Kooperativer Bibliotheksverbund

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Format: 1 online resource (xiv, 487 pages).

Edition: Second edition.

ISBN: 0-12-815340-7

Series Statement: History of toxicology and environmental health

Note: Front Cover -- Toxicology in Antiquity -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Foreword -- References -- Preface to the Series and Volumes 1 and 2 -- Preface -- 1 The Prehistory of Poison Arrows -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 What do Historical and Ethnographic Documents Tell Us? -- 1.3 What is the Current State of Research? -- 1.4 Conclusions -- References -- Further Reading -- 2 Beetle and Plant Arrow Poisons of the San People of Southern Africa -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Materials and Methods -- 2.3 Results -- 2.3.1 History and Development -- 2.3.2 The San Bow and Arrow Hunting Kit -- 2.3.3 San Arrow Poisons -- 2.3.4 Plant-Based Poisons -- 2.3.5 Minor Plant-Based Poisons -- 2.3.6 San Animal-Based Arrow Poisons -- 2.3.7 Arthropod-Based Poisons -- 2.3.7.1 Minor Animal-Based Poisons -- 2.4 Discussion -- 2.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further Reading -- 3 Toxicology in Ancient Egypt -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Snakes as Described in the Brooklyn Papyrus -- 3.2.1 Snake Identification -- 3.2.2 Symptoms of Snakebite -- 3.2.3 Prognosis -- 3.2.4 Treatment -- 3.3 Scorpions -- 3.4 Tetanus -- 3.5 Plant and Mineral Toxins -- References -- 4 The Death of Cleopatra: Suicide by Snakebite or Poisoned by Her Enemies? -- 4.1 Cleopatra's Ancestry and Historical Background of the Era -- 4.2 Cleopatra's Reign. Her Downfall and Her Death -- 4.3 Epilogue -- References -- 5 Kohl Use in Antiquity: Effects on the Eye -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Protective Effect Against UV Radiation -- 5.3 Antimicrobial Action and Biomedical Importance -- References -- 6 Nicander, Thêriaka, and Alexipharmaka: Venoms, Poisons, and Literature -- 6.1 The Thêriaka -- 6.2 The Alexipharmaka -- 6.3 The Nicandrean Question -- 6.4 Ancient Toxicology -- 6.5 Venoms, Poisons, and Art -- Reference -- 7 The Case Against Socrates and His Execution. , 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Historical Literature -- 7.3 Hemlock in Ancient Scientific Literature -- 7.4 Modern Pharmacological Analysis -- 7.5 Toward a Renewed Interpretation -- 7.6 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Murder, Execution, and Suicide in Ancient Greece and Rome -- Further Reading -- 9 The Oracle at Delphi: The Pythia and the Pneuma, Intoxicating Gas Finds, and Hypotheses -- References -- Further Reading -- 10 Alexander the Great: A Questionable Death -- 10.1 Alexander's Last Days -- 10.2 Modern Theories of Natural Causes -- 10.3 Modern Theories of Poisoning -- 10.4 The Styx River Poison Plot -- References -- 11 Mithridates of Pontus and His Universal Antidote -- 11.1 Influences -- 11.2 Pharmacological and Toxic Riches -- 11.3 Avoiding Assassination by Poison -- 11.4 The Secret Antidote -- 11.5 Mithridatium's Legacy -- References -- 12 Theriaca Magna: The Glorious Cure-All Remedy -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Theriac in Antiquity -- 12.3 Theriac in the Medieval Period -- 12.4 Theriac in the Renaissance -- 12.5 Conclusion -- References -- 13 The Gates to Hell in Antiquity and their Relation to Geogenic CO2 Emissions -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Why Enter the Realm of the Shadows? -- 13.2.1 The Souls of the Mortals -- 13.2.2 Incubation and Cure -- 13.2.3 Necromancy -- 13.2.4 The Gate for Chthonic Gods and Ghosts of the Darkness -- 13.3 The Geologic Background -- 13.3.1 Geogenic Gas Emission: Volcanoes, Faults, and Seismicity -- 13.3.2 Reduced Carbon Gases -- 13.3.3 Hot Water, Steam, and Geysers -- 13.3.4 Caves -- 13.4 The Physicochemical Properties of CO2 -- 13.4.1 Carbon Dioxide is Difficult to Recognize -- 13.4.2 Carbon Dioxide Forms Gas Lakes -- 13.4.3 Carbon Dioxide Displaces Atmospheric Oxygen -- 13.4.4 Carbon Dioxide Forms an Acid -- 13.5 The Biological, Medical, and Physiological Background -- 13.6 The Known Sites of the Ancient Gates to Hell. , 13.6.1 Italy (Magna Graecia) -- 13.6.1.1 The Phlegrean Fields (Campi Flegrei) -- 13.6.1.1.1 Lago Averno -- 13.6.1.1.2 Solfatara and Pisciarelli -- 13.6.1.2 Bullicame -- 13.6.1.3 Mefite D'Ansanto -- 13.6.1.4 Naftia -- 13.6.1.5 Lago di Pergusa -- 13.6.1.6 Mount Etna and Stromboli -- 13.6.2 Greece -- 13.6.2.1 Eleusis: The Elysian Grotto -- 13.6.2.2 The Nekromanteion of Acheron-Ephyra -- 13.6.2.3 Cape Tanairon -- 13.6.2.4 Ermioni -- 13.6.2.5 Lake Lerna or the Alcyonian Lake -- 13.6.3 Turkey: Asia Minor -- 13.6.3.1 Hierapolis -- 13.6.3.1.1 The Plutonium in Hierapolis -- 13.6.3.1.2 The Temple of Apollo in Hierapolis -- 13.6.3.2 Nysa and Acharaka -- 13.6.4 Some Modern Gates to Hell -- 13.7 Gates of Hell-Magna Graecia-Asia Minor-Greece (Hellas)-A Synopsis -- 13.8 The Historical Relevance -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further Reading -- 14 Lead Poisoning and the Downfall of Rome: Reality or Myth? -- 14.1 The Lead Industry in Ancient Rome -- 14.1.1 Lead Production -- 14.1.2 Uses of Lead -- 14.2 The Effect of Lead on Humans -- 14.2.1 Metabolic Effect -- 14.3 Clinical Picture of Lead Toxicity (Retief and Cilliers, 2000) -- 14.4 Archeological Determination of Lead Toxicity -- 14.5 Occurrence of Lead Toxicity -- 14.5.1 Sources of Toxicity -- 14.5.2 Proof of Lead Poisoning -- 14.5.2.1 Clinical Picture -- 14.5.2.2 Archeological Findings (Grandjean, 1978 -- Retief and Cilliers, 2000) -- 14.6 Discussion -- References -- Further Reading -- 15 Poisons, Poisoners, and Poisoning in Ancient Rome -- 15.1 Sources -- 15.2 Poisons -- 15.3 Poisons Used -- 15.4 Incidents of Poisoning During the Roman Republic -- 15.5 Poisoners and Incidents of Poisoning During the Empire -- 15.5.1 Augustus (27 BCE-14 CE) -- 15.5.2 Tiberius (14-37 CE) -- 15.5.3 Gaius (Caligula) (37-41 CE) -- 15.5.4 Claudius (41-54 CE) -- 15.5.5 Nero (54-68 CE) -- 15.5.6 The Flavian Dynasty (69-96 CE). , 15.5.7 Hadrian (117-138 CE) -- 15.5.8 Commodus (180-192 CE) -- 15.5.9 Caracalla (211-217 CE) -- 15.6 Conclusion -- References -- 16 Chemical and Biological Warfare in Antiquity -- 16.1 The Concept of Toxic Weaponry in Greco-Roman and Indian Mythology -- 16.2 Poisons From Plants in Historical Warfare -- 16.3 Snake Venom Arrows -- 16.4 Plague and Contagion -- 16.5 Poisoning Water Sources and Food Supplies -- 16.6 Venomous Insects, Snakes, and Scorpions -- 16.7 Aerosol and Incendiary Weapons -- 16.8 Practical Issues and Ethical Qualms -- References -- 17 Asclepius and the Snake as Toxicological Symbols in Ancient Greece and Rome -- References -- 18 Anthropogenic Air Pollution in Ancient Times -- 18.1 Pollution of the Environment in Ancient Times -- 18.2 Lead in Ancient Times -- 18.2.1 Lead Mining and Exploitation -- 18.2.2 The Utilization of Lead -- 18.2.3 Illnesses Caused by Lead -- 18.2.4 Lead Pollution of Ancient Tooth Samples in the United Kingdom -- 18.2.5 Lead Pollution on Regional and Hemispheric Scales -- 18.3 Copper in Ancient Times -- 18.3.1 Copper Mining and Exploitation -- 18.3.2 Copper Pollution on Regional and Hemispheric Scales -- 18.4 Environmental Awareness in Ancient Israel -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 19 Poisoning in Ancient Rome: Images and Rules -- 19.1 Veneficium and Legal Terminology -- 19.2 Perpetrators, Trials, Stereotypes -- 19.3 Training for the Courts -- 19.4 Jurists and the Interpretation of Laws -- Further Reading -- 20 "Gleaming and Deadly White": Toxic Cosmetics in the Roman World -- 20.1 A Fair Complexion -- 20.2 Rouge -- 20.3 Eye Make-Up -- 20.4 Hair Removers -- References -- Further Reading -- 21 Cherchez la Femme: Three Infamous Poisoners of Ancient Rome -- 21.1 Stereotypes -- 21.2 Sources -- 21.3 Incidents of Poisoning in Which the Three Infamous Women Were Involved: Locusta -- 21.3.1 The Murder of Claudius. , 21.3.2 The Poisoning of Britannicus -- 21.4 Martina -- 21.5 Canidia -- 21.6 Identification of Poisons -- 21.7 A Forensic Investigation -- 21.8 Conclusion -- References -- Further Reading -- 22 Did Hannibal Really Poison Himself? -- References -- 23 Drugs, Suppositories, and Cult Worship in Antiquity -- 23.1 Introduction -- 23.2 Drugs and Cults -- 23.3 Bacchants and Viper Venom -- 23.4 Ancient Vaginal Suppositories -- 23.5 Drugs and Sexuality -- 23.6 Aphrodisiac Suppositories and Magic -- 23.7 Conclusion -- References -- 24 Entheogens in Ancient Times: Wine and the Rituals of Dionysus -- References -- 25 Entheogens (Psychedelic Drugs) and the Ancient Mystery Religions -- 25.1 Pharmacological Roots of Religion -- 25.2 Hermeneutics and a Definition of Terms -- 25.3 Toxicology -- 25.4 Sources, Chemistry, and Effects -- 25.4.1 Amanita muscaria: "Poison" Apple of the Inner Eye -- 25.4.2 Ergot Alkaloids: A Grail Quest -- 25.4.3 Psilocybin and Psilocin (Mushrooms) and DMT, 5Meo DMT: Spirit Molecules -- 25.4.4 Tropane Alkaloids -- References -- Further Reading -- 26 Ancient Mystery Initiation: Toxic Priestesses and Vaginal Communion -- 26.1 Introduction -- 26.2 Toxic Priestesses and their Mystery Rites -- 26.3 Colleges of Echidnae -- 26.4 Communal Ios-Rite -- 26.5 The Science Behind the Ritual -- 26.6 A Combination of Poisons and Antidotes -- 26.7 Identifying Drugs Used in the Ios-Rite -- 26.8 Medea the First Toxic Priestess -- 26.9 Toxic Plants and Animals Used in Medea's Ios-Rite -- 26.10 Medea's Antidote as Medicine -- 26.11 Christian Ios Rites -- 26.12 Toxicological Questions -- 26.13 Conclusion -- References -- 27 Harmful Botanicals -- 27.1 Classical Toxicology -- 27.2 Sources and Data -- 27.3 Analysis -- 27.3.1 Aim and Scope of Toxicology -- 27.3.2 Structure and Purpose of Information -- 27.3.3 Creation of the System -- 27.3.4 Application of the System. , 27.3.5 Therapeutic Principle.

Additional Edition: ISBN 0-12-815339-3

Language: English