UID:
almahu_9949616174602882
Format:
1 online resource (189 pages)
Edition:
1st ed.
ISBN:
9781464818882
Note:
Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- OVERVIEW -- Introduction -- Trade flows in medical goods and services -- Policies affecting trade in medical goods and services -- Deepening cooperation on medical goods and services trade -- Notes -- References -- INTRODUCTION -- Stronger trade systems for better global health security -- Organization of the report -- Reference -- 1 TRADE FLOWS IN MEDICAL GOODS AND SERVICES -- The medical goods and services trade: Relevance, characteristics, and welfare implications -- Drivers of trade in medical goods and services -- Functioning of medical supply chains -- Patterns in medical goods and services trade before the pandemic -- Developments in medical goods and services trade during the pandemic -- Notes -- References -- 2 TRADE POLICIES IN MEDICAL GOODS AND SERVICES -- Policies affecting medical goods and services trade under normal conditions -- Policies affecting medical goods and services trade during the COVID-19 pandemic -- Notes -- References -- 3 DEEPENING COOPERATION ON MEDICAL GOODS AND SERVICES TRADE -- International cooperation on trade in medical goods -- Trade policy cooperation to contribute to global health security -- Cooperation beyond trade agreements for global health security -- Notes -- References -- 4 LEVERAGING MEDICAL GOODS AND SERVICES TRADE FOR FUTURE PANDEMICS: AN ACTION PLAN -- The need for action and reform now -- Proposals and priorities -- Reference -- Boxes -- 1.1 Access to health care: The role of (trade in) health insurance services -- 1.2 WHO's Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel-and the blurred boundaries between trade in medical services and migration of health workers -- 1.3 Recent FDI trends in medical goods and services.
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2.1 General equilibrium analysis of trade and health care costs -- 2.2 Development of export-oriented medical services in selected countries -- 3.1 RTA cooperation during the COVID-19 pandemic -- 3.2 Pricing policies for medical goods in the context of international trade -- 3.3 Potential commitments to bolster governance of trade policy in global crises -- 3.4 Health technology transfer to least developed countries -- 3.5 Traceability and illicit trade in medical products in Africa -- Figures -- 1.1 The largest economies, not always high-income economies, are the largest exporters of medical goods and services, leading to concentration -- 1.2 The yearly probability of a pandemic worse than the 1918 influenza pandemic has increased substantially since the 1600s -- 1.3 Growth in GDP per capita is tightly correlated with growth in health spending, though slightly less so in high-income countries -- 1.4 Across economies, population aging explains little of the growth in health spending per capita -- B1.1.1 Private health insurance schemes as a share of total health expenditure in selected countries, 2019 -- 1.5 The health care global value chain -- B1.3.1 Greenfield FDI in the health sector, by segment, 2003-20 -- B1.3.2 Greenfield FDI in the health sector, by income level of source and destination countries, 2003-20 -- B1.3.3 Composition of greenfield FDI in the health sector, by segment and business activity, 2003-20 -- B1.3.4 Share of cross-border M& -- A projects in the health sector, by segment, 2015-20 -- 1.6 MNCs' contribution to global value added and exports varies by industry -- 1.7 Global trade of medical goods has consistently increased -- 1.8 Pharmaceuticals dominate the medical goods sector, and the various product groups' shares in total medical goods trade have remained fairly constant.
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1.9 Medical goods trade is highly concentrated in high-income economies -- 1.10 PPE trade increasingly originates in Asia -- 1.11 Trade in medical services hit US78.6 billion in 2019 -- 1.12 High-income economies account for the bulk of trade in medical services -- 1.13 Medical services exports are concentrated in a few economies -- 1.14 Different Asian exporters of medical services trade differently -- 1.15 Medical services imports are concentrated in a few economies -- 1.16 The growth rate of China's medical goods exports in 2020 dwarfed those of the other top five suppliers -- 1.17 Exports of PPE soared early in the COVID-19 pandemic -- 1.18 Trade in COVID-19 vaccines grew at an accelerated pace, but distribution was unequal -- 1.19 In 2020, medical services traded through modes 2 and 4 fell sharply while mode 1 surged -- 1.20 Low- and middle-income economies saw sharp declines in health services trade in 2020 -- 1.21 Medical services exports through mode 2 dropped in 2020 -- 1.22 The vaccine value chains -- 2.1 High-income economies have consistently lower tariffs across all medical product groups -- 2.2 WTO-notified quantitative restrictions, by type and member income group, 2018-19 -- 2.3 Progress on implementation commitments under the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement -- 2.4 Trade in medical services faces many trade barriers -- 2.5 Implementation of good governance practices in the medical services sector -- 2.6 Recognition of foreign qualifications in the medical services sector -- 2.7 Government support measures for the medical goods sector predated the pandemic -- 2.8 Patterns of trade policy intervention affecting medical goods during the COVID-19 pandemic -- 2.9 Medical goods trade covered by import and export policy measures, January 2020 to January 2022.
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2.10 Impact of COVID-19-related trade policies on trade costs of medical goods imports, by type -- 2.11 NRA decisions on WHO-EUL COVID-19 vaccines, December 2020 to February 2022 -- 2.12 Weekly breakdown of active subsidy policy interventions affecting medical goods since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic (excluding China), January 2020 to March 2022 -- 3.1 Average MFN applied tariff, bound duties, and binding coverage of medical goods, by product category and income level -- B3.4.1 Health technology transfer programs reported by WTO developed country members under TRIPS Agreement, art. 66.2, and the LDC beneficiaries of those programs, 2018-20 -- B3.4.2 Types of health technology transfer programs reported by WTO developed country members under TRIPS Agreement, art. 66.2, 2018-20 -- 3.2 Low levels of GATS commitments in medical services trade -- 3.3 The best bilateral or regional trade agreements include more medical services commitments than in GATS -- Tables -- 1.1 Medical goods covered in the report -- 1.2 GATS modes of supply in trade of medical services -- B2.1.1 Foreign value-added share of local health care costs, 2004-19 -- B2.1.2 Simulation results: Long-run annual income gains from tariff cuts in the health care sector, by income group and region -- 2.1 Duration of currently active COVID-19 policy measures affecting medical goods trade -- 4.1 Trade and trade-related policy actions to improve prevention, preparedness, and response for future pandemics.
Additional Edition:
Print version: Bank, World Trade Therapy Washington, D. C. : World Bank Publications,c2022
Language:
English
Keywords:
Electronic books.
