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Format: 1 online resource (450 pages)

Edition: First edition.

ISBN: 9780323991582 , 0-323-99159-9

Note: Front Cover -- MINERALIZING VESICLES -- MINERALIZING VESICLES: From Biochemical and Biophysical Properties to Their Roles in Physiology and Disease -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of contributors -- Biographies -- Preface -- 1 - General aspects of extracellular vesicles in bone formation and remodeling -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Communications between bone cells -- 3. Extracellular vesicles -- 4. Bone cell overview -- 5. Bone marrow cells interacting with skeletal cells -- 6. Extracellular vesicle trafficking in the bone microenvironment -- 6.1 Extracellular vesicles and osteoblasts -- 6.2 Extracellular vesicles and osteocytes -- 6.3 Extracellular vesicles and osteoclasts -- 7. Extracellular vesicles in fracture healing -- 8. Extracellular vesicles and bone cancer -- 9. Medical applications -- 10. Conclusions -- List of abbreviations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2 - Physiological biomineralization. The properties and role of matrix vesicles in skeletal and dental calcifications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Biomineralization in teeth -- 3. Biomineralization in bones -- 4. Determinants of mineralization support the functions of matrix vesicles -- 4.1 Matrix vesicles in dentin -- 4.2 Matrix vesicles in cartilage -- 4.3 Matrix vesicles in bones -- 5. Conclusions -- List of abbreviations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 - Pathological biomineralization. Part I: Mineralizing extracellular vesicles in cardiovascular diseases -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Extracellular vesicles: origin and classification -- 3. Extracellular vesicles related to cardiovascular diseases -- 3.1 Extracellular vesicles released from vascular smooth muscle cells -- 3.2 Extracellular vesicles released from M1 macrophages -- 4. Extracellular vesicles: biomarkers of cardiovascular diseases -- 4.1 Extracellular vesicles carrying RNAs. , 4.2 Extracellular vesicles carrying proteins -- 4.3 Extracellular vesicles carrying lipids and metabolites -- 5. Extracellular vesicles as drug delivery vehicles in cardiovascular disease -- 6. Conclusions -- List of abbreviations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 - Pathologic biomineralization: part II: mineralizing extracellular vesicles in osteoarthritis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Historical perspective -- 3. Characterization of ACVs -- 3.1 ACV isolation procedures -- 3.2 ACV mineralization assays -- 3.3 ACV contents -- 4. ACVs from osteoarthritis cartilage -- 4.1 Differences in ACVs in osteoarthritis and normal cartilage -- 4.2 Mechanisms of vesicle formation -- 5. Factors affecting ACV mineralization -- 5.1 Pi/PPi ratio -- 5.2 Extracellular matrix composition -- 5.3 Drugs -- 6. Conclusions and future directions -- List of abbreviations -- References -- 5 - The biochemistry of mineralizing extracellular vesicles. Part I: The role of phosphatases -- 1. Inorganic phosphate (Pi) and pyrophosphate (PPi): a physicochemical balance -- 2. The molecules regulating the Pi/PPi ratio -- 3. Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase -- 4. Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 and other ENPPs -- 5. Nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 (CD39) and ecto-5′-nucleotidase (CD73) -- 6. PHOSPHO1 -- 7. Can Na,K-ATPase act as a phosphatase? -- 8. Phosphate transporters -- 9. Genetic diseases caused by altered Pi/PPi ratio -- 10. Therapeutic approaches to normalizing the Pi/PPi ratio -- 11. Conclusions -- List of abbreviations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 - The biochemistry of mineralizing extracellular vesicles. Part II: Annexins -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Annexins -- 3. Annexin knockout animal models -- 4. Annexins in mineralization-competent cells -- 4.1 Growth plate cartilage chondrocytes -- 4.2 Osteoarthritic chondrocytes. , 4.3 Osteoblasts -- 4.4 Bone marrow and mesenchymal stromal cells -- 4.5 Vascular smooth muscle cells -- 5. Annexins in media vesicles and matrix vesicles -- 5.1 Matrix vesicles from chondrocytes and osteoblasts -- 5.2 Extracellular vesicles not bound to the extracellular matrix -- 6. In vitro properties of annexins -- 6.1 Collagen binding -- 6.2 Formation of the nucleation core -- 6.3 Ca2+ influx -- 6.4 Nucleotide binding -- 7. Conclusions -- List of abbreviations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 - Calcium and phosphate and their role in matrix vesicles: A biological view -- 1. Calcium (Ca2+) and inorganic phosphate (PO43−/Pi) ions are essential for life -- Ca2+ and phosphate ions in mineralization physiology and pathology -- 3. Cellular origins of matrix vesicles -- 4. Formation of mineralization-competent matrix vesicles requires osteo/chondrogenic molecular phenotype of the cells -- 4.1 Ca2+ and Pi stimulate progenitor cells differentiation -- 4.2 Ca2+ and Pi stimulate the production and release of matrix vesicles -- 4.3 Ca2+ and phosphate may induce pathological calcification: When the good guys become villains -- 5. Conclusions -- List of abbreviations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 8 - Autophagy in bone metabolism and its possible role on the function of mineralizing extracellular vesicles -- 1. Molecular overview of autophagy -- 2. The canonical role of autophagy on bone maintenance -- 3. The noncanonical role of autophagy on bone mineralization -- 4. The role of autophagy on the release of mineralizing extracellular vesicles -- 5. Induced autophagy decreases smooth muscles cells calcification -- 6. Conclusions -- List of abbreviations -- References -- 9 - The roles of mineralizing extracellular vesicles in cell-cell communication -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Proteins in mineralizing EVs -- 3. miRNAs in mineralizing EVs -- 4. Conclusion. , List of abbreviations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10 - Working with mineralizing extracellular vesicles. Part I: Purification techniques -- 1. Discovery of matrix vesicles -- 2. Purification of matrix vesicles from the growth plates and epiphyseal cartilage of chicken embryos -- 3. Purification of matrix vesicles from rodent primary chondrocytes -- 4. Purification of matrix vesicles from osteoblast cell lines and from primary osteoblasts -- 5. Conclusion -- List of abbreviations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11 - Working with mineralizing extracellular vesicles. Part II: Proteomic profiling -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Essential proteins found prior to the proteomic analysis -- 3. Proteomic analysis of matrix vesicles extracted from growth plate cartilage of chicken embryo -- 3.1 Proteomic signature of the interactions between matrix vesicles and the extracellular matrix -- 3.2 Proteomic signature of matrix vesicle biogenesis -- 4. Proteomic analysis of matrix vesicles extracted from osteoblast cell lines -- 4.1 Proteomic signature of interactions between matrix vesicles and the extracellular matrix -- 4.2 Proteomic signature of matrix vesicle biogenesis -- 4.3 Experimental evidence of adsorption of proteins after the release of matrix vesicles -- 5. Comparative analysis of proteomes of matrix vesicles and articular cartilage vesicles -- 6. Comparative analysis of matrix vesicles and of extracellular vesicles proteomes -- 7. Conclusions -- List of abbreviations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 12 - Working with mineralizing extracellular vesicles. Part III: The nucleational core -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Physicochemical aspects of biomineralization -- 3. Discovery of the nucleational core -- 4. Isolation and characterization of the nucleational core -- 4.1 Transmission electron microscopy. , 4.2 High-performance thin-layer chromatography and SDS-PAGE -- 4.3 Energy-dispersive X-rays analysis and FTIR -- 4.4 31P NMR -- 5. Parameters driving the formation of phosphatidylserine complexes and amorphous calcium phosphate -- 5.1 Factors regulating the formation of the nucleational core -- 6. Use of the AFM in the characterization of the nucleational core -- 6.1 AFM phase imaging and the role of PHOSPHO1 in the formation of the nucleational core -- 6.2 AFM-PFQNM revealed the changes in elasticity of hydrated matrix vesicles -- 7. Conclusions -- List of abbreviations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 13 - Working with mineralizing extracellular vesicles. Part IV: Biomimetic models -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Proteoliposomes as biomimetic models to assess the role of TNAP in biomineralization -- 3. Proteoliposomes as biomimetic models to assess the role of Na+,K+-ATPase and NPP1 in biomineralization -- 4. Proteoliposomes as biomimetic models to assess the role of annexins in biomineralization -- 5. Langmuir films as biomimetic models of matrix vesicles -- 6. Conclusions -- List of abbreviations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 14 - Working with mineralizing extracellular vesicles. Part V: Use of Mineralizing extracellular vesicles in bone r ... -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Biogenesis of extracellular vesicles -- 2.1 Ectosomes -- 2.2 Exosomes -- 2.3 Apoptotic bodies -- 3. Matrix vesicles: A special class of extracellular vesicles -- 3.1 Isolation of matrix vesicles for therapeutic use -- 3.2 Use of matrix vesicles in bone-related therapies -- 3.3 How can matrix vesicles be the next-generation tool in nanomedicine? -- 4. Conclusions -- List of abbreviations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Index -- Back Cover.

Additional Edition: Print version: Bottini, Massimo Mineralizing Vesicles San Diego : Elsevier Science & Technology,c2023

Language: English