Kooperativer Bibliotheksverbund

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Format: 1 online resource (990 pages)

Edition: 1st ed.

ISBN: 9783031109485

Series Statement: Ecological Studies ; v.248

Note: Intro -- In memory off Mathieu Rouault -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I Background -- 1 Coupled Earth System and Human Processes: An Introduction to SPACES and the Book -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Long-Term Southern African-German Scientific Cooperation and Background to SPACES -- 1.3 SPACES II Training and Knowledge Exchange Program -- 1.4 SPACES II Synthesis -- 1.5 Geographic Advantages for Global Change Research in Southern Africa -- 1.5.1 Climate Change -- 1.5.2 Carbon Dynamics -- 1.6 Science in Support of Ecosystem Management -- 1.7 Monitoring -- 1.8 Synthesis and Outlook -- References -- 2 Unique Southern African Terrestrial and Oceanic Biomes and Their Relation to Steep Environmental Gradients -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Oceanic Biomes -- 2.2.1 Oceanographic Gradients Shaping Southern African Marine Biomes -- 2.2.2 Southern African Marine Biomes: A Brief Overview -- 2.2.2.1 Angola Current Biome -- 2.2.2.2 The Northern Benguela Upwelling System (nBUS) -- 2.2.2.3 The Southern Benguela Upwelling System (sBUS) -- 2.2.2.4 Agulhas Current LME -- 2.2.3 The Benguela Upwelling System: A Focus Region of SPACES Research -- 2.2.3.1 A Global Perspective on the Ecological Significance of the Benguela Region -- 2.2.3.2 Biome-Level Diversity -- 2.2.3.3 Productivity and Resource Utilization -- 2.2.3.4 Organizational Efforts Geared to Protect Marine Biodiversity -- 2.2.4 Marine Spatial Planning in Southern Africa -- 2.3 Terrestrial Biomes -- 2.3.1 Environmental Gradients Shaping Terrestrial Biomes -- 2.3.2 Southern African Terrestrial Biomes -- 2.3.2.1 Savanna Biome -- 2.3.2.2 Grassland Biome -- 2.3.2.3 Nama-Karoo Biome -- 2.3.2.4 Desert Biome -- 2.3.2.5 Succulent Karoo Biome -- 2.3.2.6 Fynbos Biome -- 2.3.2.7 Forest Biome -- 2.3.2.8 Indian Ocean Coastal Belt Biome -- 2.3.2.9 Albany Thicket Biome. , 2.3.3 Diversity of Southern African Terrestrial Biomes -- 2.3.3.1 Large-Scale Environmental Factors Shaping Terrestrial Biodiversity -- 2.3.3.2 Small-Scale Environmental Gradients Within Terrestrial Biomes -- 2.3.3.3 Primary and Secondary Productivity and Use -- 2.3.3.4 Organizational Efforts Geared to Protect Terrestrial Biodiversity -- 2.4 Connection Between Oceanic and Coastal Terrestrial Ecosystems -- 2.5 Southern African Biomes: Carbon Sources or Sinks? -- 2.5.1 Oceanic Biomes -- 2.5.2 Terrestrial Biomes -- 2.6 Impacts of Climate Change -- 2.6.1 Impact of Climate Change on Marine Biomes -- 2.6.1.1 Climate Change Affecting Coastal Upwelling Systems -- 2.6.1.2 Climate Change Impacts on Marine Species in the Benguela -- 2.6.2 Impact of Climate Change on Terrestrial Biomes -- 2.7 Conclusions and Implications -- References -- 3 Environmental Challenges to Meeting Sustainable Development Goals in Southern Africa -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Ecosystems and Sustainable Development Goals Nexus -- 3.3 Drivers of Change, Typical Threats and SDG Implications -- 3.4 Natural Habitat Loss, Transformation and Degradation -- 3.4.1 Anthropogenic Land-Use Change -- 3.4.1.1 Transformation for Croplands and Commercial Timber Plantations -- 3.4.1.2 Transformation for Infrastructure (e.g., Hydropower, Dams and Urbanization) -- 3.4.1.3 Policy Implementation Including Agrarian Reform -- 3.4.2 Woody Plant Proliferation -- 3.4.3 Alien Invasive Species -- 3.5 Threats to Freshwater and Marine Ecosystem -- 3.5.1 Overharvesting of Aquatic Species -- 3.5.2 Coastal Impacts -- 3.5.3 Pollution -- 3.6 Climate Change, a Threat to Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning -- 3.7 An Analysis of SDGs and Ecosystem Threats -- 3.7.1 Policy Implications for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration -- 3.8 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Overview of the Macroeconomic Drivers of the Region. , 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Macroeconomic Trends in Southern Africa -- 4.2.1 The Situation in South Africa -- 4.2.2 The Situation in Limpopo -- 4.3 The Policy Arena -- 4.3.1 Agricultural Policies -- 4.3.2 Trade Policies -- 4.4 Recommendations for Reform -- References -- Part II Drivers of Climatic Variability and Change in Southern Africa -- 5 Past Climate Variability in the Last Millennium -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 The Climate of the Past Millennium: Global Background -- 5.3 The Climate of the Past Millennium: Southern Africa -- 5.4 Paleoclimate Simulations with Earth System Models -- 5.5 Comparison Between Proxy Data and Model Simulations -- 5.6 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- 6 Southern Africa Climate Over the Recent Decades: Description, Variability and Trends -- 6.1 Annual Cycle of Rainfall in Southern Africa -- 6.2 Synoptic Drivers of Rainfall -- 6.3 Interannual Variability -- 6.4 Decadal Variability of Southern Africa's Climate -- 6.5 Current Climate Trends -- 6.6 Further Research Questions -- References -- 7 Projections of Future Climate Change in Southern Africa and the Potential for Regional Tipping Points -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Data and Methods -- 7.3 Projected Changes in Rainfall and Temperature -- 7.3.1 Projected Changes in Annual Rainfall Totals -- 7.3.2 Projected Changes in Annual Average Near-Surface Temperature -- 7.3.3 Projected Changes in Extremes -- 7.4 The Risk of Regional Tipping Points -- 7.5 Conclusions -- References -- 8 The Agulhas Current System as an Important Driver for Oceanic and Terrestrial Climate -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The Agulhas Current -- 8.3 Agulhas Leakage and Its Impact on the South Atlantic and the Benguela Upwelling System -- 8.4 Impact on Climate in Southern Africa -- 8.5 Impact on Coasts -- 8.6 Summary -- References. , 9 Physical Drivers of Southwest African Coastal Upwelling and Its Response to Climate Variability and Change -- Abbreviations -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Eastern Boundary Upwelling System of the South Atlantic -- 9.2.1 The Tropical Angolan Upwelling System -- 9.2.2 The Northern Benguela Upwelling System -- 9.2.3 The Southern Benguela Upwelling System -- 9.3 Interannual Variability -- 9.4 Decadal Variations and Multidecadal Trends -- 9.5 Summary, Discussion and Recommendation for the Future Observing System -- References -- 10 Regional Land -Atmosphere Interactions in Southern Africa: Potential Impact and Sensitivity of Forest and Plantation Change -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Specific Objectives -- 10.3 Data and Methods -- 10.3.1 Regional Coupled Land-Atmosphere Model -- 10.3.2 Experiment Design -- 10.4 Results and Discussion -- 10.4.1 Validation of Model Performance -- 10.4.2 Impacts of Current Forest and Plantation Cover Change on Regional Climate and Land-Atmosphere Interactions -- 10.4.3 Potential Impacts of Forest and Plantation Removal on Land-Atmosphere Interactions -- 10.5 Summary and Outlook -- References -- Part III Science in Support of Ecosystem Management -- 11 Studies of the Ecology of the Benguela Current Upwelling System: The TRAFFIC Approach -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Previous Research and Hypotheses -- 11.3 Major Biological Components of the Benguela Upwelling System -- 11.3.1 Abiotic Parameters and Chlorophyll Measurements -- 11.3.2 Phytoplankton and Microzooplankton -- 11.3.3 Mesozooplankton -- 11.3.4 Macrozooplankton and Micronekton -- 11.3.5 Higher Trophic Levels -- 11.3.6 Commercial Fishery -- 11.4 Conclusion -- Glossary of Organizations and Projects -- Organizations -- Projects -- References -- 12 The Application of Paleoenvironmental Research in Supporting Land Management Approaches and Conservationin South Africa. , 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Evolution of South African Paleoenvironmental Research -- 12.3 Shifting Mindsets: The Combination of Paleoecology and Restoration Ecology -- 12.4 A Look into the Future: Applied Paleoecology -- 12.4.1 What Operational Approaches Are Needed to Implement Ecosystem-Based Management Actions Based on Applied Paleoecology? -- 12.5 Conclusions -- References -- 13 Soil Erosion Research and Soil Conservation Policyin South Africa -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Erosion and Denudation -- 13.3 Soil Erosion Due to Human Impact -- 13.3.1 On-Site Damages from Soil Erosion -- 13.3.2 Off-Site Damage from Soil Erosion -- 13.4 Soil Erosion and Conservation Policy in South Africa -- 13.4.1 Development of Soil Conservation Policy -- 13.4.2 Soil Erosion and Soil Conservation Research Development -- 13.4.3 A Successful Soil Conservation Policy -- 13.5 The Extent of Soil Erosion by Water in South Africa -- 13.6 The Extent of Soil Erosion by Wind in South Africa -- 13.7 The Socioeconomic Dimension of Soil Erosion -- 13.8 Challenges for Soil Conservation in South Africa -- References -- 14 Biome Change in Southern Africa -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Phytoclimes -- 14.2.1 Phytoclime Methods -- 14.2.2 Phytoclime Findings -- 14.2.3 Synthesis of Phytoclime Change Scenarios -- 14.3 Insights from DGVM Modelling of Biomes -- 14.3.1 DGVM Methods -- 14.3.2 DGVM Findings -- 14.4 Monitoring Biome Change -- 14.4.1 Birds as Indicators of Biome Change -- 14.4.2 Phytometers as Indicators of Biome Change -- 14.4.3 Remote Sensing of Phenome Change -- 14.5 Discussion -- References -- 15 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functions in Southern African Savanna Rangelands: Threats, Impacts and Solutions -- 15.1 Biophysical Features of African Savanna Rangelands -- 15.2 Land Tenure and Grazing Systems. , 15.3 Savanna Rangelands as Source of Food, Fodder and Valuable Ecosystem Services.

Additional Edition: Print version: von Maltitz, Graham P. Sustainability of Southern African Ecosystems under Global Change Cham : Springer International Publishing AG,c2024 ISBN 9783031109478

Language: English

Keywords: Electronic books.

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