Kooperativer Bibliotheksverbund

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Umfang: 1 online resource (143 pages)

Ausgabe: 1st ed.

ISBN: 1-4648-1995-5

Serie: Climate Change and Development Series

Inhalt: Multinational enterprises (MNEs) provide both a fundamental risk to and an opportunity for climate change mitigation. The climate ambitions of MNEs will affect the environmental performance of countries around the world. As a leading actor, proactive MNEs can impose sustainability standards or encourage green technology transfers that, in some cases, could affect millions of producers and accelerate the climate transition. However, obstructive MNEs may equally hold back any progress to reduce a country's emissions via inaction or by actively resisting, obstructing, or lobbying against change. The objective of this report is to study the effect of MNEs on climate change. Toward this goal, the report reviews the latest available data, conducts new empirical analysis, and summarizes pioneering literature. The report answers four key questions related to the relationship between MNEs and climate change: 1. What effect do MNEs currently have on climate change, both through their own activities and through the emissions of their broader supply chains?; 2. How do MNEs shape the potential transfer of green technologies to domestic firms, and how do different types of interactions with MNEs stimulate such technology transfers?; 3. How committed are leading MNEs currently to transitioning their supply chains to net-zero emissions by 2050, and do they have long-, medium-, and short-range strategies to realize this?; 4. What types of policies can influence MNEs' effects on climate change?.

Anmerkung: Front Cover -- Contents -- Foreword by Mona Haddad, World Bank -- Foreword by Nicolette Bartlett, CDP -- Acknowledgments -- About the Authors -- Main Messages -- Overview -- Abbreviations -- 1. Introduction -- Notes -- References -- 2. The Effect of Multinational Enterprises on Climate Change -- Hypotheses and Channels -- Bottom-Up Approaches to Estimate the Effect of MNEs on Carbon Emissions -- Top-Down Approaches to Estimate the Effect of MNEs on Carbon Emissions -- Notes -- References -- Annex 2A. Additional Methodological Details and Regression Tables -- 3. Multinational Enterprises and Green Technology Transfers -- The Potential of Green Technology Transfers -- Links with MNEs Associated with Greener Business Practices -- The Importance of Government Policy to Stimulate MNEs' Green Technology Transfers -- Notes -- References -- Annex 3A. Additional Regression Tables on Determinants of Green Technology Transfers -- 4. How Committed Are MNEs Currently to Decarbonizing Their Supply Chains? -- MNEs' Commitments to Net-Zero Emissions by 2050 -- MNEs' Long-, Medium-, and Short-Term Strategies to Decarbonize -- Weaknesses in Corporate Climate Reporting and Greenwashing -- Market Failures in Corporate Target Setting, Monitoring, and Reporting -- Notes -- References -- 5. Policies to Influence Multinational Enterprises' Effect on Climate Change -- Patrolling (Monitoring Emissions) -- Prescription (Laws and Regulations) -- Penalties (Taxes and Charges) -- Payments (Tax Incentives, Fiscal Support) -- Persuasion (Corporate Commitments, Information Campaigns) -- How to Prioritize and Sequence the 5Ps within a Climate Change Mitigation Strategy -- Notes -- References -- Boxes -- Box O.1 Overview of Key Datasets and Methodologies Used -- Box O.2 Future Research Agenda. , Box 2.1 Methodology for Bottom-Up Approach to Analyzing Emissions: CDP's Full GHG Emissions Dataset -- Box 2.2 Select Country Examples-the Emissions of Large MNEs in India and South Africa -- Box 2.3 Methodology for Estimating Carbon Emissions Using Top-Down Approaches -- Box 2.4 Future Research Agenda-Strengthen Estimates of MNEs' Effect on Emissions by Harmonizing Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches -- Box 3.1 Future Research Agenda-Expanding Firm-Level Data on Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation -- Box 4.1 Future Research Agenda-Monitoring MNEs' Climate Change Reform Commitments in Headquarters and Host Countries -- Box 5.1 Mandatory Emissions Reporting around the World -- Box 5.2 Does Environmental Regulation Hurt Host Countries' FDI Inflows? -- Box 5.3 How Do Environmental Taxes Affect Productivity and Competitiveness in Developing Economies? -- Box 5.4 How Green Are Tax Incentives in Ghana? -- Box 5.5 Future Research Agenda-The Specific Use and Complementarities of Policies to Shape the Impacts of MNEs on Climate Change -- Figures -- Figure O.1 Global Industrial Emissions of the Supply Chains of Large MNEs, 2021 -- Figure O.2 Carbon Intensity of Production, Domestic Firms versus MNEs, 2021 -- Figure O.3 Green versus Polluting Global FDI Announcements, 2001-21 -- Figure O.4 Emissions Embodied in the Supply Chains of MNEs: Scale, Technology, and Composition Effects -- Figure O.5 The Effect of MNE Links on Green Business Practices -- Figure O.6 Key Drivers for MNEs to Invest in Sustainability Initiatives -- Figure O.7 The Long-, Medium-, and Short-Term Commitment of 157 Large MNEs to Climate Action -- Figure O.8 Policy Approaches to Influence MNEs' Effect on Climate Change -- Figure 2.1 Emissions Associated with Firms' Activities within Scope 1, 2, and 3 -- Figure 2.2 Global Industrial Emissions of the Supply Chains of Large MNEs, 2021. , Figure 2.3 Global Share of Industrial Emissions from 157 Large MNEs, by Sector, 2021 -- Figure 2.4 Global Share of Industrial Emissions and GDP from 157 Large MNEs, by Sector, 2021 -- Figure 2.5 Breakdown of Scope 3 Emissions of 157 Large MNEs, by Sector, 2021 -- Figure 2.6 Carbon Intensity of Production, Domestic Firms versus MNEs, 2021 -- Figure 2.7 Green versus Polluting Global FDI Announcements, 2001-21 -- Figure 2.8 Emissions from MNEs' Supply Chains, 2005-15 -- Figure 2.9 Emissions from MNEs in Output and Exports, 2005-15 -- Figure 2.10 Carbon Intensity of Output, 2005-15, Selected Sectors -- Figure 2.11 Emissions Embodied in the Supply Chains of MNEs: Scale, Technology, and Composition Effects -- Figure 3.1 Change in Green Technology Trade Globally and in Developing Countries -- Figure 3.2 Total Green Technology Imports and Exports for Select Emerging Economies, 1992-2016 -- Figure 3.3 Firms' Adoption of Green Business Practices, by Type of MNE Link, 2020 -- Figure 3.4 The Effect of MNE Links on Green Business Practices -- Figure 3.5 Key Drivers for MNEs to Invest in Sustainability Initiatives -- Figure 4.1 Large MNEs Committed to Net-Zero GHG Emissions by 2050, by Income Group and Sector -- Figure 4.2 The Long-, Medium-, and Short-Term Commitment of 157 Large MNEs to Climate Action -- Figure 4.3 The Commitment of MNE Affiliates to Climate Action, by Sector -- Figure 4.4 MNEs That Track Emissions, Independently Verify, or Publish, by Sector -- Figure 5.1 The 5Ps Framework: A Policy Approach to Influence MNEs' Effect on Climate Change -- Maps -- Map O.1 Emissions Associated with Affiliate Activities of Large MNEs, 2021 -- Map O.2 Share of MNEs Committed to Net-Zero GHG Emissions by 2050, by Headquarters Location -- Map O.3 Country-Level Emissions Share and Commitments to Climate Action of Large MNEs' Affiliates. , Map 2.1 Share of Country-Level Emissions Associated with the Affiliate Activities of 157 Large MNEs, 2021 -- Map 2.2 Sectors with the Biggest Emissions Associated with Affiliate Activities of 157 Large MNEs, 2021 -- Map 4.1 Share of MNEs Committed to Net-Zero GHG Emissions by 2050, by Headquarters Location -- Map 4.2 Country-Level Emissions Share and Commitments to Climate Action of 157 Large MNEs' Affiliates -- Tables -- Table BO1.1 Overview of Key Datasets and Methodologies -- Table O.1 Specific Instruments to Improve MNEs' Effect on Climate Change -- Table 1.1 Key Datasets and Methodologies -- Table 2.1 Regional Distribution of 157 Large MNEs and Their Share of Global Emissions -- Table B2.2.1 The Effect of Large MNEs' Affiliates on India's Carbon Emissions, 2021 -- Table B2.2.2 The Effect of Large MNEs' Affiliates on South Africa's Carbon Emissions, 2021 -- Table 2.2 Emissions from Different Activities, by Economy Income -- Table 2.3 FDI-Related Emissions, by Economy Income Level -- Table 2A.1 Approach for Apportioning Emissions across MNE Affiliates -- Table 2A.2 Regression Table: Metric Tons CO2e per Metric Ton of Crude Steel Production -- Table 2A.3 Regression Table: Metric Tons CO2e per Metric Ton of Cement Production -- Table 3.1 The Role of Equity Alliances and Green Performance of Firms -- Table 3.2 The Effect of Supply Links on Green Performance of Firms -- Table 3.3 The Effect of Foreign Licensing on Green Performance of Firms -- Table 3.4 Most-Cited Pressure to Become More Sustainable -- Table 3A.1 Coefficients of the Three Main Types of Partnership and Foreign Ownership -- Table 4.1 Categorizing Countries Based on the Emission Shares and Climate Commitment from Large MNEs -- Table 5.1 Instruments to Improve MNEs' Effect on Climate Change -- Table 5.2 Synergy versus Urgency in Using the 5Ps Framework.

Weitere Ausg.: Print version: Steenbergen, Victor The Effect of Multinational Enterprises on Climate Change Washington, D. C. : World Bank Publications,c2023

Sprache: Englisch

Fachgebiete: Wirtschaftswissenschaften

DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1994-0