Kooperativer Bibliotheksverbund

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Umfang: 1 online resource (500 pages)

Ausgabe: 1st ed.

ISBN: 9783031515248

Serie: Management for Professionals Series

Anmerkung: Intro -- Foreword -- Foreword -- Airline Distribution: Changing Market Structure, Performance, and Conduct -- Preface -- Contents -- Chapter 1: An Introduction to Travel Intermediaries -- 1.1 What Is an Intermediary? -- 1.2 Origins -- 1.3 Types of Intermediaries -- 1.3.1 Global Distribution Systems -- 1.3.2 Travel Management Companies -- 1.3.3 Online Travel Agencies -- 1.3.4 Tour Operators -- 1.3.5 Airline Wholesalers -- 1.3.6 Hotel Wholesalers -- 1.3.7 Metasearch -- 1.3.8 Airbnb -- 1.3.9 Destination Management Companies -- 1.3.10 Tourism Boards -- 1.3.11 NDC Aggregators -- 1.3.12 ARC and BSP -- 1.3.13 Hotel Commissions Payment -- 1.3.14 Crew Accommodations and Passenger Handling During Flight Disruptions -- 1.3.15 Medical Tourism -- 1.4 Why Did Intermediaries Come into Existence? -- 1.5 Intermediary Bookings -- 1.6 The Travel Agency Revenue Model -- 1.7 What Is This Book About? -- Chapter 2: Origins of the Global Distribution Systems (1925-1983) -- 2.1 Origins of Civil Aviation -- 2.2 Origins of the Airline Reservations System -- 2.2.1 The Reservisor -- 2.2.2 The Magnetronic Reservisor -- 2.2.3 The Reserwriter -- 2.2.4 The Chance Encounter -- 2.2.5 Semi-Automatic Ground Equipment (SAGE) -- 2.2.6 The IBM Reservations System -- 2.2.6.1 Sabre Upgrade to PARS -- 2.2.6.2 ACP and TPF -- 2.2.7 Current Airline Reservations Environment -- 2.3 The British Pioneering Work with UNIVAC and IBM -- 2.3.1 The SAS Technology Platform -- 2.3.2 UNIVAC and Airline Reservations Systems -- 2.4 The SITA Reservations System -- 2.5 Key Organizations that Shaped the Airline Industry -- 2.5.1 IATA and ICAO -- 2.5.2 The Civil Aeronautics Board -- 2.5.3 Air Transportation Association of America (ATA) -- 2.5.4 Federal Aviation Agency (FAA) -- 2.5.5 Department of Transportation (DOT) -- 2.5.6 American Society of Travel Advisors (ASTA). , 2.5.7 Global Business Travel Association (GBTA) -- 2.5.8 Business Travel Association (U.K.) -- 2.5.9 Travel Management Coalition -- 2.5.10 Folatur -- 2.6 Airline Paper Tickets -- 2.7 Origins of the GDS -- 2.7.1 Other Multi-Access Initiatives -- 2.7.2 The First GDS -- 2.8 Airline Deregulation -- 2.8.1 CAB and the Imperfect Cartel -- 2.9 Origins of the Frequent Flyer Programs -- 2.9.1 The Ill-Fated AAirPass Program -- 2.9.2 The Runaway Success of Loyalty Programs -- 2.10 GDS Poised for Growth with Co-Host Agreements -- 2.10.1 Co-Host Agreements and the Barrier for Participation for Smaller Carriers -- 2.11 CRS Market Power and Origins of the CRS Rules -- 2.11.1 Marketing Information Data Tapes (MIDT) -- 2.12 The GDS Platform -- 2.12.1 SabreTalk -- 2.13 The Role of the Travel Management Company -- 2.13.1 TMC Pricing Model -- 2.14 Operating a GDS -- 2.15 Reservations System and GDS Basic Terminology -- 2.15.1 GDS Air Segment Bookings -- 2.15.2 GDS Segments for Other Lines of Business -- 2.16 Full-Service Carriers and Low-Cost Carriers -- Chapter 3: GDS: Platform Power (1984-1995) -- 3.1 Intermediaries and Why They Came into Existence -- 3.2 Regulation to Control Screen Bias -- 3.3 Checks and Balances with Negotiated Contracts -- 3.3.1 Airline: GDS Full Content Agreements (FCA) -- 3.3.2 Most Favored Nation (MFN) Clause in GDS: Airline Contracts -- 3.3.3 Most Favored Nation (MFN) Clause in TMC Contracts -- 3.4 Yield Management: The Early Period -- 3.4.1 Impact on Other Travel Verticals -- 3.5 Airline Revenue Management: Leg/Segment Controls and O& -- D Controls -- 3.5.1 Leg/Segment Controls -- 3.5.1.1 Calculation of Leg/Segment Availability -- 3.5.2 O& -- D Controls -- 3.5.2.1 Calculated of O& -- D Seat Availability -- 3.5.2.2 Legacy System Enhancement Versus Open System for O& -- D Booking Class Availability. , 3.5.3 The Last Frontier: Individual Seat Pricing -- 3.5.4 Value Generated by Revenue Management -- 3.5.4.1 First, Second and Third Order Network Effects -- 3.6 The EDIFACT Protocol -- 3.7 Advances in Air Connectivity -- 3.7.1 GDS Connectivity Product Features -- 3.7.1.1 AVS/AVN -- 3.7.1.2 Basic Booking Record (BBR) -- 3.7.1.3 Direct Access Interactive (DAI) -- 3.7.1.4 Seamless Sell and Seamless Availability -- 3.7.1.5 Direct Connect Sell (DCS) -- 3.7.1.6 Direct Connect Availability (DCA) -- 3.7.1.7 Market Restricted Flights -- 3.7.1.8 Married Segments -- 3.7.1.9 Journey Data -- 3.7.1.10 Married to Journey -- 3.7.1.11 Interactive Seat Maps -- 3.7.1.12 Interactive Pre-Reserved Seats -- 3.7.1.13 Point of Sale -- 3.7.1.14 Point of Commencement -- 3.8 Participation Levels in Airline-GDS Contracts -- 3.9 Hotel and Rental Car Connectivity -- 3.10 Continued Growth of the GDSs -- 3.11 DOT´s 1992 Revisions to the CRS Rules -- 3.12 Revenue Streams for Travel Agents -- 3.12.1 Agency GDS Incentives -- 3.12.2 Front-End Commissions -- 3.12.3 Backend (Override) Commissions -- 3.12.4 Net Fare Markup -- 3.12.5 Service Fees -- 3.13 Revenue Management and Airline Reservations -- 3.13.1 Hosted Reservations and the Perceived Halo Effect -- 3.14 Governance, Standards, and Partners -- 3.14.1 Industry Standards and Governance -- 3.14.2 Communications Partners -- 3.14.3 Settlement Partners for Airlines and Agencies -- 3.14.4 Industry Partners for Airline Fares -- 3.14.5 Industry Partners for Airline Schedules -- 3.14.6 GDS and Collaborative Entities -- 3.14.7 Government Oversight -- 3.15 Airline Agent Adoption of QIK -- 3.16 Electronic Tickets -- 3.17 Airline Divestiture -- 3.18 The Origins of Air Shopping -- 3.19 Legacy Technology -- 3.20 What Happened to the Pioneer Airline Central Reservation Systems? -- 3.20.1 Northwest Airlines Stake in PARS -- 3.20.2 System One. , 3.20.3 Apollo -- 3.20.4 The Braniff ``Cowboy´´ System -- 3.20.4.1 Ticketless Travel from Morris Air -- 3.20.5 Navitaire -- 3.21 Platform Power -- 3.21.1 Scalability -- 3.21.2 Travel Agency Productivity -- 3.21.3 Standards for Connectivity -- 3.21.4 Supplier Connectivity and Inter-Operability -- 3.21.5 Security -- 3.21.6 Payment -- Chapter 4: GDS: The Internet, New Channels and Transparency (1996-2011) -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The Origins of Online Channels -- 4.3 Platform Power Revisited -- 4.3.1 Redefining the Distribution Channels -- 4.4 The Travel Value Chain -- 4.5 GDS Discounts, Full Content, and SWABIZ Corporate Direct -- 4.5.1 Carlson Wagonlit Direct Connect Program -- 4.6 Genies and the Threat to the GDS -- 4.6.1 Why Did the GNEs Fail? -- 4.6.2 Lessons Learned -- 4.7 GDS Value Pricing -- 4.8 GDS Deregulation -- 4.8.1 What Does Deregulation of the GDS Mean to Suppliers, GDSs and Consumers? -- 4.8.2 The Travel Management Agreements (TMA) -- 4.8.3 Sabre, Amadeus Content Sharing Agreement -- 4.9 The Regional GDSs -- 4.9.1 Axess and INFINI -- 4.9.2 TOPAS -- 4.9.3 SIRENA -- 4.9.4 Kiu System -- 4.9.5 SITA GETS -- 4.10 The Origins of Preferred Channels and GDS Surcharges -- 4.11 The Direct Connect Program from American Airlines -- 4.12 US Airways and ``Monopoly Power´´ -- 4.13 Merchandising -- 4.13.1 Branded Fare Families -- 4.13.1.1 Branded Fares Example -- 4.13.1.2 Composition of the Branded Fare Products -- 4.13.1.3 Tariff Structure -- 4.13.1.4 Ancillary Services Pricing -- 4.13.1.5 Discount Allocation Control -- 4.13.1.6 Branded Fares and Air Shopping -- 4.13.1.7 Merchandising: The Onward Journey -- 4.13.2 Ancillary Services and Fees Impact on Fare Management and Revenue Management -- 4.13.2.1 Branded Fares Record (S-8) -- 4.14 The Beginning of the End of Full Content Agreements and Most Favored Nation Clauses. , 4.15 Total Itinerary Pricing with Ancillaries -- 4.16 The GDS Travel Agency Desktop -- 4.17 IATA 2011 Initiative -- Chapter 5: Scale Matters: GDS Air Shopping -- 5.1 What Is Air Shopping? -- 5.2 Historical Perspective -- 5.3 Aspects of Air Shopping Complexity -- 5.3.1 The Search Space -- 5.3.2 Growth in Shopping Requests -- 5.3.3 Volatility -- 5.3.4 Response Times -- 5.3.5 Simple Versus Complex Shopping Requests -- 5.3.6 Growth in Air Fares -- 5.3.7 IATA NDC and the Computational Burden on Airlines -- 5.3.8 Doug Laney´s Definition of Big Data -- 5.4 Air Shopping Algorithms -- 5.5 Complexity of Airline Shopping -- 5.5.1 Airline Fare Management Process -- 5.5.2 Booking Class, Fare Category and Fare Basis Code -- 5.5.3 Fare Classes and Booking Classes -- 5.5.4 Classification of Fare Products -- 5.5.4.1 Public Fares -- 5.5.4.2 Private Fares -- 5.5.4.3 Web Fares -- 5.5.5 Fare Rule Categories -- 5.5.6 Journeys -- 5.6 Itinerary Pricing -- 5.7 IATA Traffic Conference Areas -- 5.7.1 Constructed Fares -- 5.8 American´s Value Pricing Initiative -- 5.9 Putting it all Together: Air Shopping Components -- 5.9.1 Dynamic Schedules -- 5.9.2 Itinerary Selection -- 5.9.3 Multi-Itinerary Pricing -- 5.9.4 Booking Class Availability -- 5.9.4.1 Interactive Connectivity -- 5.9.4.2 Availability Cache -- 5.9.4.3 Hosted Carrier Inventory -- 5.9.4.4 Availability Proxy -- 5.9.4.5 Black Box Availability Proxy -- 5.9.4.6 Teletype -- 5.10 Measuring Air Shopping Performance -- 5.10.1 Low Fare Efficacy -- 5.10.2 Diversity -- 5.10.3 Book-Ability, Price Jumps, and Availability Errors -- 5.10.4 Shopping Response Times -- 5.10.5 Cost per Shop -- 5.10.6 Look-to-Book Ratio -- 5.10.7 Conversion Rates -- 5.10.7.1 Dual GDS Strategy, Conversion Rates and Low Fare Efficacy -- 5.10.8 Missing Air Content -- 5.11 Monitoring GDS Shopping Performance -- 5.12 Network Latency and Air Shopping. , 5.13 Storing and Processing GDS Shopping Data for Decision Support Applications.

Weitere Ausg.: Print version: Vinod, Ben Mastering the Travel Intermediaries Cham : Springer,c2024 ISBN 9783031515231

Sprache: Englisch