Format:
xxi, 465 S.
,
zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
,
28 cm
ISBN:
0716737418
Note:
MAB0014.001: M 02.0062
,
MAB0014.002: AWI A3-02-0023
,
MAB0014.003: PIK N 456-02-0005
,
Contents:
Preface. -
PART 1 FRAMEWORK OF CLIMATE SCIENCE. -
1 Overview of Climate Science. -
Climate and Climate Change. -
1-1 Geologic Time. -
1-2 How This Book Is Organized. -
Development of Climate Science. -
1-3 How Scientists Study Climate Change. -
Overview of the Climate System. -
1-4 Components of the Climate System. -
1-5 Climate Forcing. -
1-6 Climate System Responses. -
1-7 Time Scales of Forcing versus Response. -
1-8 Response Rates and Interactions Within the Climate System. -
1-9 Feedbacks in the Climate System. -
Tools Of Climate Science: Temperature Scales. -
2 Earth's Climate System Today. -
Heating Earth. -
2-1 Incoming Solar Radiation. -
2-2 Receipt and Storage of Solar Heat. -
2-3 Heat Transformation. -
Heat Transfer in Earth's Atmosphere. -
2-4 Overcoming Stable Layering in the Atmosphere. -
2-5 Tropical-Subtropical Atmospheric Circulation. -
2-6 Atmospheric Circulation at Middle and High Latitudes. -
Heat Transfer in Earth's Oceans. -
2-7 The Surface Ocean. -
2-8 Deep-Ocean Circulation. -
Ice on Earth. -
2-9 Sea Ice. -
2-10 Glacial Ice. -
Earth's Biosphere. -
2-11 Response of the Biosphere to the Physical Climate System. -
2-12 Effects of the Biosphere on the Climate System. -
Looking Deeper into Climate Science: The Structure of Earth's Atmosphere. -
Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: Albedo/Temperature. -
Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: Water in the Climate System. -
Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: Water Vapor. -
Looking Deeper into Climate Science: The Conolis Effect. -
Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: Vegetation-Climate Feedbacks. -
3 Climate Archives, Oata, and Models. -
Climate Archives. -
3-1 Types of Archives. -
3-2 Dating Climate Records. -
3-3 Climate Resolution. -
Climate Data. -
3-4 Biotic Data. -
3-5 Geological and Geochemical Data. -
Climate Models. -
3-6 Physical Climate Models. -
3-7 Geochemical (Mass Balance) Models. -
PART II TECTONIC-SCALE CLIMATE CHANGE. -
4 CO2 and Long-term Climate. -
Greenhouse Worlds. -
The Faint Young Sun Paradox. -
Carbon Exchanges between Rocks and the Atmosphere. -
4-1 Volcanic Input of Carbon from Rocks to the Atmosphere. -
4-2 Chemical Weathering Removal of CO2 from the Atmosphere. -
Climate Factors That Control Chemical Weathering. -
Chemical Weathering: Earth's Thermostat?. -
Is Life the Ultimate Control on Earth's Thermostat?. -
4-3 The Gaia Hypothesis. -
Climate Debate: A Snowball Earth?. -
Looking Deeper into Climate Science: The Organic Carbon Subcycle. -
5 Plate Tectonics and Climate. -
Plate Tectonics. -
5-1 Structure and Composition of Tectonic Plates. -
5-2 Evidence of Past Plate Motions. -
The Polar Position Hypothesis. -
5-3 Glaciations and Continental Positions since 500 Myr Ago. -
Modeling Climate on the Supercontinent Pangaea. -
5-4 Input to the Model Simulation of Pangaean Climate. -
5-5 Output from the Model Simulation of Pangaean Climate. -
Tectonic Control of CO2 Input: The BLAG Spreading Rate Hypothesis. -
5-6 Control of CO2 Input by Seafloor Spreading. -
5-7 Initial Evaluation of the BLAG Spreading Rate Hypothesis. -
Tectonic Control of CO2 Removal: The Uplift Weathering Hypothesis. -
5-8 Rock Exposure and Chemical Weathering. -
5-3 Uplift and Chemical Weathering. -
What Controls Chemical Weathering?. -
5-10 Weathering: Climate Forcing and Feedback. -
Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Brief Glatiation 430 Myr Ago. -
6 Greenhouse Earth. -
What Explains Greenhouse Warmth 100 Myr Ago?. -
6-1 Model Simulations of a Greenhouse World. -
6-2 What Explains the Data-Model Mismatch?. -
Sea Level Changes and Climate. -
6-3 Causes of Tectonic-Scale Changes in Sea Level. -
6-4 Effect of Sea Level Changes on Climate. -
Asteroid Impacts. -
Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: The Effect of CO2 on Climate. -
Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Calculating Changes in Sea Level. -
7 Back into the Icehouse: The Last 55 Million years. -
Global Climate Change Since 55 Myr Ago. -
7-1 Evidence from Ice and Vegetation. -
7-2 Oxygen Isotope Data. -
Why Did Global Climate Cool over the Last 55 Myr?. -
7-3 Evaluating the BLAG Spreading Rate Hypothesis. -
7-4 Evaluating the Uplift Weathering Hypothesis. -
7-5 Evaluating the Ocean Heat Transport Hypothesis. -
7-6 Causes of Brief Tectonic-Scale Climate Change. -
Understanding and Predicting Tectonic Climate Change. -
Tools Of Climate Science: Oxtygen Isotope Ratios (δ18O). -
Climate Debate: The Timing of Uplift in Western North America. -
Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Is 87Sr/86Sr an Index of Chemical Weathering?. -
PART III ORBITAL-SCALE CLIMATE CHANGE. -
8 Astronomical Control of Solar Radiation. -
Earth's Orbit Today. -
8-1 Earth's Tilted Axis of Rotation and the Seasons. -
8-2 Earth's Eccentric Orbit: Changes in the Distance Between Earth and Sun. -
Long-Term Changes in Earth's Orbit. -
8-3 Changes in Earth's Axial Tilt Through Time. -
8-4 Changes in Earth's Eccentric Orbit Through Time. -
8-5 Precession of Solstices and Equinoxes around Earth's Orbit. -
Changes in Insolation Received on Earth. -
8-6 Insolation Changes by Month and Season. -
8-7 Insolation Changes According to Caloric Season. -
Looking for Orbital-Scale Changes in Climate Records. -
8-8 Time Series Analysis. -
8-9 Aliasing of Climate Records. -
8-10 Tectonic-Scale Changes in Earth's Orbit. -
Tools Of Climate Science: Cycles and Modulation. -
Looking Deeper into Climate Science:
Earth's Precession as a Sine Wave. -
9 Insolation Control of Monsoons. -
Monsoon Circulations. -
9-1 Orbital-Scale Control of Summer Monsoons. -
Evidence of Orbital-Scale Changes in Summer Monsoons. -
3-2 "Stinky Muds" in the Mediterranean. -
9-3 Freshwater Diatoms in the Tropical Atlantic. -
9-4 Upwelling in the Equatorial Atlantic. -
Refinements of the Orbital Monsoon Hypothesis. -
9-5 Lag of Monsoons Behind Summer Insolation. -
9-6 Clipped Monsoon Responses and Monsoon Harmonics. -
Monsoon Forcing Earlier in Earth's History. -
8-7 Monsoons on Pangaea 200 Myr Ago. -
9-8 Joint Tectonic and Orbital Control of Monsoons. -
10 Insolation Control of Ice Sheets. -
What Controls the Size of Ice Sheets?. -
10-1 Orbital-Scale Control of Ice Sheets. -
The Milankovitch Theory. -
Modeling the Behavior of Ice Sheets. -
10-2 Insolation Control of Ice Sheet Size. -
10-3 Ice Sheet Lags behind Summer Insolation Forcing. -
10-4 Delayed Bedrock Response Beneath Ice Sheets. -
10-5 Full Cycle of Ice Growth and Decay. -
10-6 Ice Slipping and Calving. -
Northern Hemisphere Ice Sheet History. -
10-7 Conceptual Model: Evolution of Ice Sheet Cycles. -
10-8 Evidence from δ18O: How Ice Sheets Actually Evolved. -
10-9 Confirming Ice Volume Changes: Coral Reefs and Sea Level. -
10-10 Using Astronomical and δ18O Signals as a Chronometer. -
Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Ice Volume Response to Insolation. -
Climate Debate: Antarctic Deglaciation 3 Myr Ago?. -
Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Sea Level on Uplifting Islands. -
11 Orbital-Scale Changes in Carbon Dioxide and Methane. -
Ice Cores. -
11-1 Drilling and Dating Ice Cores. -
11-2 Trapping Gases in the Ice. -
Orbital-Scale Changes in Methane. -
Orbital-Scale Changes in CO2. -
11-3 Physical Oceanographic Explanations of CO2 Changes. -
11-4 Orbital-Scale Carbon Reservoirs. -
11-5 Tracking Carbon through the Climate System. -
11-6 Can δ13C Evidence Detect Glacial Changes in Carbon Reservoirs?. -
11-7 Pumping of Carbon into the Deep Ocean during Glaciations. -
11-8 Changes in the Circulation of Deep Water during Glaciations. -
Tools Of Climate Science: Carbon Isotope Ratios (δ13C). -
Climate Debate: Do Winds Fertilize the Glacial Ocean?. -
12 Orbital-Scale Interactions in the Climate System. -
Orbital-Scale Forcing and Response Revisited. -
Ice-Driven Climate Responses. -
12-1 Ice-Driven Responses in High Northern Latitudes. -
12-2 Orbital Cycles in Regions Remote fro
Language:
English