UID:
almahu_9949858738702882
Format:
1 online resource (414 pages)
Edition:
1st ed.
ISBN:
9789240012677
Series Statement:
WHO Food Additives Series
Note:
COVER -- TITLE -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Pyrrolizidine alkaloids -- 1. Explanation -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Systematic review approach -- 1.2.1 Objective -- 1.2.2 Research questions -- 1.2.3 Search strategy systematic review -- 1.2.4 Inclusion and exclusion of studies -- 1.2.5 Search strategy: exposure assessment and risk management strategies -- 2. Biological data -- 2.1 Biochemical aspects -- 2.1.1 Absorption, distribution and excretion -- (a) Absorption -- (b) Distribution -- (c) Excretion -- 2.1.2 Biotransformation -- (a) In vitro -- (b) Ex vivo -- (c) In vivo -- (d) Overview biotransformation -- (e) Ruminal microbial metabolism -- 2.1.3 Effects on enzymes and other biochemical parameters -- (a) In vitro CYP inhibition -- (b) In vivo CYP induction -- (c) Effect on Phase II enzymes -- (d) Effect on other enzymes -- (e) Unknown mechanism of action -- 2.1.4 Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling -- 2.1.5 Transfer from feed to food -- (a) Milk -- (b) Avian eggs -- (c) Avian meat -- (d) Mammalian meat -- 2.2 Toxicological studies -- 2.2.1 Acute toxicity -- 2.2.2 Short-term studies of toxicity -- (a) Mouse -- (b) Rat -- (c) Chicken -- (d) Quail -- (e) Pig -- (f) Sheep -- (g) Cows -- (h) Horses and donkeys -- 2.2.3 Long-term studies of toxicity and carcinogenicity -- (a) Mouse -- (b) Rat -- 2.2.4 Genotoxicity -- (a) In vitro and in vivo genotoxicity studies -- (b) Covalent binding to nucleic acids and/or proteins -- (c) Results of additional assays with end-points related to genotoxicity -- (d) Summary and overall conclusion on genotoxicity -- 2.2.5 Reproductive and developmental toxicity -- (a) Multigeneration reproductive toxicity -- (b) Developmental toxicity -- 2.2.6 Special studies -- (a) Immunotoxicity -- (b) Neurotoxicity -- (c) Photoisomerization -- 2.3 Observations in domestic animals/veterinary toxicology.
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(a) Pig -- (b) Horse -- (c) Goat -- (d) Sheep -- (e) Buffaloes -- (f) Cows -- (g) Yaks -- (h) Wombats -- 2.4 Observations in humans -- 2.4.1 Outbreaks -- (a) Central India -- (b) North-western Afghanistan -- (c) Tajikistan -- (d) Northern Iraq -- (e) Northern Ethiopia -- 2.4.2 Case reports -- 2.4.3 Case series -- 2.4.4 Biomarkers -- 2.5 Concluding remarks -- 3. Analytical methods -- 3.1 Chemistry and sources of PAs -- 3.2 Description of analytical methods -- 3.2.1 Introduction -- (a) Summary of analytical issues -- (b) Stability issues -- (c) Solubility issues -- (d) Extraction and isolation -- (e) Reduction of 1,2-unsaturated PA-N-oxides to free bases -- (f) Introduction to methods of separation, detection and quantitation -- 3.2.2 Screening methods for 1,2-unsaturated PAs -- (a) Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) -- (b) Electrophoresis -- (c) Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR spectroscopy) -- (d) Immunological methods -- (e) Summation methods based on spectrophotometry -- (f) 1,2-Unsaturated PA detection by insects -- 3.2.3 Quantitative methods -- (a) Summation methods involving GC-MS or LC-MS -- (b) High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and LC-MS -- (c) Gas chromatography (GC) and GC-MS -- 3.2.4 Quality assurance considerations -- 3.2.5 Reference methods -- 4. Sampling protocols -- 5. Effects of processing on levels of PA in food and feed -- 5.1 Food processing -- 5.1.1 Fate of PAs during cleaning of cereals -- 5.1.2 Fate of PAs during preparation of black/herbal tea infusions -- 5.1.3 Fate of PAs in processing of honey and honey products -- 5.1.4 Fate of PAs in pollen processing -- 5.1.5 Fate of PAs during borage oil processing -- 5.1.6 Indirect evidence for stability of PAs during processing -- 5.1.7 Fate of PAs transferred to milk, eggs and meat -- 5.2 Feed processing.
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6. Levels and patterns of contamination in food commodities -- 6.1 Submitted data -- 6.1.1 Brazil -- 6.1.2 FoodDrinkEurope -- 6.1.3 Germany -- 6.1.4 Hungary -- 6.1.5 Luxembourg -- 6.2 Literature data -- 6.2.1 Cereal and cereal products -- 6.2.2 Teas and herbal teas -- 6.2.3 Milk and dairy products -- 6.2.4 Eggs -- 6.2.5 Meat, including organ meat -- 6.2.6 Honey -- 6.2.7 Herbal supplements/medicines -- 6.2.8 Culinary herbs -- 6.2.9 Other foods -- (a) Pollen -- (b) Plant oils -- 6.3 Animal feed -- 7. Food consumption and dietary exposure assessment -- 7.1 National estimates of dietary exposure from the scientific literature -- 7.1.1 Germany -- (a) Honey -- (b) Herbal tea and tea -- (c) Culinary herbs -- 7.1.2 Ireland -- (a) Honey -- (b) Tea -- (c) Herbal medicines -- 7.1.3 Netherlands -- (a) Herbal tea -- (b) Herbal supplements -- 7.1.4 USA -- 7.2 National estimates of dietary exposure derived by the Committee -- 7.2.1 Australia -- 7.2.2 Brazil -- 7.3 Regional estimates of dietary exposure -- 7.3.1 Europe, 2011 -- 7.3.2 Europe, 2016 -- 7.4 International estimates of dietary exposure -- 7.5 Summary of dietary exposure estimates -- 7.6 Limitations of the dietary exposure assessment -- 8. Prevention and control -- 8.1 Environmental management - weed control practices -- 8.2 Good manufacturing practices and HACCP -- 8.3 Increased resistance of livestock to 1,2-unsaturated PAs -- 8.4 Management of livestock feed -- 9. Dose-response analysis and estimation of toxic/carcinogenic risk -- 9.1 Identification of key data for risk assessment -- 9.1.1 Pivotal data from biochemical and toxicological studies -- 9.1.2 Pivotal data from human clinical/epidemiological studies -- 9.1.3 Biomarker studies -- 9.2 General modelling considerations -- 9.2.1 Previous analyses of dose-response relationships -- (a) United Kingdom Committee on Carcinogenicity, 2008.
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(b) EFSA, 2011 and 2017 -- (c) RIVM, 2014 -- 9.2.2 Dose-response modelling and BMD calculations -- 9.3 Relative potency factors -- 10. Comments -- 10.1 Biochemical aspects -- 10.2 Toxicological studies -- 10.2.1 Acute toxicity of PAs -- 10.2.2 Short-term toxicity -- 10.2.3 Long-term toxicity -- (a) Lasiocarpine (NCI, 1978) -- (b) Riddelliine (NTP, 2003) -- 10.2.4 Genotoxicity -- 10.2.5 Reproductive and developmental toxicity -- 10.2.6 Special studies -- 10.3 Observations in domestic animals/veterinary toxicology -- 10.4 Observations in humans -- 10.5 Analytical methods -- 10.6 Sampling protocols -- 10.7 Effects of processing -- 10.8 Prevention and control -- 10.9 Levels and patterns of contamination in food commodities -- 10.10 Food consumption and dietary exposure assessment -- 10.11 Dose-response analysis -- 10.11.1 Relative potency -- 10.11.2 Point of departure or health-based guidance value for acute or short-term toxicity -- 11. Evaluation -- 11.1 Conclusions -- 11.2 Recommendations -- 12. References -- Annex 1 Reports and other documents resulting from previous meetings of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Com -- Annex 2 Participants in the eightieth meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additive -- Annex 3 Abbreviations used in the monographs -- Annex 4 Systematic review protocol for animal intervention studies -- BACKCOVER.
Additional Edition:
Print version: Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants Geneva : World Health Organization,c2020
Language:
English
Keywords:
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