UID:
almahu_9949858804502882
Format:
1 online resource (362 pages)
Edition:
1st ed.
ISBN:
9789240060760
Series Statement:
WHO Food Additives Series
Note:
Cover -- Title page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- SAFETY EVALUATIONS OF SPECIFIC CONTAMINANTS IN FOOD -- Cadmium: dietary exposure assessment -- 1. Explanation -- 2. Food consumption and dietary exposure assessment -- 2.1 Concentrations in food used in the dietary exposure estimates -- 2.2 Food consumption data used in the dietary exposure estimates -- 2.3 National estimates of chronic dietary exposure from the literature -- (a) Australia -- (b) Bangladesh -- (c) Benin -- (d) Brazil -- (e) Cameroon -- (f) Canada -- (g) Chile -- (h) China -- (i) Denmark -- (j) Europe -- (k) France -- (l) French Polynesia -- (m) Germany -- (n) Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), China -- (o) Iran, Islamic Republic of -- (p) Ireland -- (q) Italy -- (r) Japan -- (s) Korea, Republic of -- (t) Mali -- (u) Netherlands (Kingdom of the) -- (v) New Zealand -- (w) Nigeria -- (x) Poland -- (y) Serbia -- (z) Spain -- (aa) Sri Lanka -- (bb) Sweden -- (cc) Thailand -- (dd) United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland -- (ee) United States of America -- (ff) Viet Nam -- (gg) Summary -- 2.4 International estimates of chronic dietary exposure -- 2.4.1 Temporal trends in dietary cadmium exposure -- 2.4.2 Impact of cocoa product source on dietary cadmium exposure -- 2.4.3 Impact of proposed maximum limits for cadmium on cocoa product rejection rates and dietary cadmium exposure -- 3. Evaluation -- 4. References -- 5. Appendix -- Ergot alkaloids -- 1. Explanation -- 2. Biological data -- 2.1 Biochemical aspects -- 2.1.1 Absorption, distribution and excretion -- 2.1.2 Biotransformation -- 2.1.3 Effects on enzymes and other biochemical parameters -- 2.1.4 Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling -- 2.1.5 Transfer from feed to food -- 2.2 Toxicological studies -- 2.2.1 Acute toxicity -- 2.2.2 Short-term studies of toxicity.
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2.2.3 Long-term studies of toxicity and carcinogenicity -- 2.2.4 Genotoxicity -- 2.2.5 Reproductive and developmental toxicity -- 2.2.6 Special studies -- 2.3 Observations in domestic animals/veterinary toxicology -- 2.4 Observations in humans -- 2.4.1 Biomarkers of exposure -- 2.4.2 Biomarkers of effect -- 2.4.3 Clinical observations -- 2.4.4 Epidemiological studies -- 3. Analytical methods -- 3.1 Chemistry -- 3.2 Description of analytical methods -- 3.2.1 Introduction -- 3.2.2 Screening tests -- 3.2.3 Quantitative methods -- 4. Sampling protocols -- 5. Effects of processing -- 5.1 Sorting, cleaning and milling -- 5.2 Thermal and chemical food processing -- 5.3 Fermentation -- 6. Prevention and control -- 6.1 Preharvest control -- 6.2 Postharvest control -- 6.3 Decontamination -- 7. Levels and patterns of contamination in food commodities -- 7.1 Surveillance data -- 7.1.1 African Region -- 7.1.2 Region of the Americas -- 7.1.3 Eastern Mediterranean and South-East Asia regions -- 7.1.4 European Region -- 7.1.5 Western Pacific Region -- 7.2 Conclusions -- 8. Food consumption and dietary exposure estimates -- 8.1 Concentrations in food used in the dietary exposure estimates -- 8.2 Food consumption data used in the dietary exposure estimates -- 8.3 Assessments of dietary exposure -- 8.3.1 National or regional estimates of chronic dietary exposure from the published literature -- 8.3.2 National or regional estimates of chronic dietary exposure derived by the Committee -- 8.3.3 International estimates of chronic dietary exposure derived by the Committee -- 8.3.4 Dietary chronic exposures summary -- 8.4 Assessments of acute dietary exposure -- 8.4.1 National estimates of acute dietary exposure from the published literature -- 8.4.2 National estimates of acute dietary exposure derived by the Committee -- 8.5 Summary of global dietary exposure estimates.
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9. Dose-response analysis and estimation of toxicity/ carcinogenic risk -- 9.1 Identification of key data for risk assessment -- 9.1.1 Pivotal data from biochemical and toxicological studies -- 9.1.2 Pivotal data from human clinical/epidemiological studies -- 9.2 General modelling considerations -- 9.2.1 Selection of data -- 9.2.2 Measure of exposure -- 9.2.3 Measure of response -- 9.2.4 Selection of mathematical model -- 9.3 BMD analysis -- 10. Comments -- 10.1 Biochemical aspects -- 10.2 Toxicological studies -- 10.3 Observations in domestic animals/veterinary toxicology -- 10.4 Observations in humans -- 10.4.1 Biomarkers -- 10.4.2 Clinical observations -- 10.4.3 Epidemiology -- 10.5 Analytical methods -- 10.6 Sampling protocols -- 10.7 Effects of processing -- 10.8 Prevention and control -- 10.9 Levels and patterns of contamination in food commodities -- 10.10 Food consumption and dietary exposure estimates -- 10.10.1 Transfer from feed to food -- 10.11 Dose-response analysis -- 10.11.1 Dose-response data in humans -- 10.11.2 Dose-response data in animals -- 11. Evaluation -- 11.1 Recommendations -- 12. References -- Previous cargoes - solvents and reactants -- A. ASSESSMENT OF SUBSTANCES PROPOSED AS PREVIOUS CARGOES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Background -- 2.1 Global production and consumption of fats and oils -- 2.2 Regulations affecting fats and oils -- 2.3 Global transport of fats and oils -- 2.4 The interrelationship of national, regional and trade interests -- 2.5 Development of the Codex Code of Practice for Storage and Transport of Edible Fats and Oils in Bulk -- 3. Development of criteria -- 4. Basis of evaluation -- 4.1 Chemistry/reactivity -- 4.2 Methods of analysis -- 4.3 Dietary exposure assessment for previous cargo chemical substances -- 4.3.1 Exposure estimates in the 2006 criteria document.
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4.3.2 Exposure estimates based on up-to-date consumption data for adults -- 4.3.3 Exposure estimates for infants and young children -- 4.3.4 Exposure from other dietary sources -- 4.3.5 Conclusion -- 4.4 Approach to toxicological evaluation -- 5. Recommendations -- B. EVALUATION OF SOLVENTS AND REACTANTS -- I. Acetic anhydride -- 1. Explanation -- 2. Chemical and technical considerations -- 2.1 Manufacture and uses of acetic anhydride -- 2.1.1 Acetic acid process (ketene process) -- 2.1.2 Acetaldehyde oxidation process -- 2.1.3 Carbonylation of methyl acetate process -- 2.2 Impurities and secondary contaminants -- 2.3 Reactivity and reactions with fats and oils -- 2.4 Methods of analysis -- 3. Biological data -- 3.1 Biochemical aspects -- 3.2 Toxicity in experimental animals -- 3.2.1 Acute toxicity -- 3.2.2 Short-term and long-term studies of toxicity and carcinogenicity -- 3.2.3 Reproductive and developmental toxicity -- 3.2.4 Genotoxicity -- 3.2.5 Allergenicity -- 3.2.6 Impurities -- 3.3 Observations in humans -- 4. Occurrence and exposure -- 5. Comments -- 5.1 Chemical and technical considerations -- 5.2 Biochemical aspects -- 5.3 Toxicological studies -- 5.4 Allergenicity -- 5.5 Impurities -- 5.6 Assessment of dietary exposure -- 6. Evaluation -- II. sec-Butyl acetate -- 1. Explanation -- 2. Chemical and technical considerations -- 2.1 Manufacture and uses of sec-butyl acetate -- 2.2 Impurities and secondary contaminants -- 2.3 Reactivity and reactions with fats and oils -- 2.4 Methods of analysis -- 3. Biological data -- 3.1 Biochemical aspects -- 3.2 Toxicological studies -- 3.2.1 Acute toxicity -- 3.2.2 Short-term and long-term studies of toxicity and carcinogenicity -- 3.2.3 Reproductive and developmental toxicity -- 3.2.4 Genotoxicity -- 3.2.5 Allergenicity -- 3.2.6 Impurities -- 3.3 Observations in humans -- 4. Occurrence and exposure.
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5. Comments -- 5.1 Chemical and technical considerations -- 5.2 Biochemical aspects -- 5.3 Toxicological studies -- 5.4 Allergenicity -- 5.5 Impurities -- 5.6 Assessment of dietary exposure -- 6. Evaluation -- III. Tert-butyl acetate -- 1. Explanation -- 2. Chemical and technical considerations -- 2.1 Manufacture and uses of tert-butyl acetate -- 2.2 Impurities and secondary contaminants -- 2.3 Reactivity and reactions with fats and oils -- 2.4 Methods of analysis -- 3. Biological data -- 3.1 Biochemical aspects -- 3.2 Toxicological studies -- 3.2.1 Acute toxicity -- 3.2.2 Short-term and long-term studies of toxicity and carcinogenicity -- 3.2.3 Reproductive and developmental toxicity -- 3.2.4 Genotoxicity -- 3.2.5 Allergenicity -- 3.3 Observations in humans -- 4. Occurrence and exposure -- 5. Comments -- 5.1 Chemical and technical considerations -- 5.2 Biochemical aspects -- 5.3 Toxicological studies -- 5.4 Allergenicity -- 5.5 Impurities -- 5.6 Assessment of dietary exposure -- 6. Evaluation -- IV. n-Pentane -- 1. Explanation -- 2. Chemical and technical considerations -- 2.1 Manufacture and uses of n-pentane -- 2.2 Impurities and secondary contaminants -- 2.3 Reactivity and reactions with fats and oils -- 2.4 Methods of analysis -- 3. Biological data -- 3.1 Biochemical aspects -- 3.2 Toxicological studies -- 3.2.1 Acute toxicity -- 3.2.2 Short-term and long-term studies of toxicity and carcinogenicity -- 3.2.3 Reproductive and developmental toxicity -- 3.2.4 Genotoxicity -- 3.2.5 Allergenicity -- 3.2.6 Impurities -- 3.3 Observations in humans -- 4. Occurrence and exposure -- 5. Comments -- 5.1 Chemical and technical considerations -- 5.2 Biochemical aspects -- 5.3 Toxicological studies -- 5.4 Allergenicity -- 5.5 Impurities -- 5.6 Assessment of dietary exposure -- 6. Evaluation -- V. Cyclohexane -- 1. Explanation.
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2. Chemical and technical considerations.
Additional Edition:
Print version: Safety Evaluation of Certain Contaminants in Food Geneva : World Health Organization,c2023
Language:
English
Keywords:
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