Umfang:
1 Online-Ressource (271 Seiten)
Ausgabe:
1st ed
ISBN:
9781464818943
Serie:
Poverty and Shared Prosperity Ser
Anmerkung:
Front Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- About the Team -- Main Messages -- Abbreviations -- Overview -- Introduction -- Part 1. Progress on poverty and shared prosperity -- Part 2. Fiscal policy for an inclusive recovery -- Notes -- References -- Part 1. Progress on Poverty and Shared Prosperity -- 1 Global Poverty: The Biggest Setback in Decades -- Summary -- Setting the scene: Poverty on the eve of the pandemic -- Poverty over the pandemic period: The nowcast -- Implications for reaching the 3 percent global poverty target by 2030 -- Notes -- References -- 2 Shared Prosperity and Inequality: Uneven Losses and an Uneven Recovery -- Summary -- Introduction -- Shared prosperity and inequality, 2014-19 -- Shared prosperity and inequality during COVID-19 -- Global inequality -- Notes -- References -- 3 Beyond the Monetary Impacts of the Pandemic: A Lasting Legacy -- Summary -- Introduction -- Multidimensional poverty on the eve of the pandemic -- Pandemic impacts from a multidimensional perspective -- Notes -- References -- Part 2. Fiscal Policy for an Inclusive Recovery -- Part 2. Fiscal Policy for an Inclusive Recovery -- Why focus on fiscal policy? -- What is in part 2? -- Note -- References -- 4 Protecting Households with Fiscal Policy: Learning from COVID-19 -- Summary -- The nature of the fiscal response to the COVID-19 crisis -- The impact of the fiscal response on household welfare -- Factors that influenced the impact of fiscal policy -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 5 Taxes, Transfers, and Subsidies: Improving Progressivity and Reducing the Cost to the Poor -- Summary -- Introduction -- The impact of taxes and transfers on short-term poverty and inequality -- Taxation and distribution -- Transfers and distribution -- Economies of all income levels and capacities can achieve progressive fiscal policy -- Conclusion
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Notes -- References -- 6 Fiscal Policy for Growth: Identifying High-Value Fiscal Policies -- Summary -- Introduction -- Measuring the value of fiscal policies -- Using information on the value of policies to inform policy choices -- High-value policies that support growth -- Constraints on investing in high-value policies -- Increasing the value of policies through increased efficiency of spending -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 7 Putting It All Together: Better Fiscal Policy for Reducing Poverty and Increasing Shared Prosperity -- Summary -- Accelerating progress with better fiscal policy: Different options for different countries -- Spending for faster growth -- Positioning fiscal policy to protect households against future crises -- Raising revenue -- Data and evidence for better fiscal decision-making -- Can better fiscal policy put progress back on track? The need for global action -- Notes -- References -- Boxes -- Box O.1 Introducing the new 2017 PPP-based poverty lines -- Box O.2 Measuring poverty in India -- Box O.3 Tools that help to prioritize fiscal policies -- Box 1.1 How the new international poverty lines were derived -- Box 1.2 New data now available to measure poverty in India -- Box 1.3 Predicting changes in poverty with nowcasts -- Box 1.4 The impacts of rising global food and energy prices on poverty -- Box 2.1 Data coverage: A growing challenge for measuring shared prosperity, particularly for poorer countries -- Box 2.2 Inequality and top incomes -- Box 2.3 Experiences on the ground with shared prosperity -- Box 2.4 High-frequency phone surveys -- Box 3.1 Poverty-adjusted life expectancy: An index aggregating poverty and mortality -- Box 3.2 Lifecycle foundations for multidimensional comparisons in terms of years of life -- Box 4.1 COVID-19 cash transfers in Togo
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Box 5.1 The CEQ framework: An integrated approach to fiscal incidence analysis -- Box 5.2 Different types of tax instruments -- Box 5.3 Incidence curves, concentration shares, and fiscal progressivity -- Box 5.4 Chile: The distributional impact of commonly missing CEQ fiscal instruments -- Box 5.5 Uruguay: The impact of indirect taxes and direct transfers -- Box 5.6 Bolivia and Ethiopia: Fiscal system impact on poverty and inequality -- Box 6.1 Calculating the value of a policy using the MVPF -- Box 6.2 The progressivity of spending on education and health -- Box 7.1 Digitalization can improve the efficiency of fiscal administration, but not without challenges -- Box 7.2 Nudging tax compliance: How behavioral science tools can improve compliance at low financial and political costs -- Box 7.3 Using evidence and data to expand COVID-19 social protection in South Africa -- Figures -- Figure O.1 The COVID-19 pandemic triggered a historic shock to global poverty -- Figure O.2 Recent global inequality trends were reversed in 2020 -- Figure O.3 Poverty reduction resumed slowly in 2021 but may stall in 2022 -- Figure O.4 A widespread reduction in poverty across countries in 2020, followed by a nascent and uneven recovery -- Figure O.5 Progress in poverty reduction has been altered in lasting ways -- Figure O.6 The interplay of shocks, policy, and poverty affects workplace mobility -- Figure O.7 Fiscal policy reduced the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on poverty but less so in poorer economies -- Figure O.8 Delivering support on time and to those in most need was challenging -- Figure O.9 In poorer economies, poorer households are more likely to be left with less money after taxes have been paid and transfers received -- Figure O.10 Poorer economies rely more on indirect taxes, which are less progressive
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Figure O.11 Poorer economies spend less on transfers than on subsidies, which benefit the poor less -- Figure 1.1 Global extreme poverty has continued to fall but at a slower rate in recent years -- Figure B1.1.1 Poverty lines expressed in constant 2017 US -- Figure 1.2 The global extreme poor are concentrated in Sub-Saharan Africa -- Figure 1.3 From 1990 to 2019, poverty fell in all regions except the Middle East and North Africa -- Figure 1.4 Poverty rates are higher among children in every region -- Figure 1.5 The extreme poor were less connected online going into the pandemic -- Figure 1.6 Global poverty at higher poverty lines continued to fall, slowly -- Figure 1.7 At the higher poverty lines, the regional distribution of the global poor changes -- Figure 1.8 The cost of basic needs increases as countries grow -- Figure 1.9 Progress has been made in reducing the societal poverty rate in recent years -- Figure 1.10 The COVID-19 pandemic was a historic shock to global poverty -- Figure 1.11 Poverty increased across income groups in 2020 and displayed an uneven recovery in 2021-22 -- Figure 1.12 Poverty reduction stalled at all poverty lines in 2022 -- Figure 1.13 Poorer households spend more on food -- Figure 1.14 Progress in poverty reduction has been altered in lasting ways -- Figure 2.1 From 2014 to 2019, the vast majority of economies made substantial progress in shared prosperity -- Figure 2.2 Significant differences occured in shared prosperity across regions and country income groups -- Figure 2.3 Median income growth and shared prosperity are highly correlated -- Figure 2.4 Within-country inequality was as likely to fall as to increase before the pandemic, but reductions in inequality were likely to be larger than increases -- Figure 2.5 The pandemic led to large income losses among the bottom 40
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Figure 2.6 Employment and income losses arising from the pandemic were severe, with certain groups being hit harder -- Figure 2.7 The pandemic likely harmed the quality of jobs among those who continued to work -- Figure 2.8 In selected countries, the probability of income loss was greater for the bottom 40 than the top 60, especially in urban areas -- Figure 2.9 Projected changes in the Gini index show no clear pattern across countries with different income levels, with increases and decreases equally likely -- Figure 2.10 The decline in global inequality before the pandemic reflects the strong income growth of the global middle class, whereas those in the bottom and the middle lost the most during the pandemic -- Figure 2.11 The pandemic caused the largest increase in global inequality since World War II, after a steady decline over the past two decades -- Figure 2.12 An increase in between-country inequality was mainly responsible for the reversal in global inequality -- Figure 2.13 The increase in between country inequality was driven by larger countries with large income shocks -- Figure 2.14 The bottom 40 suffered a larger shock from the pandemic and is recovering more slowly than the top 60 -- Figure 3.1 Widespread learning losses were reported, especially among low-income countries during the COVID-19 crisis -- Figure 3.2 Meals skipped were highest at the start of the COVID-19 crisis and in lower-income countries -- Figure 3.3 Almost 40 percent of the multidimensionally poor are not monetarily poor -- Figure B3.1.1 Lower-income economies have experienced larger reductions in poverty-adjusted life expectancy -- Figure B3.1.2 Reduction in poverty-adjusted life expectancy was driven by learning loss in lower-income countries and by increased mortality in higher-income countries
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Figure 3.4 The pandemic's impact on well-being through additional current and future poverty and excess mortality varies substantially across economies
Weitere Ausg.:
Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe World Bank, World Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2022 Washington, D. C. : World Bank Publications,c2022
Sprache:
Englisch
