactions of Chlorine During Manganese Removal -- 2.5.3 Oxidation Reactions of Potassium Permanganate During Iron and Manganese Removal -- 2.6 Chemical Precipitation -- 2.6.1 Hardness of Water and Softening by Chemical Precipitation -- 2.6.2 Chemical Precipitation During Removal of Carbonate Hardness -- 2.6.3 Chemical Precipitation During Removal of Noncarbonated Hardness -- 2.6.4 Removal of Dissolved CO2 Prior to Lime Softening -- 2.6.5 Addition of CO2 After Lime Softening -- 2.6.6 Recarbonation After Water Softening: Removal of Excess CaCO3 -- 2.7 Ion Exchange -- 2.7.1 Regeneration of Ion-Exchange Material -- Zero Hardness is not Desirable -- 2.8 Disinfection of Water -- 2.8.1 Technology-based on Ozone Treatment -- 2.8.2 Technology Based on UV Radiation -- 2.8.3 Chlorination Technology -- Liquid Chlorine -- Chlorine Gas -- Calcium Hypochlorite Ca(OCl)2 -- Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) -- 2.8.4 Mechanisms of Improvement of Water Quality by Chlorine-based Treatment Technology -- Water-Quality Improvement through Disinfection by Chlorine and its Compounds -- Improvement in Water Quality through Reaction of Chlorine with Iron (Fe) -- Improvement in Water Quality through Reaction with Manganese (Mn) -- Improvement in Water Quality through Reaction with Hydrogen Sulfide -- 2.8.5 Reaction Conditions for Improvement of Water Quality by Chlorination -- Effect of Temperature -- Effect of Contact Time -- Effect of Impurities -- 2.8.6 Strength of Chlorine Disinfection -- 2.8.7 Chlorine Residuals -- 2.8.8 Conventional Technology of a Typical Municipal Water-treatment Plant -- 2.8.9 Harmful Effects of Chlorine-based Treatment Technology -- 2.8.10 Determination of Chlorine Doses -- 2.8.11 Determination Lime and Soda Ash Dosages in Water Softening -- Analysis. , General Conversion Methods -- Analysis -- Computation -- 2.9 Advanced Oxidation Technology -- 2.9.1 Wet-Air Oxidation Technology Using Bubble Column Reactor -- 2.9.2 Supercritical Wet-Air Oxidation Technology (SCWO) -- 2.9.3 Purification Technology based on Fenton and Photo-Fenton Oxidation -- 2.9.4 Ozone-based Oxidation Technology -- 2.9.5 Electrochemical Oxidation Technology -- References -- 3 Biological Treatment Technology -- 3.1 Introduction to Biological Treatment Technologies -- 3.2 Wastewater Biodegradability: Selection of Treatment Technology -- 3.3 Microbial Growth Kinetics: Unstructured model -- 3.3.1 Monod Kinetic Equation -- 3.3.2 Diauxic Microbial Growth -- 3.4 Bioreactor Configurations of Biological Treatment Technologies -- 3.4.1 Biological Treatment Using Plug-flow Reactor Technology -- 3.4.2 Biological Treatment Using Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor Technology -- 3.4.3 Biological Treatment Using Pack Bed Reactor Technology -- 3.5 Biological Treatment Using Fluidized-Bed Reactor Technology -- 3.6 Conventional Biological Treatment Technologies -- 3.6.1 Activated Sludge-based Treatment Technology and Advances -- Advances in ASP technology -- Modeling Activated Sludge Process -- Concentration of Microbial Cell (X) and Substrate (S) in Terms of MCRT and HRT -- Operating Parameters of Activated Sludge Process -- Net Specific Substrate Utilization Rate -- Food-to-microorganism Ratio (F/M) -- Recirculation Ratio -- Minimum Mean Cell Residence Time (θcmin) -- Substrate Utilization Rate -- Material Balance of the Activated Sludge Reactor as Steady-state Chemostat -- Safety Factor Consideration -- Industrial Operations: Practical Considerations and Troubleshooting -- Bulking Sludge-Problem of High Filamentous Growth -- Causes of Rising Sludge -- Troubleshooting -- Use of Selector Technology in Addressing Sludge Bulking. , General Monitoring for Stable Operation -- 3.6.2 Trickling Filter -- Operation of a Trickling Filter -- 3.6.3 Lagoon: the Low-cost Bioremediation Technology -- Anaerobic Lagoons -- Natural Aerobic Lagoon -- Facultative Stabilization Lagoon -- 3.6.4 Submerged Aerated Filter Technology -- 3.6.5 Upward Flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor Technology -- 3.6.6 Rotating-Disc Biological Contactor Technology -- 3.7 Advances in Biological Treatment Technologies -- 3.7.1 Introduction -- 3.7.2 Membrane-integrated Hybrid Treatment Technology -- Principles of Membrane-integrated Hybrid Treatment Technology -- Chemical Treatment -- Biological Treatment -- Principles of Membrane Separation -- Functioning of the Treatment Plant -- Materials -- Operation -- Monitoring Plant Performance -- Plant Performance Analysis -- Response Surface Optimization of Chemical Degradation Process of Cyanide using Design Expert Software -- Biological Degradation of Phenol and Ammonia -- Nanofiltration of Biologically Treated Coke Wastewater -- Effect of Cross-flow Rate and Pressure on Flux -- Effect of Transmembrane Pressure on the Rejection of COD and BOD -- Effect of Nanofiltration (NF1) on TDS, Salinity, and Conductivity -- Economic Evaluation of the Treatment Scheme -- 3.7.3 Anaerobic Anoxic Oxic process -- 3.7.4 Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation -- 3.7.5 Chemical-biological Integrated Treatment Process -- 3.8 Case Studies -- 3.8.1 Activated Sludge Process -- Design Problem 1 -- 3.8.2 Case Study 2 -- 3.8.3 Case Study 3 -- 3.8.4 Detailed Design of Activated-sludge Process -- Case 3.7.4 -- MLVSS and MLSS -- Net Biomass Yield -- Observed Biomass Yield -- 3.8.5 Calculation of COD -- COD of Glucose -- Yield of Cells -- Determine the Treatment Efficiency E -- Determination of SS of the Effluent BOD5 -- Soluble BOD5 of the Influent that Escapes Treatment. , Determination of the Overall Plant Efficiency -- Designing for the Reactor Volume -- Designing the Reactor Volume -- Determining Sludge-wasting Rate Per Day -- 3.8.6 Designing Trickling Filters -- Major Governing Parameters -- Major design parameters in standard symbol -- 3.8.7 Case Study on Trickling Filter design -- Design Conditions -- 3.8.8 Case of simultaneous BOD Removal and Nitrification -- Trickling filter with Plastic Packing -- 3.8.9 Design of a Flow-through Aerated Lagoon -- Process Design Considerations -- BOD Removal -- Effluent Characteristics -- Oxygen Requirement -- Temperature Effects -- Solid Separation -- Determine Surface Area of the Lagoon based on 7-day SRT -- Consideration of Temperature Fluctuations between Summer and Winter -- Observation and Special Considerations for Temperature Fluctuation -- Estimating Effluent BOD -- Suspended Solids in the Lagoon Effluent before Settling -- Determine the Oxygen Requirement -- References -- 4 Physicochemical Treatment Technology -- 4.1 Coagulation-Flocculation-Precipitation-Filtration -- 4.1.1 Chemical Precipitation Technology for Mobilization to Solid Phase -- 4.1.2 Enhanced Coagulation Technology -- 4.1.3 Flocculation -- Perikinetic Flocculation -- Orthokinetic Flocculation -- 4.1.4 Understanding Diffuse-Double-Layer Theory to Destabilize Colloidal Suspension -- 4.1.5 Treatment Strategies for Fast Settling of Particles -- 4.1.6 Particle Settling -- 4.1.7 Filtration -- 4.2 Physicochemical Treatment Technology Based on Coagulation-Flocculation-Settling -- 4.3 Adsorption Principles -- 4.3.1 Introduction -- 4.3.2 Adsorption Kinetic Models -- 4.3.3 Adsorbent Materials in Water Purification -- Activated Carbon -- Zeolite -- Natural Clay -- Activated Alumina -- Composite Adsorbent -- 4.4 Adsorption-Based Technology -- References -- 5 Water Treatment by Membrane-Separation Technology. , 5.1 Introduction.

Weitere Ausg.: ISBN 0-12-810391-4

Sprache: Englisch