UID:
edocfu_9958109416102883
Format:
1 online resource (50 p.)
ISBN:
1-4623-5886-1
,
1-4519-8631-9
,
1-282-39214-X
,
9786613820570
,
1-4519-1111-4
Series Statement:
IMF working paper ; WP/07/94
Content:
Do the short and medium term adjustment costs associated with trade liberalization influence schooling and child labor decisions? We examine this question in the context of India's 1991 tariff reforms. Overall, in the 1990s, rural India experienced a dramatic increase in schooling and decline in child labor. However, communities that relied heavily on employment in protected industries before liberalization do not experience as large an increase in schooling or decline in child labor. The data suggest that this failure to follow the national trend of increasing schooling and diminishing work is associated with a failure to follow the national trend in poverty reduction. Schooling costs appear to play a large role in this relationship between poverty, schooling, and child labor. Extrapolating from our results, our estimates imply that roughly half of India's rise in schooling and a third of the fall in child labor during the 1990s can be explained by falling poverty and therefore improved capacity to afford schooling.
Note:
"April 2007."
,
At head of title: Research Department.
,
Contents; I. Introduction; II. Conceptual Framework; A. Data; Text Tables; 1. Activities of Children in Rural India, 1983-2000; B. Indian Trade Reform; Figures; 1. Average Nominal Tariffs; 2. Tariffs by Industry Category; III. Empirical Strategy; A. Measuring Tariff Protection; 2. District Tariff Measures in Rural India; B. Empirical Framework; IV. Main Findings; A. School Attendance; B. Robustness of Basic Findings; 3. School Attendance and Tariffs in Rural India; 4. School Attendance, Tariffs, and Other Reforms in Rural India; 5. Schooling Infrastructure and Tariffs in Rural Districts
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C. Literacy3. Tariffs and Literacy; D. Selective Migration; 6. Population and Tariffs by District, Rural Census Results; E. Other Trade Channels; V. Mechanisms; 7. Rural Schooling Attendance and Alternative District Tariffs; A. Returns to Education; 8. District Per Capita Consumption, Adult Literacy, and Tariffs in Rural India; 9. Adult Male Employment in Wage Work by Literacy and Tariffs in Rural India; B. Child Labor Demand; 10. Activities of Children by Gender and Tariffs in Rural India; C. Poverty; 11. Poverty, Agricultural Wages and Tariffs in Rural India
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12. Educational Expenditures and District Tariffs, Rural IndiaD. Poverty Elasticity of Schooling and Child Labor; 13. School Attendance, Schooling Costs, and Tariffs in Rural India; VI. Conclusion; 14. Activities of Children, Poverty, and Tariffs in Rural India; Appendix I. Data; Appendix; 15. Descriptive Statistics; 16. First Stage Results for Table 3, Column 2; References
,
English
Additional Edition:
ISBN 1-4518-6658-5
Language:
English
