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Format: 1 online resource (305 pages) : , illustrations

ISBN: 0-323-56801-7

Content: Focusing on the key essentials you need to know, Axial Spondyloarthritis provides a quick, expert overview of axSpA from a clinical perspective. This concise resource by Drs. Philip Mease and Muhammad Khan presents practical recommendations and guidelines for the diagnosis, management, and treatment of spondyloarthritis impacting the axial skeleton alongside an overview of epidemiology, special populations, and patient education. Discusses key information on genetic factors and disease biomarkers. Presents an overview of clinical features, classification criteria, and imaging to aid in diagnosis. Covers management and treatment guidelines, including non-pharmacologic management and the use of biologics. Consolidates essential information on this timely topic into a single, convenient resource.--

Note: Front Cover -- Axial Spondyloarthritis -- Axial Spondyloarthritis -- Copyright -- List of Contributors -- Contents -- 1 - Introduction -- 2 - Clinical Features, Physical Findings, and Diagnosis of Axial Spondyloarthritis -- INTRODUCTION -- Axial Spondyloarthritis -- CLINICAL PRESENTATION -- Constitutional Symptoms -- Axial Pain -- Hip and Shoulder Joint Involvement -- Peripheral Arthritis -- Enthesitis, Dactylitis, Tendinitis, and Tenosynovitis -- PHYSICAL FINDINGS -- Disease Occurrence in Women -- Juvenile SpA -- HLA-B*27-Positive versus HLA-B*27-Negative AS/axSpA -- Extraarticular Features and Comorbidities -- DIAGNOSIS -- Imaging -- HLA-B*27 Test -- NEED FOR EARLY DIAGNOSIS -- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS -- Chronic Low Back Pain -- SAPHO Syndrome -- Ankylosing Hyperostosis -- Osteitis Condensans Ilii -- Fibromyalgia -- Differentiation From Other Forms of SpA -- Psoriatic Arthritis -- Reactive Arthritis -- Enteropathic Arthritis -- DISEASE COURSE -- LIFE SPAN -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 3 - Epidemiology of Axial Spondyloarthritis -- Introduction -- Disease Definition -- Disease Occurrence -- Prevalence Studies -- Incidence Studies -- Risk Factors -- Age and Sex -- HLA-B*27 and Family History -- Infections -- Biomechanical Stress -- Smoking -- Disease Progression -- Mortality -- REFERENCES -- 4 - Classification Criteria for Axial Spondyloarthritis -- INTRODUCTION -- DISTINCTION BETWEEN CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA AND DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA -- DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM: UTILITY OF THE TYPICAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS FEATURES -- EVOLUTION OF THE CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA FOR SPONDYLOARTHRITIS -- THE NEED FOR NEW CRITERIA -- DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF THE ASAS (ASSESSMENT OF SPONDYLOARTHRITIS INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY) CRITERIA -- A NEW ENTITY: NON-RADIOGRAPHIC AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS -- IS IT TIME FOR NEW CRITERIA?. , RESEARCH AGENDA TO FURTHER VALIDATE OR IMPROVE THE CURRENT CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- REFERENCES -- 5 - Genetics of Axial Spondyloarthritis -- GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY -- Major Histocompatibility Complex Genetics -- NON-MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX GENETICS -- Cytokine Pathways -- IL-23 Pathway Genes -- Aminopeptidase Genes -- Epigenetics -- DNA Methyl Transferase Associations -- Epigenetic Mapping -- GENETICS OF AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS IN EAST ASIANS -- MHC Region -- Non-MHC Loci -- Prospects -- The Future -- REFERENCES -- 6 - The Gut Microbiome and Ankylosing Spondylitis -- EPIDEMIOLOGY -- AS AND INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE -- GENETICS -- HISTOPATHOLOGY AND SEROLOGY -- ANIMAL MODELS AND HUMAN STUDIES -- MICROBIOME-TARGETED TREATMENTS AND AS -- UNANSWERED QUESTIONS -- SEQUENCING-BASED METHODS OF PROFILING THE MICROBIOME -- METABARCODING -- SHOTGUN METAGENOMICS -- SAMPLING SITE -- DATA ANALYSIS -- STUDY DESIGN -- REFERENCES -- 7 - Pathogenesis of Ankylosing Spondylitis -- INTRODUCTION -- HLA-B27 IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF AS -- Arthritogenic Peptide Hypothesis -- Natural Killer Cells and NK Cell Receptors in AS -- Unfolded Protein Response -- AUTOPHAGY IN AS -- ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM AMINOPEPTIDASES IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF AS -- SEC16A AND AS -- GUT IN AS PATHOGENESIS -- NEW BONE FORMATION IN AS -- BMP -- Wnt Pathway and DKK-1 -- Hedgehog Pathway -- Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor -- IL23/IL17 Axis and Bone Remodeling in AS -- Prostaglandin E2 and Its Interaction With EP4 in Bone Remodeling and Inflammation in AS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 8 - Bone Pathophysiology in Axial Spondyloarthritis -- INTRODUCTION -- CLINICAL IMPORTANCE OF BONE DISEASE IN AXSPA -- THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE BONE FORMATION PROCESS -- Wnt -- Bone Morphogenetic Proteins -- Hedgehogs. , DISEASE MECHANISMS-THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INFLAMMATION AND NEW BONE FORMATION -- Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs -- TNF -- IL17 -- WHAT IS DRIVING THE ANKYLOSING PROCESS?-NOVEL CONCEPTS -- CONCLUSION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT -- REFERENCES -- 9 - Clinical Assessment of Axial Spondyloarthritis -- INTRODUCTION -- ASSESSMENT OF PATIENTS WITH AXIAL SPA -- ASAS Core Set for Clinical Record Keeping -- ASSESSMENT OF DISEASE ACTIVITY IN AXIAL SPA -- Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index -- Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score -- ASSESSING ENTHESITIS AND PERIPHERAL JOINTS IN AXSPA -- SINGLE MEASURES FOR ASSESSING DISEASE ACTIVITY -- Pain and Stiffness -- Fatigue -- Patient Global Assessment -- ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICAL FUNCTION -- Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index -- Dougados Functional Index -- Health Assessment Questionnaire for the Spondyloarthropathies -- ASSESSMENT OF SPINAL MOBILITY -- The Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index -- Modified Schober Test -- Lateral Lumbar Flexion -- Occiput-to-Wall and Tragus-o-Wall Distance -- Cervical Rotation -- Intermalleolar Distance -- Chest Expansion -- FUNCTIONING AND HEALTH STATUS, INCLUDING QUALITY OF LIFE (ASQOL, ASAS HI) -- ASSESSING AND MONITORING TREATMENT -- ASAS 5/6 Improvement Criteria -- BASDAI 50 Response -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 10 - Imaging in Axial Spondyloarthritis -- PLAIN RADIOGRAPHY -- DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION USING RADIOGRAPHY -- CLASSIFICATION OF AXIAL SPA USING RADIOGRAPHY -- RADIOGRAPHY OF THE SACROILIAC JOINT IN JUVENILE SPA -- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF RADIOGRAPHIC SACROILIITIS -- PLAIN RADIOGRAPHY OF THE SPINE -- QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF PLAIN RADIOGRAPHIC CHANGE IN THE SI JOINTS AND SPINE -- COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY -- QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF RADIOGRAPHIC CHANGES ON CT -- ISOTOPIC IMAGING -- MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING. , TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS -- NORMAL APPEARANCE OF THE SACROILIAC JOINT AND SPINE -- EARLY MRI FEATURES OF SPONDYLOARTHRITIS -- MRI FEATURES IN ESTABLISHED SPONDYLOARTHRITIS -- DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION USING MRI -- CLASSIFICATION OF SPONDYLOARTHRITIS USING MRI -- MRI IN JUVENILE SPONDYLOARTHRITIS -- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF SPONDYLOARTHRITIS LESIONS ON MRI -- QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENTS OF LESIONS OBSERVED ON MRI -- FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- REFERENCES -- 11 - Extraarticular Manifestations: Uveitis, Colitis, Psoriasis -- INTRODUCTION -- EPIDEMIOLOGY OF EXTRAARTICULAR MANIFESTATIONS -- Prevalence of EAMs -- Prevalence of EAMs in AS Versus nr-axSpA -- Prevalence of EAMs in Pre- and Post-Biologic Eras -- Cumulative Incidence of EAMs -- UVEITIS -- Definition and Classification -- Acute Anterior Uveitis in axSpA -- Possible Links between Uveitis and Ankylosing Spondylitis -- Treatment -- INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE -- Definition and Classification -- Possible Links Between IBD and Ankylosing Spondylitis -- Treatment -- PSORIASIS -- Definition and Disease Burden -- Treatment -- Paradoxical Psoriasis -- POSTULATED REASONS FOR DIFFERENTIAL EFFICACY OF ETANERCEPT AND MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 12 - Comorbidities* -- CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES -- PULMONARY DISEASES -- RENAL DISEASES -- GENITOURINARY CONDITIONS AND PREGNANCY -- OSTEOPOROSIS AND FRACTURES -- NEUROLOGIC DISORDERS -- OTHER CONDITIONS -- REFERENCES -- 13 - Nonpharmacologic Management of Axial Spondyloarthritis -- EXERCISE -- Home-Based Exercises -- Supervised Group Exercises -- Water-Based or Aquatic Therapies -- In-Patient Programs -- Concurrent Treatments With Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Inhibitors and Exercise -- Some Practical Points on Exercise in axSpA -- Electrotherapeutic Modalities and Thermotherapy Physical Agents -- PATIENT EDUCATION. , COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE OR INTEGRATIVE HEALTH -- ACUPUNCTURE -- MASSAGE THERAPY -- CHIROPRACTIC TREATMENTS -- Natural Health Products and Nutritional Supplements -- REFERENCES -- 14 - Pharmacologic Nonbiologic Treatment of Axial Spondyloarthritis -- INTRODUCTION -- TREATMENT OF AXIAL SPA -- Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs -- ASAS/EULAR -- ACR/SAA/SPARTAN -- ACR/SAA/SPARTAN -- ACR/SAA/SPARTAN -- Targeted Synthetic Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs -- Other Nonbiologic Treatment Options -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 15 - Biologic Treatment of Axial Spondyloarthritis -- DISCLOSURES -- INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND -- BIOLOGIC DMARD TREATMENT OPTIONS IN AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS -- TNF Inhibitors -- Predictors of Response to TNFi Treatment in axSpA -- IL17 Inhibitors -- IL23 Inhibitors -- Other Agents -- AREAS OF SPECIAL INTEREST -- Immunogenicity-How Much of a Problem Is This in axSpA and Should It Be Addressed? -- Nonradiographic Axial Spondyloarthritis With Short Symptom Duration -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 16 - Treatment Guidelines for Axial Spondyloarthritis -- INTRODUCTION -- THE SCIENCE OF DEVELOPMENT OF GUIDELINES -- THE 2015 ACR/SAA/SPARTAN GUIDELINES -- 2016 ASAS-EULAR RECOMMENDATIONS -- COMPARISON OF THE ACR-SAA-SPARTAN AND THE ASAS-EULAR TREATMENT GUIDELINES FOR AXSPA -- The Similarities -- The Differences -- CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES -- REFERENCES -- 17 - Economic Evaluations in Axial Spondyloarthritis -- METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF ECONOMIC EVALUATIONS IN AXSPA -- ECONOMIC EVALUATIONS IN AXSPA -- Economic Evaluations of Non-Disease-Modifying Drug Interventions -- Economic Evaluations of Biologic Disease-Modifying Drugs -- Incremental (short-term) cost-effectiveness analyses of bDMARD -- Incremental cost-utility analyses of bDMARDs -- Models comparing one bDMARD with care without bDMARD. , Models comparing different bDMARDs with care without bDMARDs. When evidence of efficacy of ETA and ADA in the treatment of axSpA...

Additional Edition: ISBN 0-323-56800-9

Language: English