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Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (631 Seiten)

ISBN: 9783030911850

Serie: Environmental Earth Sciences Ser

Anmerkung: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources , Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Part I Approach -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Prologue -- 1.2 Purpose and Scope -- 1.3 Limitations -- 1.4 My Experience -- 1.5 Sources Used -- References -- 2 Different Ways to Look at Things -- 2.1 Environment, Society and Economy -- 2.2 Same Point, Different Points of View -- 2.3 Islands in a Reservoir -- 2.4 The Necessity to Understand -- References -- 3 Approach to ESIA -- 3.1 Origins of Water Management -- 3.2 The Early Days of ESIA -- 3.3 The Main Actors, Stakeholders -- 3.4 Structure -- 3.4.1 Basic Structure of an ESIA -- 3.4.2 Comparison of Different Approaches -- 3.5 Team Composition -- 3.6 The Bidding Process -- 3.6.1 Preparation of an EOI -- 3.6.2 Preparation of a Proposal -- 3.7 Who Should Do ESIAs? -- 3.8 The Use of Local Knowledge -- 3.8.1 Local Experts -- 3.8.2 Language -- 3.8.3 Knowledge of the Local Population -- 3.9 Purpose and Limits of ESIAs -- 3.10 Comments to Reports -- 3.11 Biased ESIAs -- 3.11.1 Criticism of ESIAs: Cuts Both Ways -- 3.11.2 Different Concepts -- 3.11.3 Incompetence -- 3.11.4 Under Pressure -- 3.11.5 Three Cases -- 3.12 Baseline: How Much Is Enough? -- 3.13 A Multitude of IAs -- References -- 4 Dams, Reservoirs and Power Plants -- 4.1 Main Characteristics of Dams and Hydropower Plants -- 4.1.1 Types -- 4.1.2 Cascades -- 4.1.3 Interbasin or Transbasin Projects -- 4.2 Project Stages -- 4.2.1 Identification -- 4.2.2 Pre-feasibility and Feasibility -- 4.2.3 Detailed Design -- 4.2.4 Implementation: The Construction Period -- 4.2.5 Operation -- 4.2.6 Decommissioning -- 4.3 Standard Impacts of Dam Projects -- 4.4 Good Dams and Bad Dams -- 4.4.1 What Is Good or Bad? -- 4.4.2 Efficiency Ratios -- 4.4.3 Conclusions -- 4.5 Why the Focus on Dams? -- References -- 5 Impacts -- 5.1 What Is an Impact? , 5.2 Environmental Impacts -- 5.3 Definition of "Impact" in ESIAs -- 5.4 Assessment of Impacts -- 5.5 Impacts in Stages of the Project Cycle -- 5.6 The Problem of System Boundaries -- 5.7 Monetising Impacts -- 5.7.1 Cost-Benefit Analysis -- 5.7.2 Willingness to Pay (WTP) Analysis -- 5.7.3 Ecosystem Services -- 5.7.4 Comparison of Expected Gains and Losses -- 5.7.5 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Mitigation -- 6.1 The Mitigation Hierarchy -- 6.1.1 Avoiding -- 6.1.2 Minimising -- 6.1.3 Compensation -- 6.2 Conflicting Issues -- 6.3 Offset -- 6.3.1 The Critical Habitat Concept -- 6.3.2 The No Net Loss Approach -- References -- Part II ESIA Preparation -- 7 Introductory Chapters to an Esia -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Legal and Administrative Framework -- 7.3 Project Description -- 7.4 The Study Area -- References -- 8 Physical Environment -- 8.1 Climate -- 8.1.1 Temperature -- 8.1.2 Precipitation -- 8.1.3 Evaporation -- 8.1.4 Other Climatic Conditions -- 8.2 Climate Change -- 8.2.1 Baseline -- 8.2.2 Effects of Climate Change on Hydropower Projects -- 8.2.3 GHG Emissions from Reservoirs -- 8.3 Air Quality and Noise -- 8.4 Geology -- 8.4.1 Geology of the Dam Site -- 8.4.2 Geology of the Reservoir Area -- 8.4.3 Seismicity and Dam Safety -- 8.5 Soils -- 8.6 Sediments and Sedimentation -- 8.6.1 Prevailing Situation -- 8.6.2 Impacts of Dams -- 8.6.3 Measures -- References -- 9 Water -- 9.1 Hydrology -- 9.1.1 First Approach -- 9.1.2 Prevailing Conditions -- 9.1.3 Project Impacts -- 9.2 Hydrogeology -- 9.3 Water Quality -- 9.3.1 The Parameters: What, How Much and Why? -- 9.3.2 Baseline -- 9.3.3 Impacts -- 9.3.4 Mitigation -- 9.3.5 Monitoring -- 9.3.6 Importance of Qualification -- References -- 10 Biological Environment -- 10.1 Terrestrial Vegetation -- 10.1.1 Baseline -- 10.1.2 Impacts -- 10.1.3 Mitigation -- 10.2 Terrestrial Fauna -- 10.2.1 Baseline , 10.2.2 Impacts -- 10.2.3 Mitigation -- 10.3 Fish -- 10.3.1 Baseline -- 10.3.2 Main Impacts -- 10.3.3 Interruption of Rivers -- 10.3.4 Change from River to Lake -- 10.3.5 Additional Potential Impacts on Fish -- 10.4 Disease Vectors and Water Related Diseases -- 10.4.1 Main Vectors and Diseases -- 10.4.2 Risks During the Construction Period -- 10.4.3 Risks During Operation -- 10.5 Biodiversity -- 10.5.1 What Is a Species? -- 10.5.2 Why Conserve Biodiversity? -- 10.5.3 Endemic Species -- 10.5.4 Exotic and Invasive Species -- 10.6 Protected Areas -- References -- 11 Human Environment -- 11.1 Conflicts Over Land Use -- 11.2 The Farmer's View -- 11.3 Caught in the Limbo: Project Delays -- 11.3.1 Bumbuna -- 11.3.2 Bujagali -- 11.3.3 Rogun -- 11.4 Victims and Profiteers: Dealing with People -- 11.5 The Most Vulnerable of All: Poor People -- 11.6 Gender Issues -- 11.7 Ethnic Minorities -- 11.8 Cash Compensation -- 11.9 Impacts on the Spiritual World -- References -- 12 The ESMMP -- 12.1 EHS Management: The Contractor's Responsibility -- 12.2 Off-Site Measures: The Owner's Responsibility -- 12.3 Monitoring: A Shared Responsibility -- References -- 13 Decommissioning -- 13.1 ESIA and Dam Decommissioning -- 13.2 The Replacement of Rheinfelden HPP -- 13.3 Rehabilitation -- 13.4 Removal of Dams -- References -- 14 Comparison with Alternatives -- 14.1 Direct Project Alternatives -- 14.1.1 Different Dam Sites -- 14.1.2 Different Project Layout -- 14.2 The No-Project Alternative -- 14.3 Different Sources of Energy -- 14.3.1 Comparison -- 14.3.2 Fossil Fuel -- 14.3.3 Wind Farms -- 14.3.4 Solar -- 14.3.5 Combination -- 14.3.6 Nuclear -- References -- Part III Specific Issues -- 15 Access Roads -- 15.1 Impacts of Roads on Natural Habitats -- 15.2 Main Impacts of Access Roads -- 15.3 Mitigation -- References -- 16 Reservoirs as Habitats -- 16.1 Reservoirs Types , 16.2 Reservoirs and Lakes -- 16.3 Vegetation, Floating Plants -- 16.4 Fish -- 16.5 Plankton -- 16.6 Benthos -- 16.7 Birds and Mammals -- References -- 17 Reservoir Stratification -- 17.1 Thermal Stratification Process -- 17.2 Oxygen Stratification -- 17.3 Impacts -- 17.4 Assessing the Impact -- 17.5 Mitigation -- References -- 18 Downstream Impacts -- 18.1 Main Types of Impacts -- 18.2 Floodplains -- 18.2.1 Main Characteristics -- 18.2.2 Floodplain Dynamics -- 18.2.3 Effects of River Regulation on Floodplain Ecosystems -- 18.2.4 Case Studies -- 18.2.5 Measures -- 18.3 Spray Zones -- References -- 19 Transboundary and Cumulative Effects -- 19.1 Transboundary Impacts -- 19.1.1 Definition of International Waterways -- 19.1.2 The Problems -- 19.1.3 TBIA: Transboundary Impact Assessment -- 19.1.4 Solutions to Transboundary Issues -- 19.1.5 River Basin Organisations -- 19.2 Cumulative Impacts -- References -- 20 Residual or Ecological Flow -- 20.1 A First Step -- 20.2 Rules for Calculation -- 20.3 Modern Scientific Approach -- 20.4 Guidelines and Models -- 20.4.1 How Much Good? -- References -- 21 Dam Projects: Pro and Contra -- 21.1 Controversial Projects -- 21.1.1 The Aswan High Dam -- 21.1.2 Three Gorges HPP -- 21.2 Sustainability of Hydropower -- 21.2.1 The Concept of Sustainability -- 21.2.2 Combination with Other Renewable Energy Sources -- 21.2.3 The Times They Are A'Changin' -- 21.2.4 Towards Defining Hydropower Sustainability -- 21.3 Wrong Arguments -- 21.3.1 Cry Wolf -- 21.3.2 The Risk in Using Models -- 21.3.3 Earth Rotation -- 21.3.4 The Kingfisher -- 21.3.5 The Jaguar and the Reservoir -- References -- Part IV Case Studies -- 22 Mekong Basin -- 22.1 Short Overview -- 22.2 The Mekong Cascade -- 22.3 Nam Theun 1 -- 22.4 Don Sahong -- 22.5 Mekong-Tonle Sap -- References -- 23 Rogun: Water Scarcity in Central Asia -- 23.1 Background , 23.2 The Project -- 23.3 Transboundary Impact -- 23.4 The Amu Darya Basin -- 23.5 The Aral Sea -- 23.5.1 Development in the Twentieth Century -- 23.5.2 Impacts on Aral Sea Biology -- 23.5.3 Prospects for Saving the Aral Sea -- 23.5.4 Problems with Water Allocation -- 23.6 The Role of Dams on Vakhsh River -- References -- 24 Impoundment and Reservoir Development -- 24.1 Lom Pangar -- 24.2 Nam Ngiep 1 -- References -- 25 HPPs in High Mountain Areas -- 25.1 Mauvoisin Dam Heightening and Mauvoisin II: Talking with NGOs -- 25.2 Pamir 1 -- References -- 26 Bad Dams? -- 26.1 Projects in Protected Areas -- 26.1.1 Ayago Nile -- 26.1.2 Sutjeska National Park -- 26.1.3 Ivindo National Park, Gabon: Kongou HPP -- 26.2 Palas Valley, Pakistan -- 26.3 Ilisu -- 26.3.1 The Project -- 26.3.2 My Involvement -- 26.3.3 Project Development and Conclusions -- 26.4 Lower Bosna Cascade -- References -- 27 Epilogue: Whither Dams? -- 27.1 A Future for Hydropower? -- 27.1.1 Growing Energy Demand -- 27.1.2 Remaining Potential -- 27.1.3 Increasing Resistance -- 27.2 Improving ESIA -- 27.2.1 The Weaknesses of ESIA -- 27.2.2 The Formalist and the Pragmatist -- 27.2.3 Improving the Process -- 27.2.4 Institutional Strengthening, Capacity Building and Training -- 27.2.5 Introducing Alternative Processes -- 27.3 Improving Implementation -- 27.3.1 The Result Is Important -- 27.3.2 Minimising Impacts on Rivers -- 27.3.3 You Get What You Pay For -- 27.3.4 Communication -- References -- Annex A TOC for an EIA.

Weitere Ausg.: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Zwahlen, Robert Assessing the Environmental Impacts of Hydropower Projects Cham : Springer International Publishing AG,c2022 ISBN 9783030911843

Sprache: Englisch